q: what did the skeleton say while riding his harley davidson motorcycle?
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Q: What did the skeleton say while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle?. A: I'm bone to be wild!. Q: What do you call a cold skeleton?. A: A numb-skull!. Functions of Bones. Support. -pillars & cradles soft organs. Protection. -skull, vertebrae, rib cage. Movement. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Q: What did the skeleton say while riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle?
Q: What do you call a cold skeleton?
A: I'm bone to be wild!
A: A numb-skull!
Functions of Bones
Support
ProtectionMovementStorage Hematopoiesis
-pillars & cradles soft organs
-skull, vertebrae, rib cage
-attachment for muscles
-Ca2+, P3-; fat in bone marrow
-blood cell formation in marrow cavities
Classification of Bones• AXIAL SKELETON
– SKULL– VERTEBRAL
COLUMN– RIB CAGE
• APPENDICULAR SKELETON– UPPER LIMBS– LOWER LIMBS– SHOULDER BONES– HIP BONES
Classification of Bones
• Compact– Dense– Looks smooth – homogeneous
• Spongy– Open spaces– Small needle like
pieces
5
Classification of Bones
Shape
• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones
Long Bones
• longer than wide• shaft compact bone• ends spongy bone• bones of limbs & digits
Short Bones
• cube-like
• spongy bone with compact shell
• bones of wrist and ankle
Flat Bones
• thin, flattened slightly curved• spongy bone between compact bone• sternum, cranial bones
Irregular Bones
• odd-shaped• spongy bone surrounded by compact bone
• vertebra, hip bones
Structure of Long Bone
• Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis
• Diaphysis– Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long
bones– Composed of compact bone that surrounds
the medullary cavity– Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the
medullary cavity
Structure of Long Bone
• Epiphyses– Ends of long bones– Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is
spongy bone– Joint surface is covered with articular
(hyaline) cartilage– Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from
the epiphyses• Remnant of epiphyseal plate seen in young
growing bones before puberty.
Bone Membranes• Periosteum – double-layered protective
membrane– Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective
tissue– Inner osteogenic layer is composed of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts– Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and
lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
– Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers
• Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
• Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside
• Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
• Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae
Structure of a Flat Bone
Figure 6.4
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)
• In infants– Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of
spongy bone
• In adults– Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the
head of the femur and humerus
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
• Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of compact bone– Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix
tubes composed mainly of collagen– Haversian, or central canal – central channel
containing blood vessels and nerves– Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right
angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone
• Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
• Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic
• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes – mature bone cells
• Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
• Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
Bone Remodeling Cycle
Osteoporosis
Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic
• Mineral salts– Sixty-five percent of bone by mass– Mainly calcium phosphates– Responsible for bone hardness and its
resistance to compression
Bone Markings
• Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as: – Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
and tendons– Joint surfaces– Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
The Axial Skeleton
• Eighty bones segregated into three regions– Skull– Vertebral column– Bony thorax
The Skull• The skull, the body’s most complex bony
structure, is formed by the cranium and facial bones
• Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles
• Facial bones– Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs,
and the teeth– Provide openings for the passage of air and food– Anchor the facial muscles of expression
Anatomy of the Cranium
• Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
• Cranial bones are thin and remarkably strong for their weight
Skull: Anterior View
Skull: Posterior View
Figure 7.3a
Skull: Lateral View
Cranial & Facial Bones & Markings• Frontal (1)
– glabella– frontal sinuses
• Parietal (2)• Occipital (1)
– foramen magnum– occipital condyles– external occipital protuberance
• Temporal (2)– zygomatic process– mandibular fossa– external acoustic meatus– styloid process– mastoid process– carotid canal
• Sphenoid (1)– optic canal– sella turcica
• Ethmoid (1)– crista galli– nasal concha
• Maxilla (2)– alveolar margin– infraorbital foramen
• Palantine (2)• Zygomatic (2)• Lacrimal (2)
– lacrimal fossa• Nasal (2)• Inferior nasal concha (2)• Vomer (1)• Mandible (1)
– mandibular notch– ramus– coronoid process– alveolar margin– mental foramen
• Hyoid bone• Paranasal sinuses•Sutures
Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body
Figure 6.1
Skeletal CartilagesAll bones begin as cartilage or fibrous connective tissue membranes
Basic structure• mostly water (resiliency)• avascular, no nerves• surrounded by perichondrium• chondrocytes in matrix
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
• fine collagen fibers• flexibility and resilience• bone ends, costal, nasal, etc
• elastic fibers• ear, epiglottis
• thick collagen fibers--pressure• vertebral discs, menisci
Cartilage Growth
Appositional• new cells under perichondrium• increase thicknessInterstitial• chondrocytes divide, new matrix
• increases length
TUES 19notes: bone tissue
pre-lab: overview
WED 20lab: bone tissue
THUR 21finish lab handout
review
FRI 22quiz: bone tissue
cranial & facial btk
MON 25
Human Anat-Phys Oct. 2010
# Anat-Phys ASSIGNMENTS PTS
1 class syllabus ---
2 all starts quarter 2 ---
3 notes: bone tissue ---
4 bone markings 18 terms 18
5 pre-lab: overview ---
6 lab: bone tissue 20
7 quiz: bone tissue 28
8 coloring: cranial & facial bones ---
Adolescence--growth stops
With aging cartilage calcifies• normal to certain extent• not bone
microscopic anatomy
• compact bone– filled tiny weight
bearing pillars called osteons
• spongy bone
periosteum
endosteum
Anat/Phys Wed. 10-19-11• Start
– this will be on the quiz (write it down):• axial & appendicular skeleton• bone classification based on shape & one example• examples of the function of bones• hematopoesis—location and definition• diaphysis vs epiphysis• define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast• be able to label the diagrams from your study guide
• Today– finish notes: bone– work on study guide chap. 6
Anat/Phys Fri. 10-06-06• Start
– this will be on the quiz:• axial & appendicular skeleton• bone classification based on shape & one example• examples of the function of bones• hematopoesis—location and definition• diaphysis vs epiphysis• define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast• be able to label articular cartilage, diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum,
endosteum, artery, spongy bone, compact bone, yellow marrow
– you must take and complete the quiz in class today– closed notes, closed book– you have 40 minutes of class– begin when you are ready
• Today- work on study guide after the quiz
Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your packet; include theselabels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow, *yellow marrow, arteryperiosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)
endosteum
anat/phys Wed. 10-17-07• Start
– Describe the basic composition of cartilage. – List three types of skeletal cartilage and examples
of where you can find each– What is a chondrocyte?
• Today– notes & discussion: bones & skeletal tissue– quiz Monday on bones & skeletal tissue notes
endosteum
Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your packet; include theselabels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow, *yellow marrow, arteryperiosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)