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Question Answer Marks

(a) Give two examples of everyday benefits of being white, according to the text. [1]

Give one mark for any two of: ● More likely to get jobs ● More likely to get responses from

professors ● More likely to get better treatment from

Drs ● Seen as less threatening

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(b) Using your own words, explain what the text means by: (i) ‘enshrined' (line 2) [2] (ii) ‘confirmed’ (line 2) [2]

Award 2 marks for full explanation (both strands). Award 1 mark for partial explanation. Credit alternatives explaining whole phrase. (i)

- Held up high- like a god's shrine - En= in- embedded, long lasting

(ii) - Proved - Something people already thought was

true

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(c) Re-read paragraph 3, (‘Neuroscientists have

uncovered brain regions’). Give two reasons why stereotypes form in the brain. [2]

Reward the following: - To save the brain work - Because the media can fuel bias

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(d) Re-read paragraphs 4 and 5, ('Scientists believe that...’ & 'The evidence is overwhelming that...').

(i) Identify one purpose and one downside of stereotyping [2]

(ii) Explain why unconscious bias is bad for society. [3]

Reward the following: (i) Purpose- To help stop us being overwhelmed by information. Downside- We are made to be prejudiced. (ii) Bad for society because:

- Affects peoples' careers; - Affects fair access to healthcare; - Affects fairness in the justice/prison

system. - (Could extend to mention that because it's

unconscious we often can't see it well to deal with it).

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(e) Re-read paragraph 6 , (’However, at the individual

level...'). Using your own words, explain how people

Reward the following, as long as the candidate has used their own words.

- Getting life experience outside of one narrow ethnic group. For example:

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can protect themselves against unconsciously believing in negative stereotypes [3]

- Having an employer from an ethnic minority;

- Having relationships with those from other backgrounds;

- Generally having experience with real people rather than just stereotypes.

1(f) According to Text B, what are the effects of everyday racial bias in Britain? You must use continuous writing (not note form) and use your own words as far as possible. Your summary should be no more than 120 words. Up to 10 marks are available for the content of your answer and up to 5 marks for the quality of your writing.

INDICATIVE READING CONTENT Candidates may refer to any of the points below:

1. The study showed a big difference between how white and ethnic minority groups are treated.

2. Those from ethnic minority groups are treated differently on a daily basis.

3. 43% of those from a minority ethnic background had been overlooked for a work promotion

4. Three times as likely to have been thrown out of or denied entrance to a restaurant, bar or club in the last five years

5. More than two-thirds believe Britain has a problem with racism.

6. 38% of people from ethnic minorities said they had been wrongly suspected of shoplifting in the last five years

7. black people and women in particular more likely to be wrongly suspected of shoplifting

8. Minorities were more than twice as likely to have encountered abuse or rudeness from a stranger in the last week.

9. 53% of people from a minority background believed they had been treated differently because of their hair, clothes or appearance

10. The Runnymede Trust said these “everyday micro-aggressions” have profound effects on Britain’s social structure.

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Question Answer Marks

2 (a) Identify a word or phrase from the text which suggests the same idea as the words underlined.

(i) frowned [1] (ii) to approach

logically [1] (iii) appears to

prove [1] (iv) faulty [1]

(i) frowned [1] Furrowed (ii) to approach logically [1] Methodically (iii) appears to prove [1] Validate (iv) faulty [1] Flawed

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2(b) Using your own words, explain what the writer means by:

(i) convince [1] Persuade or convert (ii) biased [1] Prejudiced towards one side (iii) take pains [1] Try hard to avoid Credit other relevant responses.

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2 (c) Use one example from the text below to explain how the writer suggests that it is uncomfortable to discuss racism. Use your own words in your explanation. [3]

Award 3 marks for an appropriate example with a comprehensive explanation which shows understanding of how the writer suggests his over-confidence. Award 2 marks for an appropriate example and attempt at an explanation which shows some understanding of how the writer suggests his over-confidence. Award 1 mark for an example with an attempt at an explanation which shows awareness of his over-confidence. The explanation may be partial. The explanation must be predominantly in the candidate’s own words. Responses might use the following: Just something that you don't admit- Implies an existing knowledge that isn't discussed/is avoided. It's the elephant in the room- Metaphor/Idiom for something big that everyone knows is there and tries hard to avoid talking about. You don't talk- Sounds imperative, like an order. People might think cops are discriminatory- Fear of what people think is stopping them from being open If we admit that- 'Admit' sounds like a confession of a crime. Like they've done something wrong, so they don't want to 'admit' this weakness.

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2 (d) Re-read paragraphs 6 and 8. • Paragraph 6 begins ‘At their root, the

trainings' and is about what unconscious bias is. • Paragraph 8 begins 'In Salt Lake, the‘ and

Notes on task: This question is marked for the ability to select powerful or unusual words and for an understanding of ways in which the language is effective. Expect responses to provide words / phrases that carry connotations additional to general meaning. Mark holistically for the overall quality of the response, not for the number of words chosen, bearing in mind that for the higher bands there should be a range of choices to demonstrate an understanding of how language works, and that this should include the ability

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discusses the purpose of bias training.

Explain how the writer uses language to convey meaning and to create effect in these paragraphs. Choose three examples of words and phrases from each paragraph to support your answer. Your choices should include the use of imagery. Write about 200 to 300 words. Up to 15 marks are available for the content of your answer.

to explain images. It is the quality of the analysis that attracts marks. Do not deduct marks for inaccurate statements; simply ignore them. The following notes are a guide to what good responses might say about the selections. Candidates can make any sensible comment, but only credit those that are relevant to the correct meanings of the words in the context and that have some validity. Alternative acceptable explanations should be credited. Credit comments on effects created by non-vocabulary choices such as grammar / syntax and punctuation devices. These must be additional to comments on vocabulary. What unconscious bias is paragraph 6: The general tone of the paragraph is informative, but serious, showing how real and impactful unconscious bias can be. Spring from one basic proposition- Arising from. Language of 'root' and 'spring' suggest life and importance. Inevitable product- Seems to try to remove fault from the police. It's 'inevitable' in the society, a 'product' not a fault. Woven into the fabric of everyday life- Metaphor to show how ever present this prejudice is. 'Woven' also suggests difficult to remove or to untangle. Beneath the surface- Metaphor to show the hidden nature of the bias Wallet or a gun- Stark, serious ending to the paragraph. This bias might be beneath the surface, but this reminds us that it can still kill.

The purpose of bias training paragraph 8. The general tone of the paragraph is informative, explaining the hopes for the training. Boiled down to- Metaphor for making aims concise, prioritised Seeds of self-awareness will ultimately grow- Metaphor comparing police to plants, quite hopeful that change can happen. Behaviours on the street- Interestingly euphemistic, doesn't say violence or prejudice, but these are the problematic behaviours training is trying to prevent. Twin assumptions they hinge on- Another metaphor for showing that everything hangs on these ideas that bias is everywhere and admitting it is necessary.

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Absorbing bias is an inherent feature- 'absorbing' suggests that bias is gradually soaked up and that it's inevitable. Built on the notion of a fair cop- 'built on' shows how important the idea of fairness is to policing.

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Question Answer Marks

3 Re-read Text C, 'Can Cops Unlearn Their Unconscious Biases?', in the insert and then answer Question 3 on this question paper. You are the trainer Sam Wolf. Write a letter to another police department which is not yet offering bias training, suggesting they hire you to put it on. You should cover the following three points: • What unconscious bias is; • Why it is a particular problem for police; • What you think your training can do to help. Base your letter on what you have read in Text C, but be careful to use your own words. Address each of the three bullet points. Begin your letter with the first line: Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to offer you one of the most important services you can provide to your department. Write about 250 to 350 words.

Responses might use the following ideas: A1: What unconscious bias is.

● Not the same as racism (det. Take pains to avoid using this word/ dev. Police are afraid of being called racist or unfair)

● Something people don't want to talk about ( det. The elephant in the room/ dev. Talking about it is absolutely crucial to making it conscious)

● Unconscious bias affects everyone (det. It's woven into the whole of society/ dev. We must talk about it to remove it)

● Even children are affected (det. Doll study/ dev. Police shouldn't feel defensive or guilty about admitting it)

● Doesn't just affect police. (det. It would be weird if police weren't affected, given that everyone else is)

● Bias can exist despite best intentions. (det. Studies show that even those who consciously embrace equality lean on stereotypes in times of stress)

A2: Why it is a particular problem for police. ● Police have to make split second decisions

(det. This is exactly the type of situation where brain relies on stereotypes/ dev. Can mean life or death).

● Police wield power and authority (Det. this power obligates them to combat their bias/ dev. Which begins with acknowledging them)

● Policing is built on the idea of fairness (det. So no one wants to talk about this potential flaw/ dev. Not talking about it keeps it unconscious)

● Police want to be looked up to, they see it as their job. (Det. so it might be harder to admit bias than for other people.)

A3:What you think your training can do to help

● Discussing this in private with peers can help police to see how normal this is (Det. doll study, black children also showed bias)

● Making the unconscious conscious by sharing scientific fact with officers.

● Opening their eyes to the bias around them. ● Make a difference to 'behaviours on the street',

ultimately preserving fairness and saving lives.

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Table A: Reading

Up to 15 marks are available for the content and 10 marks for the quality of your writing.

Reward relevant developments which are consistent with the passage.

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