Urban Infrastructure

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OUTLINE

• 74th Amendment CAA

• Urban Infrastructure Policies in India

• JnNURM

• New Urban Agenda

– AMRUT

– Swacch Bharat

– National Smart Cities Mission

• NIUA

• NIUA-CIDCO Smart City Lab

74th Amendment Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 • Accords formal recognition and powers to ULBs in the Constitution as

'independent institutions of self-government'

• Makes ULBs more autonomous (collect taxes, develop projects) and participatory

• It directed states to devolve specific (18) functions to ULBs under Schedule XII (Annex C)

• Requires states to set up State Finance Commission (SFCs) to review and make recommendations regarding distribution of taxes, revenue-sharing, grant-in-aid system, issues of local autonomy between the state and ULBs

• Maharashtra and Gujarat had Regional and Town Planning Acts which defined urban infrastructure

• Development Control Regulations for local bodies

Urban Infrastructure Policies in India

SWACCHA BHARAT (solid waste management, sanitation infrastructure)

SMART CITIES MISSION (ICT for governance and infrastructure & resource management)

HRIDAY ( heritage city development and augmentation)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (affordable housing for all)

AMRUT (infrastructure development)

New Urban Agenda

Fund Flow 2005 First Major National Urban Infrastructure Policy

JNNURM • Urban Infrastructure and Governance • Urban Infrastructure Development of Small & Medium Towns • Basic Services to the Urban Poor • Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme

National City Level

City State

National

Fund Flow 2015

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission

JnNURM

• Launched in December 2005 as a mission mode programme

• To address the challenges of urbanization, need for urban sector development and improve quality of life in cities

• The main thrust of this programme was to ensure improvement in urban governance and financial strength of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

• Reform linked assistance to State Governments and Urban Local Bodies

• Focus on

– Bringing in efficiency in urban infrastructure & service delivery mechanisms,

– Community participation

– Accountability of city institutions

• Mission Period – Seven years (2005-2012)*

• Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas and gave impetus to urban reforms (23 reforms of which 13 are mandatory)

*However, JnNURM was extended till 2014

JnNURM Sub Missions

Sub Mission

Administered by Ministry

Focus Area Coverage

Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG)

Urban Development

Infrastructure Development

65 Cities

Urban Infrastructure Development of Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)

Urban Development

Planned urban Infrastructural Improvement

All 5161 towns/cities as per 2001 census except 65 Mission UIG cities

Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)

Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

Integrated Development of Slums

65 UIG Cities

Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)

Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

Holistic Slum Development

All 5161 cities and towns as per 2001 Census except cities/towns covered under UIG and BSUP

JnNURM Implementation

• Led to good practices and innovations across cities and states

• Recognized that states which are relatively advanced and economically sound had taken reform initiatives ahead of others

• Analysis of the sector wise distribution of funds released during 2005-14 indicated water supply sector allocation around 37% and 63% in Mission and Non Mission Cities respectively.

• Sector wise percentage distribution of JnNURM priorities in seven mega cities indicate Greater Mumbai and Bangalore with zero percentage under urban renewal and preservation of water bodies whereas Hyderabad and Ahmedabad were leading the chart with 9.1% and 6.5% respectively.

• City Development Plans failed to link spatial planning with socio-economic planning, and exclusion of peri-urban areas

• Only 72% of the total allocations have been released under JnNURM

Water Sewerage Solid Waste Management

SLB Median SLB Median SLB Median

Coverage 100 66 Coverage of Toilets 100 84

LPCD 135 112.5 Coverage of Network 100 38 Household Coverage Level 100 54.4

Metered Connections 100 3.25 Collection efficiency of Network 100 54 Efficiency of Collection 100 85.95

Non Revenue Water 0 38 Adequacy of sewerage treatment capacity

100 54 Extent of Segregation 100 10

Continuity of Supply 24 3 Reuse and Recycle 20 1 Extent of MSW recovered 100 15

Quality and Treatment 100 95 Quality of sewerage Treatment 100 10 Extent of Scientific Disposal 20 0

Redressal of Customer Complaints

100 80 Efficiency in Redressal of Customer Complaints

80 80 Efficiency in Redressal of Customer Complaints

80 80

Cost Recovery 100 50 Cost Recovery 100 35 Cost Recovery 100 9.95

Efficiency of Collection Charges

100 75.5 Efficiency of Collection Charges 100 41 Efficiency of Collection Charges 100 42.85

Water Index 1 0.593 Sewerage Index 1 0.533 SWM Index 1 0.422

Best Performance Pune 0.796 Best Performance Bangalore 0.877 Best Performance Surat 0.884

Poorest Performance Vadodara 0.211 Poorest Performance Agartala 0.069 Poorest Performance Mathura 0.122

Source: Ministry of Urban Development 2012

Service Level Benchmark Data 2012

NEW URBAN AGENDA

AMRUT

SWACCHA BHARAT

SMART CITIES MISSION

HRIDAY

Pradhan Mantri Housing Yojana (Housing for All)

12 HRIDAY Cities 97 Smart Cities

476 Swacch Bharat Cities 500 AMRUT Cities

AMRUT

SMART CITIES

SWACCH BHARAT

HRIDAY

CITIES IN MISSIONS

Indicative List

AMRUT

AMRUT • All Cities and Towns with a population of over one lakh with notified

Municipalities, including Cantonment Boards (Civilian areas),

• All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ UTs, not covered in above

• All Cities/ Towns classified as Heritage Cities by MoUD under the HRIDAY

Scheme

• Thirteen Cities and Towns on the stem of the main rivers with a population

above 75,000 and less than 1 lakh, and

• Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not more than

one from each State).

AMRUT Financial Plan/Fund Allocation

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme with Financial Outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore for five years from FY2015-16 to FY2019-20

• The Mission funds will consist of the following four parts:

– Project fund - 80% of the annual budgetary allocation*.

– Incentive for Reforms - 10% of the annual budgetary allocation.

– State funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 8% of the annual budgetary allocation

– MoUD funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 2% of the annual budgetary allocation

*However, for FY 2015-16 the project fund would be 90% of the annual budgetary allocation as incentive for

Reforms will be given only from FY 2016-17 onwards.

AMRUT Approach and Priorities

• Project approach to ensure basic infrastructure services

• Implementation of mission is linked to promotion of urban reforms

• States get the flexibility of designing schemes based on the needs of identified cities and in their execution and monitoring

• Cities need to prepare Service Level Improvement Plans (SLIPs)

• States need to aggregate SLIPs, prioritize the projects in consultation with ULBs and submit SAAP for each financial year starting 2015-16

• States need to submit State Annual Action Plans (SAAP) to the Ministry of Urban Development for broad concurrence based on which funds will be released

• Preparation of GIS based Master Plans for AMRUT cities – a key reform is facilitated by convergence with National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme

Service Level Improvement Plans

• Prepared in consultation by city government and parastatal agencies staff

• SLIPs are reviewed by City Level Nodal Officer and appraised by State Nodal Agency

• Mission Thrust areas are:

1. Water Supply

2. Sewerage and Septage management

3. Storm Water Drains

4. Urban Transport

5. Green Spaces and Parks

• SLIPs include Sectoral Master Plans, Prioritized Projects, Fund Sharing clearly indicating Convergence, and Year Wise Plan for Service Improvements

State Level Annual Action Plan (SAAP)

• Prepared based on consolidation of State AMRUT cities SLIPs

• State Level High Powered Steering Committee (SHPSC) reviews and approves the SAAP for submission to Ministry of Urban Development

• SAAP includes – Sector wise and City wise projects prioritzed

– Breakup of Total MoUD Allocation in AMRUT

– Sector wise proposed total project fund and sharing pattern including convergence

– Use of funds on projects on going and new

– Plan for achieving service level benchmarks

– Master Plan of all projects to achieve universal coverage during mission period

– State level plan of action for physical and financial progress

– Reforms implementation timeline

– Individual Capacity Building Plan

– Annual Action Plan for Capacity Building

– Details of Institutional Capacity Building

Evaluation of SAAP and SLIPs

Priority Sector Analysis

Reforms Implementation Timeline S.no Reform Implementation

Timeline

1 E-Governance 06 months - 36 months

2 Constitution & professionalization of municipal cadre

12 months - 36 months

3 Augmenting double entry accounting 12 months - 24 months

4 Urban Planning and City level Plans 12 months - 48 months

5 Devolution of funds and functions 06 months - 18 months

6 Review of Building by-laws 12 months - 24 months

7 Set-up financial intermediary at state level 12 months - 18 months

8 (a) Municipal tax and fees improvement 12 months

8 (b) Improvement in levy and collection of user charges 12 months

9 Credit Rating 18 months

10 Energy and Water audit 12 months - 24 months

11 Swachh Bharat Mission 36 months

SWACHH BHARAT

Swachh Bharat Mission Agenda

• Elimination of open defecation

• Eradication of Manual Scavenging Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management

• To effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s

• To create an enabling environment for private sector participation in Capex (capital expenditure) and Opex (operation and maintenance)

51%

29%

20% 18%

82%

19%

81%

Swachh Bharat Mission Status – Dec 2015

Solid Waste Management • Total Wards -78633 • Wards with 100% door to door collection - 34004 • Total Waste Generation - 146274 MT/D • Total waste processing - 18.01% • Processing of waste to be achieved by March 2016 - 35.45%

20,15,509 Work Commenced

21,728 Completed

38,097 Commenced

8,409 Completed

94,479 Work Commenced 11,65,993

Not Sanctioned

7,71,763 Completed

Toilets

NATIONAL SMART CITIES MISSION

National Smart City Mission

• Incorporates both ICT for governance (North America) and ICT for infrastructure and resource management (Europe, Singapore etc)

• Top down effort to build bottom-up stakeholder participation.

• Tripartite coalition between center, state and urban local body

• Competitive, convergent and built on best practices from other previous and current missions

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

National Smart City Mission

STAGE II SCORING CRITERIA

55% 30%

15%

Challenges and Opportunities

Paradigm shift in urban planning • Smart Cities is about smarter ways of imagining and developing cities.

• ICT is an enabler not the end

• Strategic not project based – convergence with other missions, risk management and mitigation (citizens, finance and land)

• Data and evidence driven planning

• Incremental changes through an area based approach rather than city wide regeneration. Allows for failure and regenerative learning.

• Challenges the cities to program for alternative financing other than government transfers - property tax, higher FSI development rights , public transportation value capture , city bonds.

• Enables financial reform through intermediaries and institutional and governance reform through Special Purpose Vehicle

Challenges and Opportunities

Development (planning, policy, finance) capacities within cities • To build communication channels with citizens through a participatory approach to

planning

• To build trust with citizens & business community through demonstration of quick replicable successes

• To understand that smaller targeted interventions (ICT driven) on core infrastructure can deliver big gains

- Real time bus passenger information systems

- Bus signal prioritization

• To understand public transportation and open spaces have to be part of core infrastructure while increasing FSI

• To apply multiple approaches to economic development such as heritage, open spaces, affordable housing, adaptive reuse of assets, public transportation, digital economy

• To diffuse knowledge through out the organization by using the central handholding assistance during the process

• For asset management, asset reuse and asset optimization as important as asset generation.

Challenges and Opportunities

Inclusive Smart Cities • Addresses needs of all citizens - women, children, senior citizens, physically challenged,

migrants, informal livelihood workers, alternative gender, lower income households,

environmentally vulnerable populations

• Bridges the Digital Divide - bringing ICT applications to accessible platforms.

• ICT for public transportation and NMT instead of smart parking

• Increasing access to broadband infrastructure through various models

• ICT to bridge the knowledge gap

• Smart City Plans could include open data, digital literacy strategies

• ICT is the most flexible and easy to implement therefore the last step of solution

• Small investment large impact - 2-3% of total infrastructure spending

• Bottom Up Smart City Planning – engage social entrepreneurs, social movements, crowd

sourcing data and problem solving, sharing economy.

• Top down Smart City Planning in Masdar, Songdo results are uncertain.

MISSION

To develop new research and expertise for supporting effective innovations in the urban sector and their dissemination through knowledge exchange, training and

capacity development.

• Provide research support to MoUD • Evaluate Government of India’s urban programs/schemes • Analyze and promote policy change agenda • Conduct research studies on contemporary urban issues • Capacity Building Cell • Disseminate information • Urban Data Centre • Information, Publication & Communication Cell

1. Urbanization, Urban Infrastructure and Economic Growth

2. Municipal Finance and Governance 3. Land Economics and Transportation 4. Urban Poverty 5. Affordable Housing 6. Sustainable Habitat, Environment and

Climate Change 7. Smart Cities 8. Child Friendly Smart Cities

THEMATIC RESEARCH AREAS

WHAT WE DO

NIUA – CIDCO Smart City Lab http://cidco-smartcity.niua.org/ spandit@niua.org Siddharth Pandit