Q FeverQ Fever

By:By:

Mandana Ershadi-HurtMandana Ershadi-Hurt

Q fever is a zoonotic Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by disease caused by Coxiella burnetii,Coxiella burnetii, a a

species of bacteria that is species of bacteria that is distributed globally. distributed globally. 

• In 1999, Q fever became a notifiable In 1999, Q fever became a notifiable disease in the United States but disease in the United States but reporting is not required in many reporting is not required in many other countries. Because the disease other countries. Because the disease is underreported, scientists cannot is underreported, scientists cannot reliably assess how many cases of Q reliably assess how many cases of Q fever have actually occurred fever have actually occurred worldwide. worldwide.

• Cattle, sheep, and goats are the Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs of primary reservoirs of C. burnetiiC. burnetii.  .  Infection has been noted in a wide Infection has been noted in a wide variety of other animals, including variety of other animals, including other species of livestock and in other species of livestock and in domesticated pets.  domesticated pets.  Coxiella burnetiiCoxiella burnetii does not usually cause clinical does not usually cause clinical disease in these animals disease in these animals

• Organisms are excreted in milk, urine, and feces Organisms are excreted in milk, urine, and feces of infected animals.  The organisms are resistant of infected animals.  The organisms are resistant to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants.  to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants.  These features enable the bacteria to survive for These features enable the bacteria to survive for long periods in the environment.  Infection of long periods in the environment.  Infection of humans usually occurs by inhalation of these humans usually occurs by inhalation of these organisms from air that contains airborne organisms from air that contains airborne barnyard dust contaminated by dried placental barnyard dust contaminated by dried placental material, birth fluids, and excreta of infected herd material, birth fluids, and excreta of infected herd animals.  Humans are often very susceptible to animals.  Humans are often very susceptible to the disease, and very few organisms may be the disease, and very few organisms may be required to cause infection required to cause infection

• Most acute cases of Q fever begin with sudden Most acute cases of Q fever begin with sudden onset of one or more of the following: high fevers onset of one or more of the following: high fevers (up to 104-105° F), severe headache, general (up to 104-105° F), severe headache, general confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-confusion, sore throat, chills, sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest pain. Fever usually lasts abdominal pain, and chest pain. Fever usually lasts for 1 to 2 weeks. Weight loss can occur and persist for 1 to 2 weeks. Weight loss can occur and persist for some time. Thirty to fifty percent of patients for some time. Thirty to fifty percent of patients with a symptomatic infection will develop with a symptomatic infection will develop pneumonia. Additionally, a majority of patients pneumonia. Additionally, a majority of patients have abnormal results on liver function tests and have abnormal results on liver function tests and some will develop hepetitis. In general, most some will develop hepetitis. In general, most patients will recover to good health within several patients will recover to good health within several months without any treatment. Only 1%-2% of months without any treatment. Only 1%-2% of people with acute Q fever die of the disease. people with acute Q fever die of the disease.

DiagnosisDiagnosis

• Confirming a diagnosis of Q fever Confirming a diagnosis of Q fever requires serological testing to detect requires serological testing to detect the presence of antibodies to the presence of antibodies to Coxiella burnetiiCoxiella burnetii antigens. antigens. Coxiella Coxiella burnetiiburnetii exists in two antigenic exists in two antigenic phases called phase I and phase II. phases called phase I and phase II. This antigenic difference is important This antigenic difference is important in diagnosis. in diagnosis.

TreatmentTreatment

• Doxycycline is the treatment of choice for Doxycycline is the treatment of choice for acute Q fever. Antibiotic treatment is most acute Q fever. Antibiotic treatment is most effective when initiated within the first 3 effective when initiated within the first 3 days of illness. A dose of 100 mg of days of illness. A dose of 100 mg of doxycycline taken orally twice daily for 15-doxycycline taken orally twice daily for 15-21 days is a frequently prescribed therapy.  21 days is a frequently prescribed therapy.  Quinolone antibiotics have demonstrated Quinolone antibiotics have demonstrated good in vitro activity against good in vitro activity against C. burnetiiC. burnetii and and may be considered by the physician. may be considered by the physician. Therapy should be started again if the Therapy should be started again if the disease relapses.disease relapses.

PreventionPrevention

• In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have resulted mainly from occupational exposure resulted mainly from occupational exposure involving veterinarians, meat processing involving veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep. Prevention and facilities housing sheep. Prevention and control efforts should be directed primarily control efforts should be directed primarily toward these groups and environments.toward these groups and environments.

• The following measures should be used in The following measures should be used in the prevention and control of Q fever:the prevention and control of Q fever:

• Educate the public on sources of infection. Educate the public on sources of infection.

• Appropriately dispose of placenta, birth Appropriately dispose of placenta, birth products, fetal membranes, and aborted products, fetal membranes, and aborted fetuses at facilities housing sheep and fetuses at facilities housing sheep and goats. goats.

• Restrict access to barns and laboratories Restrict access to barns and laboratories used in housing potentially infected used in housing potentially infected animals. animals.

• Use only pasteurized milk and milk Use only pasteurized milk and milk products. products.

• Use appropriate procedures for bagging, Use appropriate procedures for bagging, autoclaving, and washing of laboratory autoclaving, and washing of laboratory clothing. clothing.

• Vaccinate (where possible) individuals engaged in Vaccinate (where possible) individuals engaged in research with pregnant sheep or live research with pregnant sheep or live C. burnetiiC. burnetii. .

• Quarantine imported animals. Quarantine imported animals. • Ensure that holding facilities for sheep should be Ensure that holding facilities for sheep should be

located away from populated areas.  Animals located away from populated areas.  Animals should be routinely tested for antibodies to should be routinely tested for antibodies to C. C. burnetii,burnetii, and measures should be implemented to and measures should be implemented to prevent airflow to other occupied areas. prevent airflow to other occupied areas.

• Counsel persons at highest risk for developing Counsel persons at highest risk for developing chronic Q fever, especially persons with pre-chronic Q fever, especially persons with pre-existing cardiac valvular disease or individuals existing cardiac valvular disease or individuals with vascular grafts. with vascular grafts.

• A vaccine has been developed and is A vaccine has been developed and is being used in Australia. However, it being used in Australia. However, it is not available in the united states.is not available in the united states.