Marcas Brian MacStiofáin Ó Mhaitú Ó Domhnaill

24 September 2015

Pwr: An Essential Grammar and Dictionary

Pwr: Ddé Riofà é fiddíy-nonrac'ha

PWR !1

Introduction

0.1 The Sumric languages

Chapter 1 - Pronunciation

1.1 Consonants

1.2 Vowels

1.3 Stress

Chapter 2 - Nouns

2.1 Suffix hierarchy

2.2 Nouns and cases

2.3 Noun Formation

2.4 Reflexive suffix

2.5 Noun Enforcement

Chapter 3 - Pronouns and demonstratives

3.1 Pronouns and cases

3.2 Demonstratives

3.3 Definite Articles

Chapter 4 - Adjectives and adverbs

4.1 Adverbialisation

4.2 Adjective formation

4.3 Comparative and Superlative constructions

4.4 Agreement

Chapter 5 - Verbs

5.1 Suffix hierarchy

5.2 Infinitives

5.3 Present tense

5.4 Simple past tenses

5.5 Future tenses

5.6 Subjunctive mood

5.7 Negation

5.8 Imperative

5.9 Interrogative copula

5.10 Passive voice

PWR !2

5.11 Causitive verbs

Chapter 6 -Similies

6.1 Similes

Chapter 7- Mastering Pwr

7.1 Text examples

7.2 Further reading

Pwr - English Dictionary

English-Pwr Dictionary

Pwr phrasebook

Sound Changes from Maifri > Pwr

PWR !3

Introduction The Sumric Languages: a short history

In 1300AM (the 13th century by our standards) the modern day of this world on the

snowy mountainous continent called Malomanan (meaning land of deer). there are 10

Sumric languages which belong to 6 branches

in the Moicha branch is Moicha and Foriab

in the Lelic branch is Lelic

in the Lemre branch is Lemre

in the A-Sumric branch is Shúfre and Somi

in the M-Sumric branch is Pwr and Terch

in the Nümmezse branch is Émde an Iriaid (created by /u/Tarheelscouse)

PWR !4

All of these languages descend from a common ancestor, Old Sumrë. Back in the good old days when that was spoken in Malomanan the Sumric peoples were one people with one tongue. They lived by hunting wild deer and followed the herds along their migrations giving them a nomadic lifestyle. As such Old Sumrë is abound with words deriving from the roots sum (travel) and loman (deer). The constant moving around meant no regional varieties could develop. But that changed when a giant wolf spirit called Ôä Éru (evil wolf) came and gorged on the deer population, it ate so much that there was hardly any left for the Sumnë (the name of the people) to hunt, causing a famine. But all was saved when another spirit called Màä Ric'ha (buzzard of language) came and fought Ôa Éru. After 12 epic battles the evil wolf was defeated. But the deer population took a long time to recover, in fact it never did recover to its previous numbers. This caused many Sumnë to leave the nomadic life and settle in small villages. The first to do this settled on a nearby island called Mulelwe lamnan and lived by fishing, they were known as the Lamnë (settled people). Over time the speech grew apart from those on the mainland becoming Lemre (settled language) but the Antagan Empire invaded that island and imposed their own language in the natives causing the extinction of Lemre, the Island was renamed by the empire to Lem Pars (Lem Island in the Tåns tongue.) Lemre has since been "revived" due to nationalist sentiment against the Antagan Empire which outlawed the language. it was recorded by Antagan scholars before its death, the record they created founded the base of Lemre's revival many generations later During this time the mainland language also changed into Middle Sumri

picture: a 5th century text written in Tåns by Antagan scribe describing Lemre verb conjugations

A century or so later more Sumnë left the nomad life and settled on the Southeastern coast. They developed a very basic form of agriculture (as much as the harsh land would allow) but also fished the seas and hunted in the nearby forests, over time these settlements grew into small towns and began trading when the Antagan Empire discovered them, causing the settlements to grow further, attracting even more trading from other nations. The language of these people became Moicha.

Sometime after that more of the Sumnë abandoned the nomad life and settled on a small group of islands to the south west, over time the speech grew apart from Middle Sumri and became Malelweri (island language) but as the population on the islands grew they people expanded their settlements around the South West coast. By this time the languages changed once more to become Maifri. Some of these people continued further up the western coast into a more mountainous and forested area, their language became Pwr. Those who remained on the South West coast and islands now speak Terch, a sister language to Pwr.

During the seventh battle between Ôä Éru and Màä Ra, which took place in the centre of the continent by the eastern mountain range, Màä Ra being the language spirit screeched a booming call in the divine tongue to the skies to herald an epic rain storm. The heavy rain caused the surrounding land to become a quagmire of wet and quick mud which trapped Ôä Éru and allowed Màä Ra to attack from the air (for it had the form of a

PWR !5

buzzard, hence it name Màä which means ‘buzzard’) though through trickery the wolf spirit escaped, leaving a great depression in the ground where it had been stuck which quickly filled with water to become a great lake. The battle itself and the now marshy land had trapped a band of Sumnë and separated them from the rest of nomads. These people learned to take advantage of the marshy habitat by living off the new life the marshy wetlands would bring. They became the Lericnaté , a quaint and isolated people and in time their speech became Lelic.

Now back to the remaining nomads, now speaking Late Middle Sumri. The deer populations still not back to their past numbers was putting more pressure on the remaining nomads. So yet again a great number of them left the nomad life, they left Malomanan altogether. They set out on boats and headed south, praying that the winds would blow them somewhere plentiful. And those prayers were answered. They came upon a tropical archipelago bustling with natural resources. The islands were already inhabited by natives who spoke an isolating tongue called Gāl Nâg, they called the islands Trez Gal meaning 'three warriors' referring to the 3 main islands. But no conflict happened. None. Everyone was welcomed with open arms and it wasn't long before the two people interbred in race and language, the Sumric tongue was the dominant language but it took on the voiced sounds of Gāl Nâg and became Zūvri, after more time and more mingling with natives the language simplified greatly, dropping all cases and much of the tenses and became Shúfre. In the Shúfre language 'Trez Gāl' became Trégal. There the people became great seafarers and sailors known around the world for their nautical prowess. Back home to Malomanan, the very few nomads left now speak Somi, which in itself changes greatly in terms of sounds but simplified by dropping all cases, though this process started way back in Late Middle Sumri.

A language map of Malomanan, you will notice that Somi has no fixed boundary and is spoken throughout the island due to to its nomadic nature. Shúfre isn’t spoken here and so isn’t on the map.

PWR !6

Chapter 1 - Pronunciation 1.1 Consonants

When a word ends in <ð> /ð/ and takes a suffix which begins with <ð>. Both are assimilated into one <ð>

/ð/ is deleted when beforeaithr consonant e.g édd + -na = éna

Letter IPA value Example

b b bat

c'h x Scottish loch

d d dad

dd ð that

f f fast

g g get

l l (or /l̩/ when before /w/) let

m m mat

n n not

r r brick

s s sat

t t bat

ŵ w wind

PWR !7

Lenition Consonants in Pwr can be lenited in several conditions, these specific conditions will be mentioned later.. Here is a table which shows how the consonants lenite.

1.2 Vowels

if a word ends in w and takes a suffix beginning with w then an interruptive c'h is placed between them

Original consonant Lenited consonant

b v /v/

d dd /ð/

g gh /ɣ/

m v /v/

p f /f/

s h /h/

t h /h/

Letter IPA value Example

a a apple

à aɪ sky

é e day

i ɪ pin

í i flee

o ɔ thought

ô o bone

ò ɔɪ toy

ou ʌu plow

w u pull

y i (only when in the Definite article) or /ø/ elsewhere

flee

PWR !8

Vowel mutation Just like how a the final consonant in a word can become lenited in certain conditions, the final vowel can get mutated. This happens mostly in participles and participles . In the mutation back vowels get fronted and rounded while front vowels just get rounded. Here is a table to show how how each vowel mutates

1.3 Stress

Stress in Pwr is fixed on the penultimate syllable which has a falling tone and the second syllable has a rising tone. This is fixed in every word so it is unmarked in the orthography .g

foría ‘plains’ /fɔ̂rǐa/

ddinw ‘soon’ /ðînǔ/

épa ‘cold’ /êpǎ/

lirwminna ‘wise’ /lɪ̂rǔmɪna/

Although when a monosyllabic word follows a definite article the article takes the falling tone and the noun takes the rising tone e.g

y fi 'the friends' /ɪ̂ fɪ̌/

Original vowel Mutated vowel

a ä /Œ/

à no mutation

é y /ø/

i î /ʏ/

í ŷ /y/

ô y /ø/

o u /ʉ/

ò no mutation

w ŷ /y/

PWR !9

Chapter 2 -Nouns

Thanks to the noun cases in Pwr, word order relative freedom by having an interchangeable order of SOV or OSV. The subject and object can be absolutely anywhere in a sentence as the case endings show each word's role in a sentence, so long as the verb goes at the end.

2.1 Suffix Hierarchy

Being a highly inflecting language, nouns very often do take on several suffixes so there is a specific order in which these suffixes attach to the noun which is as follows. The brackets denote a suffix may or may not be included, depending on context.

noun + (simile affix) + (case) + (reflexive)

éru > éru= wolf

éru +ŵa> éruŵa= into wolf

éru +ŵa + g> éruŵag = into wolf's self

2.2 Noun case

Pwr has 15 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. the 15 cases are:

Nominative: marks the subject Inessive: inside something

Accusative: marks the direct object

Genitive: marks possession

Dative: marks the indirect object

Superessive: ‘on’ the surface

Subessive: ‘under’ something

Illative: movement into something

Perlative: movement through or along

Allative: movement to or towards something

Apudessive: beside something

Delative: movement from the surface, from

Supressive: above something

Paressive: beside something

Prolative: through something, by way of

PWR !10

In the development from Maifri to Pwr a large change happened in the noun case system, namely where previously singular nouns became plural and singularitives were used to form singular forms of each noun. As such the plural is the default state of a noun with the singular being marked with vowel mutation + case ending.

A table showing all the noun case endings according to Number. If the noun ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel place <c'h> /x/ between the two. (Unless that vowel is /y/ or /i/ or /a/ in some instances):

vm=vowel mutation

c'hwa= forests

édd =stars/suns

*the allative case ending -dda /ða/comes from the Maifri allative case ending -cha /tʃa/, the /tʃ/ was dropped intervocalically which resulted in -a coming into contact with word final vowels so /ð/ was inserted to separate them. A similar thing happened to édd 'stars' which is from Maifri asi 'sun', the a became é and the intervocalic/s/ was dropped so dd was inserted to part the vowels é and i resulting in éddi. A later sound change dropped word final i in many words (though it was hardly a thorough change as some words still retain word final i)

Case Pl Sg Pl Sg

Nominative -- vm c'hwa, édd c'hwä, ydd

Accustive -w vm + -w c'hwaw, eddw c'hwäw, yddw

Genitive -a vm+ -a c'hwac'hw, édda c'hwäc'ha, ydda

Dative -é vm + -é c'hwaé, éddé c'hwäé, yddé

Superessive -ro vm + -ro c'hwaro, éro c'hwäro, yro

Subessive -na vm + -na c'hwana, éna c'hwäna, yna

Illative -ŵa vm + -ŵa c'hwaŵa, éŵa c'hwäŵa, yŵa

Perlative -í vm + -í c'hwaí, éddí c'hwäí, yddí

*Allative -dda vm + -dda c'hwadda, édda c'hwädda, ydda

Delative -ddwf vm + ddwf c'hwaddwf, éddwf c'hwäddwf, yddwf

Suppressive -a vm + -a c'hwac'ha, édda c'hwäc'ha, ydda

Paressive -én vm + -én c'hwaén, éddén c'hwäén, yddén

Prolative -éna vm + -éna c'hwaéna, éddéna c'hwäéna, yddéna

Inessive -é vm + -é c'hwaé, éddé c'hwäé, yddé

PWR !11

2.3 Noun Formation

A verb can be turned into a noun by mutating the final vowel. The resulting noun can then be declined like any other noun. In Maifri, the mother language of Pwr, the vowel mutation complemented the gerund suffix -i. But Pwr dropped that suffix and instead used the vowel mutation alone to form gerunds.

mwlm to hunt > mŷlm hunting

mŷlmw loré I like hunting

sifw to be hungry > sifŷ hunger

sifŷw lorémw I don’t like hunger

rin to speak > rîn speaking

rînw loré I like speaking

An adjective can be turned into a noun by adding the suffixes -na (if the noun is human) and -a (if the noun is not human). This causes vowel mutation on the last vowel in the adjective and if a consonant comes directly before the suffix it gets lenited. These suffixes derive from the agent suffixes below.

lwo heavy > lwuna heavy ones, fat person (human) > lwuc'ha heavy things (nonhuman)

sai brown > saîna brown ones (human), > saîc'ha brown things (nonhuman

no different > nuna different, unique ones (human), > nuc'ha different things

Agent nouns come in two forms which are human and nonhuman. If the agent is human then the agent suffix -na is attached to the verb (from na 'person) or if the agent is not human then the agent suffix -a is used

mwlm to hunt > mwlmna hunter (human) or mwlma hunter (non human)

Pwr has five diminutive suffixes which correspond to man, woman, child, human and nonhuman. Diminutives in Pwr are used to give a sense of littleness or intimacy (more so the female and child diminutives) or are used to derive nouns from associated concepts (more so the male and nonhuman diminutives)

• The male diminutive to derive from an associated concept is -w mwlmw male hunter

• The human diminutive for a sense a intimacy or familiarity is -na réna strong one (mostly used for men but can be applied to women or children, most often used to noun adjectives)

PWR !12

• The female diminutive is -i mwlmi woman hunter

• The child diminutive is -ga (or -a if the root ends in a vowel) mwlmga child hunter

• The nonhuman diminutive is -í mwlmí hunting creature/tool

An adjective can be made into a noun by placing the suffixes na or a onto the adjective

if the noun is human then it takes the suffix na (sg. nä)

if the noun is not human then it takes the suffix a (if the ends in a vowel then an interruptive

c'h is placed between the adjective and the suffix) (sg. ä)

e.g

ora yellow > orana yellow humans, orac'ha yellow things

épa cold > épana cold humans, épac'ha cold things, the cold

2.4 Reflexive Suffix

In Pwr the reflexive suffix is -g (when noun ends in vowel) or -id (when noun ends in consonant) which roughly translates as 'self' or 'own' when attached to a noun in the genitive case. -g can be placed onto any noun to emphasise it e.g

y érug c'hwä the wolf's own death

2.5 Noun Enforcement

Pwr has a way of enforcing the quality or meaning of a noun. Much like how an intensifier works on adjective, but for nouns. This is done by placing ddô before the noun. In English this can roughly translate as 'very much a X'

E.g

iu hero

Édadd imwnw iu Édadd is a hero

Édadd imwnw ddô iu Édadd is undoubtedly/very much a hero

PWR !13

Chapter 3 - Pronouns and demonstratives 3.1 Pronouns

The reflexive forms of each pronoun can be formed by adding the reflexive suffix which also places emphasis on the pronoun even when in the nominative case e.g

màg yw odäw éddwa, mw da I ate the bread, not you.

mwgw siféa I hit myself

yw odä limwg éddwa the bread ate itself

Pwr has no word for 'to have' although technically there is isdaf but that is archaic and long fallen from speech. So in Pwr instead of saying I have X you say X under me is. The subject of such a sentence goes in the subessive case

e.g

I have a dog ruc'hw màna imwnw

They have the forest yw c'hwac'hw lifwni imwnw

The dog has the forest ye runa yw c'hwac'hw imwnw

Case 1st.sg 2nd.sg 3rd.sg 1st.pl.inc 1st.pl.exc 2nd.pl 3rd.pl

Nominative

mà da lifw màri màfi dari lifi

Accustive mw dw lifw màrw màfwm darw lifwfà

Genitive mà da lifà màra màfàn dara lifàna

Dative mà dé lifà màra màfàn dara lifàfà

Superessive

màroa daroa lifwroa màroi màmroi daroi limroi

Subessive màna dana lifwna màrwni màfwni darwni lifwni

Illative màfa défa lifwfa màréi màfôi darôi lifôi

Perlative màí dàí lifwí màrsí màmsí darsí limsí

Allative màa dé lifwa màrai màfà darai lifài

Delative màwfa dawm lifwfà màrwfi màfwfi darwfi lifwfi

Superessive

màpa dapa lifwpa màrw màfwpi darwpi lifwpi

Paressive màéna daéna lifwéna màrséni màfiéni darséni lifiéni

Prolative màfina dafina lifwna màrini màfini darini lifini

Inessive mà dé lifwa màrw màfa darw lifw

PWR !14

3.2 Demonstratives

Demonstrative pronouns in Pwr don’t agree with noun case or number and are distinguished instead by animacy. Though sound changes made some of the adjective, inanimate animate demonstratives look and sound exactly the same.

e.g

si màa si odac'hw éddw ‘that buzzard is eating that bread’

si oda si màagw éddw ‘that bread is eating that buzzard’‘

notice how when the nouns inflect for case, the demonstrative pronouns don’t inflect at all.

*while translated as “each person”, pona refers to any animate object

examples:

pi mà odäw éddwa? who ate my bread?

pa mà odäw éddw? what ate my bread?

y vàä mà odäw éddwa po? where did the buzzard eat my bread? (literally: buzzard ate my bread where?). Here ‘where’ goes at the end due to a rule in Pwr that says Locative Phrases (or words dentoning where an action happened) go at the end of the sentence.

y vàä mà odäw éddwa pi? when did the buzzard eat my bread? (literally: buzzard ate my bread when?). Here ‘when’ goes at the end due to a rule in Pwr that says Time Phrases (or words dentoning when an action happened) go at the end of the sentence.

pw y vàä mà odäw éddwa? why/how did the buzzard eat my bread? (Literally: how/why buzzard ate my bread) Pwr doesn’t distinguish between ‘how’ or ‘why’.

Interrogative

This That Some None Every Each

Adjective pa (which) si (this) so (that lé (some) mw (no) fài (every) po (each)

Animate pi (who) si (this) si (that) léna (someone)

mwna (no one)

fàna (everyone)

pona (each person)*

Inanimate pa (what) si (this) si (that) lwa (something)

mwa (nothing)

fàa (everythung)

pwa (each thing)

Location po (where) sw (here) sw (there) léfw (somewhere)

mwo (nowhere)

fào (everwhere)

poppo (each place)

Time pi (when) ddí (now) ddw (then) léna (sometime)

mw (never) fài (everytime)

poddina (each time)

Way/reason

pw (how,why)

sw (because, this way)

sow (that way)

lo (somehow)

mw (noway) fàw (everyway)

popw (each way)

PWR !15

si màä si odäw éddwa. this buzzard ate this bread

si màä si odäw räpna sw éddwa. that buzzard ate that bread under the tree there. (literally: that buzzard ate that bread tree-under there). When a sentence has both a locative phrase and a time phrase, the time phrase goes to the very end of the sentence following the locative phrase)

si màä si odäw éddwa pw ondac'hi pari that buzzard ate that bread 4 days ago. “pw ondac'hi pari” is a time phrase and so is placed at the end of the sentence.

si màa si odäw éddwg simwc'hwg sw those buzzards ate that bread because they were hungry (literally: that buzzards ate that bread they hungered because). again the pronoun sw goes at the end of the sentence. Also notice how even though the subject màa is plural the demonstrative pronoun doesn’t change.

The demonstrative pronouns can be used at relative pronouns also. Although none of the interrogative pronouns can be used as relative pronouns as they are in English e.g “The man who walks, the mountain where he lived, when he walked”. instead Pwr uses the pronouns in the ‘That’ column to fill this role

e.g

y nŷ si ôfw the man who walks (man that walks)

y mŷ sw lafwa the mountain where he lived (he-lived mountain there). As said earlier words or phrases that denote where the verb happened go at the end of the sentence, though words or phrases that denote when it happened always go at the end after locative phrases.

ddw lafwa when he walked (he-walked then). Again. the time phrase (here it is the verb) is at the end.

3.3 Definite Articles

The Pwr definite articles derive from the Malelweri demonstrative i which became i and then i in Maifri which then took on the case of the noun to produce the following forms. Pwr doesn't distinguish between singular or plural articles due to a sound change which caused the singular and plural forms to look and sound exactly the same. Pwr has no indefinite articles.

Case Definate article

Nominative y

Accustive yw

Genitive ya

Dative yé

Rest of the cases y

PWR !16

The Definite article causes the initial consonant of the noun to be lenited e.g

màa buzzards > y vàa the buzzards

pi friends > y fi the friends

sà stories > y hà the stories

Chapter 4 - Adjectives and adverbs

4.1 Adverbialisation

The process of creating adverbs is relatively simple as én can be added to any adjective to make it an adverb which always follows the subject. In Pwr the adverbs don't agree with the subject as they did in Maifri

Example:

y vàä biroén yw odäw éddwa buzzard quickly ate the bread

y vàa biroén yw odäw éddwg the buzzards quickly ate the bread

y larnä laén pirwa the soldier fought well

y larna laén pirwg the soldiers fought well

There are a few irregular fixed adverbs which do not bear the adverbial suffix such as répia 'mightily', dia 'immediately' though these are few and far between.

4.2 Adjective formation

To turn a verb into an adjective the participle adjective suffix -lo (sg. -lu) is attached to the verb and mutates the last vowel in the verb and lenites a consonant if it comes directly before the suffix, this corresponds with the English participle adjective -ing. Which can in turn be made to agree with the number and case of the noun it modifies.

mwlm to hunt > mŷlvlo hunting

mŷlvlu màä hunting buzzard

o mŷlvlo màa two hunting buzzards

o mŷlvlow màaw loré I like two hunting buzzards

mŷlvlu rwmlirä hunting leader

o mŷlvlo rwmlira two hunting leaders

o mŷlvlow rwmliraw loré I like two hunting leaders

PWR !17

To turn a verb into a past participle adjective the suffix -í (sg. -ŷ) is attached to the verb which mutates the final vowel and any consonant that comes directly before the suffix, this corresponds the the English participle -ed. Which can in turn be made to agree with the case of the noun it modifies.

mwlm to hunt > mŷlví hunted

mŷlvŷ màa hunted buzzard

o mŷlví màa two hunted buzzards

o mŷlvíw màaw loré I like two hunted buzzards

To turn a noun into an adjective the suffix *-dda (sg. -ddä) is attached to the noun, this corresponds with the English suffix -ly/-y/-ish. Which can in turn be made to agree with the number and case of the noun it modifies. Though adjectives formed this way are placed after the noun

nwfa fools> nwfadda foolish

màä nwfaddä foolish buzzard

o màa nwfadda two foolish buzzards

o màaw nwfaddaw loré I like two foolish buzzards

*dda comes from Maifri -isa which was cognate to the comitative case endings (which were dropped in Pwr). It literally translated as ‘with’ and so was placed after the noun. Even though Pwr lost the comitative case it retains this word order as a fossilised feature

4.3 Comparative and Superlative constructions

A comparative sentence structure is as follows:

subject + to be + adjective + object (paressive case)

Where in English one would simply add the suffix -er to an adjective or place more before the adjective, Pwr uses the sentence structure above to form a comparative sentence e.g

Ddoc'ha ru ir Daroc'ha ruéna imwnw

[john.gen dog.sg big daro.gen dog.par.sg is.3rd]

John’s dog big Daro’s dog beside is

(John’s dog is bigger than Daro’s dog)

When using the comparative in a subordinate clause (dog that is bigger) then the following sentence structure is used

(subject) (verb) subject/object + demonstrative +to be + adjective + object (paressive case)

PWR !18

e.g.

ruw si ir Daroc'ha ruéna imwnw ddaé

[ dog.acc.sg dem big daro.gen dog.par.sg be.3rd want.1st.sg]

dog that big Daro’s dog beside is I want

(I want a dog that is bigger than Daro’s dog)

A superlative sentence is formed in much the same way as the comparative.

subject + to be + adjective + all (paressive case)

Where in English one would simply add the suffix -est to an adjective or place most before the adjective, Pwr uses the sentence structure above to form a superlative sentence e.g.

Ddoc'ha ru ir nwéna imwnw

[john.gen dog.sg big all.par is.3rd]

John’s dog big all beside is

(John’s dog is biggest)

When using the superlative in a subordinate clause (dog that is biggest) then the following sentence structure is used

(subject) (verb) subject/object + demonstrative +to be + adjective + all (paressive case)

e.g.

ruw si ir nwéna inwnw ddaé

[dog.acc.sg dem big all.par be.3rd want.1st.sg ]

dog that big all beside is I want

(I want a dog that is biggest/I want the biggest dog)

Example

ruw si ir nwséna imwnw da odäw éddwa swléa si onda

I saw the biggest dog today eat your bread

[ dog.acc dem big all.par be.3rd your bread.acc eat.3rd.pst see.1st.pst today]

PWR !19

4.4 Agreement

Adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in both number and case. This is done by adding the exact same inflections that the noun takes e.g

Mo 'fast

SG

Nominative: y mu vwru the fast fox

Accusative: yw muw vwruw the fast fox

Genitive: ya muc'ha vwruc'ha of the fast fox

Dative: yé mué vwrué to the fast fox

PL

Nominative: y mo vwro the fast foxes

Accusative: yw mow vwrow the fast foxes

Genitive: ya moc'ha vwroc'ha of the fast foxes

Dative: yé moé vwroé to the fast foxes

Chapter 5 - Verbs 5.1 Suffix Hierarchy

Being a highly inflecting language, a verbs very often do take on several suffixes so there is a specific order in which these suffixes attach to the verb which is as follows, the brackets denote a suffix which isn’t essential and can be left out, though they often are included depending on context.

verb + tense + (subjunctive) + (negation) + (imperative)

swm + arw > swmarw = you will travel

swm + arw + o > swmwrwo = you might travel

swm + arw + o + mw +> swmarwomw = you might not travel

swm + me + i> swmmwi = don’t travel

PWR !20

5.2 Infinitives

Pwr verbs lost the infinitive ending -i so a new way to form the infinitive of a verb is with the prefix i' (when the verb begins in a consonant) and n' (when the verb begins in a vowel). These prefixes both come from the Old Pwr verb imwni 'to be' (in Modern Pwr imwn) which was placed before verbs to form the infinitive. Over time

however it became shorten to i' (from imwni) and n' (from imwni)

e.g

to rejoice n'én

to smell n'i

to smile i'lafi

to hunt i'mwlm

to walk n'ôw

to tempt n'orc'h

to blow i'fwm

to build i'ddof

5.3 Present tense

Due to the specific nature of the verb endings the pronouns can be dropped entirely when they are the subject.

*only context distinguishes between the 3rd.sg and 1st.pl.inc persons

Person Suffix Example Meaning

1st.sg -é swmé I travel

2nd.sg -a swma You travel

3rd.sg -w swmw He/she/it travels

1st.pl.inc -w swmw We travel*

1st.sg.exc -a swma We travel

2nd.pl -ag swmag You travel

3rd.pl -wg swmwg They travel

PWR !21

5.4 Simple past tenses

5.5 Future tenses

5.6 Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is relatively simple to form in Pwr. it is formed by adding the suffix -o which is placed after all other inflections.

swméo I may be travelling

swméao I may have travelled

swmôo I may travel/I would/might travel

y vàä da odäw éddwrwo the buzzard may/would/might eat your bread

Person Near past Far past

1st.sg -éa -épa

2nd.sg -ara -arpa

3rd.sg -wa -wpw

1st.pl.inc -wlsa -wlpir

1st.pl.exc -ale -alpa

2nd.pl -ia -ipa

3rd.pl -insa inpa

Person Near future Far future

1st.sg -ô -édde

2nd.sg -arw -ari

3rd.sg -wrw -wi

1st.pl.inc -wlw -wli

1st.pl.exc -alnw -alà

2nd.pl -inw -à

3rd.pl -inw -idde

PWR !22

5.7 Negation

Negation in Pwr is achieved by placing the suffix -mw onto a verb

y vàä da odäw éddwamw the buzzard didn’t eat your bread

5.9 Imperative

The imperative suffix -i turns a verb into a demand. When a verb is imperative it can only take on the suffixes -i and -mw meaning that it can’t inflect for person or tense so in imperative phrases the subject is implied (though the subject can only ever be singular you or plural you so the ambiguity is small to begin with) , with locative and time phrases being optional and taking their respective second last and last places of the sentence.

da da odäw éddi! eat your bread! da da odäw éddmwi! don’t eat your bread!

da odäw da éddi y vàä limw éddwrwo ddinw! eat your bread before the buzzard eats it! (your bread you eat the buzzard may eat it before)

5.10 Interrogative copula

interrogative sentences can be formed by using interrogative forms of the verb 'to be', the interrogative copula in Pwr originated from the grandmother language Malelweri where the subjunctive suffix po became a copula which was then treated as a verb which can conjugate for person and tense using the conjugations mentioned earlier and placed at the beginning of a sentence. Sound changes have since distorted the regular interrogative copulas

Present tense interrogative copula Meaning

gŵa am I?

gŵa are you?

ow is he/she/it?

ow are we? (inclusive)

gŵa are we? (exclusive)

ò are you?

oí are they?

PWR !23

5.11 Passive voice

The passive voice in Pwr is formed in several ways according to tense. The suffixes come in two forms which are singular and plural which agree with the number of the subject.

Present passive:

The suffix -lo (sg. -lu. from Old Sumrë present participle -lon) is attached to the verb which then has verb conjugation endings placed after that, the suffix -lo causes final vowel mutation and lenites a consonant which is directly before the suffix. The object is placed in the prolative case

E.g

Active voice: yw firéäw y vàä c'hŵarw the buzzard is killing the duck

Passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵärluw the duck is being killed by a buzzard

past tense interrogative copula Meaning

gŵé was/did I?

gŵara were/did you?

owa was/did he/she/it?

owa were/did we? (inclusive)

gŵai were/did we? (exclusive)

òa were/did you.pl?

òina were/did they?

Future tense interrogative copula meaning

ow will I?

gŵarw will you?

owrw will he/she/it?

ow will we? (inclusive)

gŵainw will we? (exclusive)

ònw will you.pl?

òinw will they?

PWR !24

Past passive:

The suffix -ígh (sg. -ŷgh. from Old Sumrë past participle -íc) is attached to the verb which then has verb conjugation endings placed after that, the suffix causes no mutation or lenition. The object is placed in the prolative case.

E.g.

Active voice: yw firéäw y vàä c'hŵarwa the buzzard killed the duck

Passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarŷghwa the duck was killed by the buzzard

Future passive:

The suffix -lo (sg. -lu) is attached to the verb with verb conjugation endings placed after that. the suffix -lo causes final vowel mutation and lenites a consonant which is directly before the suffix. The object is placed in the prolative case

E.g.

Active voice: yw firéäw y vàä c'harwrw the buzzard will kill the duck

Passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarluwrw the duck will be killed by the buzzard

Interrogative passive

The interrogative forms of each passive tense is formed by placing the interrogative copula at the beginning of the sentence, which in turn causes the verb to drop verb conjugations as the interrogative copula carries that information e.g

Past affirmative Passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarŷghwa the duck was killed by the buzzard

Past interrogative passive voice: owa y firéä y vàäéna chŵaraŷgh? Was the duck killed by the buzzard?

Present affirmative passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵärluw the duck is being killed by a buzzard

Present interrogative passive voice: ow y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵärlu? is the duck being killed by the buzzard?

Future affirmative passive voice: y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarluwrw the duck will be killed by the buzzard

Future interrogative passive voice: owrw y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarlu? will the duck be killed by the buzzard?

Conditional Passive

To form the conditional for any of these tenses place the suffix -o at the end of the verb after any other suffix (except the negative). E.g

y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarluwrwo the duck may be killed by the buzzard

PWR !25

Imperative passive:

the imperative in the passive voice is formed with the suffix -li

E.g

y firéä y vàäéna c'hŵarluwrwli may the duck be killed by the buzzard

5.11 Causitive verbs

A verb can be made causitive or volitional by adding the suffix -lir. This suffix means that the verb was done voluntarily by the subject. Context distinguished between whether the verb is causitive or volitional

E.g

i'sà 'to forget' > i'sàlir 'to forget on purpose, to erase a memory'

n'édd 'to eat' > n'élir 'to force feed, to est when not hungry'

Usually the suffix is volitional when the object is the agent (marked inthis instance with the reflexive suffix). And is causitive when the agent is not the subject

E.g

éliréa mwg I ate (when I wasn't hungry) -Volitional

éliréa dw I force fed you -Causitive

Chapter 6 -Similes 6.1 Similes

Where in English a simile is formed by using 'like' or 'as' e.g you are noble like a hero or you are as noble as a hero. Pwr handles this by adding the suffix -dda (sg. -ddä, or -a/-ä if the noun already ends in 'dd') onto the descriptor (or the thing being compared to, here it is 'hero'). This suffix derived from the Maifri comitative case ending -sa which was used to mark similies. Pwr dropped the comitative case but in this instance it survived as a simile forming suffix.

e.g

mu iuddä imwna

you are noble like a hero

this literally translates as 'you are noble with hero'

A few more examples:

PWR !26

y ddwc'hä dw y ddu-nonsäddä imwnw

The crow is as black as the night sky

yddä piric'ha

you fight like an antlerless male deer

(antlerless male deers are held to be 'weak' or 'less worthy' in Sumric culture)

y émsä bríaén y yddä émswa

the fire burned as bright as the sun

(The fire brightly burned like the sun)

When a phrase is used as a simile like the spear is as high as a crow in the sky the noun being compared to (here it is 'crow') takes the Simile suffix just like before e.g

y vwlmàrä imwnw ira dwc'häddä y nonsäé

the spear is as high as a crow in the sky

(the spear is high like crow in the sky)

Chapter 7- Mastering Pwr

7.1 Text examples

The following texts is an ancient Sumric legend called about how a great and famous healing tree came to be.

Oshwc'ha Räp

Ddo lofàni-noní séla pari, y hínä lamwac'ha a épac'ha, Oshw po saŷ nŷ lamwac'ha, lifw lifà lafàw y iraé irafà Màfona nonswmwa pofmidda. Lifw Nonifà Nonswansac'ha isdafíwa, to Oshwc'ha nonsŷvlo lamwa sé Màfona dofw. Oshw Nonifà Lafwpivadda swmwa a lifw ddísrwdwa. Y nonswansa Nonifà Lafwpivaro swmédwa dw énwa. Ra Nonifàdda swmwa a lifw ddísrwdwa. Y nonswansa Ra Nonifàro swmédwa dw énwa. Nonifà Lefshadda swmwa dw mw lifw nunséna ríw ddinw. Oshw bríäw a énäw sŷläw...y nisínä lamlomnic'ha a môc'ha swlwa, Ési. Ési omwdda mwlifidda swmwa to nonisdafwa y vàw sé lamwa. Lifà sà fi a sà swla bríärlw Oshwc'ha ônafäé nonifàrwa. Oshw Ésis nonimwbriô ddàwa, brioräc'ha rapwtpäw isdafíwa. Lifà isdäw nonifàrwa a Ési nonimwbriô lifw ríwa. Ési yé hínäé lamwa rinwa "mà mwc'hw píarlona a lifwfà dísrwda, níla nonswanswna, i dw nonimwbriôc'hô, gŵarw yw nonsŷm lamlomnic'ha na?" Sonia Oshw rinwa "Ési, mà lamlomni, to onda sé dwvddina nonisdafw, to lafiro sé c'hwa nonisdafw, to lamlomni sé lamwa nonisdafw, lamlomnic'ha nonsŷm naomw, mà ônafäw lifw nonw". Asi rinwsa "a mà ônafäw lifw nonw" Sonia Ési Oshwc'ha idsäw sifwa a y rapwtpwäw íwa y vwdda. Y Omwdda mwlifidda Ési swmwa a sa lifw lamlomîw isdafíwa. Oshw lifà briô swmwa. Sa pa lifà ónafäé a sa pía lifà fié, rŷw fwmwa, lwow nonswansaw a soríw épaw. Màfona isdafwamw do ryw ddinw po pari. Y rapwtpä biroén pinea a i sífirīíir, ddo isda a ni i noni isda räp y rapwtpä lafwa imwnwa pi. Irswmàriddina, y räp sa y yr Oshwc'ha Räp. Y risda éípäw lomswc'hw éddí pi.

PWR !27

Oshw's Tree

One autumn long ago the god of winter and cold, Oshw, also known as Old Man Winter, was moving from his home in the high mountains of Malomanan to the lowlands. He took with him his kingdom of Snow, for Oshw’s coming heralds winter for Malomanan. Oshw travelled to Nonifà Lafwpifa (territory of forest dwellings) and declared it his. He was happy when the snow fell on the land of forest dwellings. Next he travelled to Ra Nonifà (long territory) and declared it his own. He was happy when the snow fell on the long territory. Next he travelled to Nonifà Lefsha (territory of deer’s birthing) but before he declared with his voice of howling wind, Oshw saw a bright and beautiful sight..he saw the goddess of summer and warmth, Ési. Herself travelling to the southern islands as summer gives way to winter. Her brown hair and brown eyes put a warmth in Oshw’s heart, such that Oshw wanted to make Ési his wife. He took a seed of the brëolaracwt tree and put forward his hand and asked Ési to marry him. Ési said to the winter god “You take my lands and make them your own, burying green grass under white snow, if I marry you will you stop the retreat of summer?” to which Oshw said “Ési, ma lamlomnëye (my summer one), day must give way to night, life must give way to death and so summer must give way to winter, it breaks my heart but I can’t stop the retreat of summer. “it breaks my heart too, lamwäna (winter one). And with that she slapped Oshw’s hand and sent the seed flying away and down to the ground. Ési travelled to the southern islands taking summer with her. Oshw saw his love go away with sorrow in his heart and rage in his blood. He blew a screaming wind, heavy snow and a fierce cold. Malomanan has not had such a cold winter before or since. The snow buried the seed and under the snow it lay until spring came and the wind and snow stopped. And the seed grew so fast that within a few minutes a 25 foot tall tree stood where a seed once was. Thousands of years later the tree still stands, bearing the name ‘Oshwa Räp’ (Oshw’s tree). When eaten the leaves are said to help cool down a fever.

Riora Shfinydwf Éddodda

Darw ifé, bé mwfy,

Y éíswmà émébíc'hinpa, Mw màra bé béinéc'ha soniép ddinä lirlafinpa. Màri noddaén mw lí nonimw c'hwlwo. Orac'hw si pinw bríaén nwéna isdafépa, sé mà swmà nonswmépa. Yw vwc'hw élanonisdäna, é yw irw nochw lafiroc'hw ye ondaí swlinpa. Ir no imwnwg mw ir iro. Ir nonpa ddina mà éféiy nonisdaŷgh é ir ddina ye lamàwa mà ifŷgh. Mà swmaí byc'hw byc'hw ye naéna ya byc'hw rioräw sw. Dilŷc'hw ya Hwfiaic'ha swlinépa, y ddoby swmna si yai lofàc'hw Môfànac'ha mwlminpa mw y Oä Éru y vàc'hw éddäéna nonwpw é yw lofàc'hw màra fifirônaddwf piarlonwpw. Dic'hw lamwc'hw Môfànac'ha ddofinpa é lí nonimwc'hwpwmw. Mw si ddí. Mà mwnac'hi sac'ha swfinic'ha, ye Éngagianddaénamw ôawénamw. Y ôa éfna si, si ddí, màc'hw Lifwnic'ha piarlonwg. Màri mwéc'hi é màra saíc'hw mwfwc'hw màra lwnîc'hi'

Shfinyddyf

A Letter from Shfinô to Éddo hello, dear brother.

The years have glided, but our bonds of family have held fast against the time. We have grown separately, but we can join together once more. I have had a vision, growing clearer by the day, ever since I left on my journey. I saw the mountains at dawn, the ocean at sunset, and the different lives of many throughout the day. They are all so different, yet so close: so few times was I turned away, so often was I welcomed, as a stranger, into the home. Throughout my journeys I saw a common vein run among the people of the land. A similar face here, a similar enscription there. I saw a shadow of the Sumnë, the First Nomads, watched over the deer of Malomanan, until the Evil Wolf Ôä Éru scoured the land with his maw and took the deer from our ancestors, scattering them, so that they formed small communties around Malomanan, never again united. Until now. My vision is of a New Sumnë, united against the Antagan menace, the vile oppressors who are, at this moment, occupying Lemne territory - we must make haste and defend our brothers of old!

from Shfinô

PWR !28

Pwr - English Dictionary

All the nouns given below are listed in by default plural exept for nouns which are inherently singular

A -a nonhuman agent suffix

B bé adj related; n relationships

béipné n relatives; family

bir v prefer

biro adj fast

bría adj bright

bríar v shine

bríärér n glory

bríarl n brightness

briô v love

-bw ordinal number suffix

C c'hw n married men

c'hw v to see what was once unseen

c'hw v forgive

c'hwa forests

c'hŵa n death

c'hwalir v to die

c'hwar v kill

c'hwi n sins

c'hwpa n arses

c'hwmédd v decide

c'hwmélir v to force a decision upon someone

c'hwndi n east

c'hwndi ydd n mornings; dawns

c'hwodda adj sickly

c'hwr v sin

cyw n mines; etymology: from the Somi côso 'hole, pit'. This word is an oddiy for Pwr as it is the only word to have /k/

D da jobs, tasks; v to work

ddà v want

-dda/-ddä -ly/like

ddí adv now

ddina n time

ddinà adv sometime soon

ddinanw adv very soon

ddinw adv soon

ddio adj special

ddir v to begin

ddirpw n antlers

PWR !29

ddísrwd v claim

ddof v build

ddofwfà v to begin (from Maifri dobūsūmà 'first travel')

ddomdira n bricks

ddopafirô n milk

ddopamsa n fire drinks

ddw n moons

dé adj thick

démà adj crazy

dí adj little

di adj sad

dia adv immediately

dilé n shadow of former glory (from di 'sad' + lé 'something')

dilwnic'hí n shields (from the Terch telúnechí 'shield' though literally meaning 'hard protector')

dín n boys

dínifà n little sections of land, fields

diramà n walls

diré n wood

dirénswmaí n wagons

dirmà n stones

dirp n bones

dirwb v admit

dô v to drink something that isn’t water

do conj for, as

do such

dof v to imply, to address, to herald

dof n north

dofa adj difficult to carry

dofag v tired; exhausted

dofŷmw adj forbidenn

dw then

dw adj black

dwc'ha n crows

dwfddina n nights

dw-nonsa n night sky

E é n/interj attention

-é multiple number suffix

é antlerless male deer

é conj and

é other

édd n suns; stars

édd v eat

édd adv against

édda n Ozhabel the dragon

édda n mouths

éddi v to fish

éddpía n fevers

éf v remove

éfmw v miss

éfna n oppressors

éfo n boobs; breasts

éíswmà n years

élàfw n morning

élanonisda n evening; sunset

élir v to force feed; to eat when not hungry

émébí v glide

émô v fly

ém v run

émsa n fires

éms v burn

én v to be happy, to rejoice

éna adj beautiful

énar n songs

PWR !30

énarin v to sing

Éngagian n Antagan

énso adj white

épa adj cold

ér n names

érba n cloaks; jackets

éré v to open

éro n birds (wen roosted or on the ground)

érwmloni v to be named

éw v agree

F fà every

faí everything

fà always

fào everywhere

fàna everyone

far v see at night

fi n blood

fi n air

fiddíy-nonrac'ha n dictionaries

fifi v fold

fífirôna n ancestors

finlafiro n mammals

finsora n wool

fiorí v flow

fior adj red

firéa n ducks

fo n traditional Sumric dish

fomol n horns (musical; instrument) etymology: from Somi fomomol (Pwr render the two identical syllables as one 'om') itself borrowed from the Middle Nümmezse fámhfymöl. The large musical horn is native to the Nümmezsic people but was copied by the nomadic Somoñi who adapted it into their own culture. When they traveled to Pwrlw they introduced

both the horn and the word for it to the Pwrina people.

foría n plains (habitat)

fwm v blow

G gŵíloc'hi interj sorry!

I í v smell

-i female diminutive suffix

–í inanimate object diminutive

í yes

i conj if

ídd v want to be happy

ídda adj easy to do

ipa n games

ifà n grown up children

ifé adj afterlife

if v to greet

imwn v to be

imwnlir v to create (more abstract than 'to make'. As in to create songs, poems, stories, paintings, drawings etc)

imwnwddé than

ir adj last

ir adj big, much, very

ira adj high

irafà n hills

iràfi n seas

irafi n highlands

irafiri n Gàidhlig

irbia adv final

irnla n villages

irn n fathers

PWR !31

irswmàriddina n eons, great passing of time, long wait, long amount of time

isda n hands

isdaf v have (archaic)

isdafí v take with permission

isdaflir v to own

isdwf n centres, middle

ist v carry

istwfilir v to catch

L la adj good

la n arm

la adj still

là n mothers

laddàí n honour

lafiro n life

laf v do dwell

lafi n shelters

lafí v smile

lafílir v to cheer someone up, to make someone smile

lafirolir v to live

lamà n homes

laminàrma n ‘hill dweller’ species

lamlifi n lakes

lamlomni n summer

lam n towns

lamwa n winter

lar v battle

lara n weapons

laramwlmàra n hunting weapons

laria adj warlike

larna n soldiers

larswmi n war marchs

lé n something

lé some

léddina sometime

lémw somwhere

léna someone

lépw somehow

li adj blue

li v hope

li n marshy meadows

lí adv again

líd v argue

lifsé n births

lifsél v to give birth

lifi n water

lifséc'hamw n birthplaces

lifiswm v sail

Lifwni n Lemne

lili v wrap

lina adj easy do learn

lir v do

lirénarsé n art

lirlaf v make it remàn

lirlà v succeed

lilir v to inspire

lirlué untill (noun after goes in genitive e.g lirlué y räpa pinwrw 'until, the tree grow' or literally 'event of the tree will it grow')

liro n colours

lirôminimwlmà n questions

lirona n/adj peachy skin colour

lirí v look

lirwm v know

PWR !32

lirwmina adj wise

lirwm adj secret

lo n piles

lo n paths

–lo participle adjective suffix

lofà n deer

lofànanonrà n consonants

lofàninoní autumn

lofànfa n boats

lomí n hunted deer

lomsw v cool down

lomwlmi n predetermined choices

lomwa n stags

lon v to drink water

lonaf v get

lori n rivers

lorí n streams

-lorna -phile

loft v help

-lw -ness

lwo adj heavy

M mà n lands

màc'h n worlds

màa adj angry

màa n buzzards

màon n rain

mànonrà n vowels

màfwf n coasts

mànons n horizons

mirlé n west

mirl adj normal

mí n top

mírmà n heads

mô only

mô v hang

mô adj fast

mo adj great of character; noble

mô adj warm

moég adj confident (from mo 'noble' + é 'and' + -g 'self')

momw adj slow

-mw un-

mw no

mw adj gray

mw conj but

mw n places

mw never

mwa nothing

mw n mountains

mw no way

mwfw n brothers

mwl n male descendants, male surname prefix

mwlifàro n hunter dogs

mwlifi n islands

mwlimlira n chiefs

mwlîrlu n unbecomings

mwlm v hunt

mwlm lirwmina v learn

mwlmàra n spears

mwlmàrà v to hunt birds

mwlmdi adj late

mwlmw adj lazy

mwlmwna n hunters

mwlorna -phobe

mwn v made

PWR !33

mwna no one

mwnà v think

mwnàc'hí n thoughts

-mwno –less

mwnswm v climb

mwo nowhere

mwro n foxes

N na n people

-na human agent suffix

nà v stop

né v to end

népa adj weird

né-sífiròw v to wake

niofà n large paths going through a village

ni adj short

ni n women

Ni Female patrynomic prefix

ní adj green

nílaf n grass

nim adj alone

nimé n daughters

nimp n married women

nirí n fauns

nirílifsé n spring

no n fractions

no adj different

noddäén adv separately

nona n tribes

noni v to divide

nonifà n regions

nonifàr v to put

nonimw v to unite

nonimwbriô v marry

nonimwlo adj united

nonisdaf v to disown

nonpa adj few

nonra n words

nonrà n letters

nonsa n sky

nons n breath

nonswansa n snow

nonswédda n blizzards

nonswanswn v to bury with snow

nonswm v to leave

nons n voices

nondà v to finish

nondàpa onda n yesterday

nw all

nw n men

nw- male patrynomic suffix

nwfa n fools

nwfdda adj foolish

nwmé n sons

nwméí n light

nwnifi n children

nwrmwlifà n hunting grounds

O o subjunctive suffix

o adj many

o n does

ôa adj bad

ôäc'ha n evil hares (fictional creature)

ôäw n menaces

PWR !34

oda n bread

ôdd v to understand

ôn v to give something that belongs to you to someone else

ônafa v to hear

om south

onda n days

ontw tomorrow

ora adj yellow

orà v to pause momentarily before resuming

orc'hô n temptations

orc'h v tempt

ori v to give something that doesn’t belong to you

ôw v walk

P -pa child diminutive

-pa past gerund suffix (finished, carved,written)-???

pa that

pa which

pàona Scotland

parif since

péf v to buy

pfon v to graze

pi n valleys

pi who

pi n fights

pi n friends

pi when

pí adj tight

pía n rage

pía try

-pía suff suffix whch gives a verb a sense of duty to the agent

piaí adj bare; naked

píar v force

píarlon v to take forcefully

píarô n obedience; v to obey

pin v grow

pinlia Hauglen

pir v to fight

po or

po beer

po n health

po where

pof adj low

pofmi lowlands

pofmiri Scots language

poia adj healthy

pw why

pyfŷ íôlé n fines; fees

pyfŷíôlé v to fine; to give a fee

R ra adj long (distance, length); broad

rafa adj sharp

rafà n animal horns

rap n trees

rapwtpa n tree’s seed

ré adj strong

ré adj funny

réa n birds in flight

réi v bird to fly; y réä réic'hw 'the bird flies'

répia adv mighty

rí adj powerful screaming wind

rí v to ask

ri n languages, speech

PWR !35

ri adj difficult

rini v speak

risda n leves

riora n writings; letters

rior v writing

ro n dogs

ron v own a dog

rona n dog owners

ronim n stud dogs

roninim n castrated dogs

ronpi n companion dogs

rw n bitch dogs

rw n sweethearts (only used for women)

rwlm n bitch dogs in heat

rwmà n puppies

rwm v walk without a destination

rwmlir v to lead

rwmlira n leaders

rwp v to murder

S sa adj new, young, fresh

sa prep with

sa adj free

sà adj brown

sà v forget

saí adj old

sà n stories

saíddirn n grandfathers

saíddirn n judges

saíyirnw isdäflu n rights

safà n still young children of a person

sàlir v to forget on purpose, to erase a memory

sé for (Benefactive)

séfirô n nature

séla adj long (in reference to time)

shí n knives

shíc'hí n swords

si v to fix; repair; mend

si this

si that thing

si that

si ddina adv now

si onda today

sí adj holy

sif v hit

sífira v dream; sleep; sífira mwlmdién v sleep v to sleep in (conjugation goes on sífira)

síafiro n sacred deer

sína n gods

sipw this way

so cloth

sonc'h v give up

sor v owe

sorí adj pànful

sonia therefore

soranonifà n flags

sof n winds

sô v find

sow that way

sw there

sw n air

-sw (approximate) –ish

sw v go

swddi n face

swf v to travel

swla n day vision

PWR !36

swlilir v to witness

swlilîrna n witnesses

swlipía v to patrol

swlipíana n patrollers; guards, watchmen

swlipíac'hw n patrol

swm v to trsvel

swmédd v fall

swmélir v to trip someone up

swmà v come

swma n feet

swmà n travels

swmbiroddén v hurry

swméf v come inside

swmém v climb down

swmémlofà n flights

swmlir v guide

swmlira n travel guides

Swfini collective name for the Sumric people

swmwb v bring

W –wna able

wy v to be whisked away /uj/

English~Pwr

A

able –wna

address v dof

admit v dirwb

afterlife n ifé

again adv lí

against adv édd

agent suffix (human) -na

ago parif

agree v éw

air n sw

all nw

alone adj nimw

always fà

ancestors n fífirôna

and conj é

angry adj màa

antler ddirpw

PWR !37

antlerless male deer é

animal horns n rafà

Antagan n Éngagian

argue v líd

arms n la

arses n c'hwpa

art n liriénarsé

as conj to

ask v rí

attention interj é; n é

autumn n lofàninoní

B bad adj ôa

bare adj piaí

baseline in Rësora script n mànons

battles v lar

be v imwn

bear v ist

beautiful adj éna

beer n po

begin v ddir; ddofwfà

birds (when roosted) n éro. (when in flight) n réa

births n lifsé

big adj ir

villages n irnla

bind v nonim

birthplaces n lifséc'hamw

bitch dogs n rw

bitch dogs in heat n rwlm

black adj dw

blizzards n nonswédda

blood n fi

blow v fwm

blue adj li

boats n lofànfa

bones n dirp

boobs n éfo

born v lifsél

boy n dín

bread n oda

breaths n nons

breed v mwn

bricks n ddomdira

bright adj bría

brightness n bríarl

bring v swmwbi

broad adj ra

brothers n mwfw

brown adj sà

build v ddof

burn v éms

bury with snow v nonswanswn

but conj mw

buy v péf

buzzards n màa

C carry v ist

castrated dogs n roninim

catch v istwfilir

centres n isdwf

cheer someone up n lafílir

chiefs n mwlimlira

children n nwnifi

PWR !38

child diminutive -pa

claim v ddísrwd

climb v mwnswm

climb down v swmém

cloaks n érba

cloths n so

coasts n màfwf

coats n érba

cold adj épa

colours n liro

come v swmà

come inside v swméf

companion dogs n ronpi

confident adj moég

conserve v lirlaf

consonants n lofàna nonrà

cool down v lomsw

countries n nonifà

crazy adj démà

create v imwnlir (more abstract than 'to make'. As in to create songs, poems, stories, paintings, drawings etc) in

crow n dwc'ha

D dark adj dw

daughters n nifaí

dawns n c'hwndi ydd

days n onda

day vision n swla

death(s) n c'hwa

decide v c'hwlmédd

deer n lofà

descend v swmém

dictionaries n fiddíy-nonrac'ha

die v c'hwalir

different adj no

difficult adj ri

difficult to carry adj dofa

disown v nonisdaf

divide v non

do v lir

does (female deer) n o

dogs n ro

dog owners n rona

the dragon Ozhabel n édda

dream v sífira

drink v loni; to drink something that isn’t water; v dô

ducks n firéa

duty suff -pía (when attached to a verb gives a sense of duty to the agent)

dwell v lafi

E east c'hwndi

easy :to learn adj lina; to do adj í

eat v édd

end v né

eon n irswmàriddina

erase a memory v sàlir

evenings n élanonisda

every fà

everyone fàna

everything faí

everywhere fào

evil hare (fictional creature) n ôäc'ha

exhausted adj dofag

PWR !39

eyes n swla

F faces n swddi

fall v swmméd

fast adj biro; mo

fathers n irn

fauns n nirí

fees n pyfŷíôlé

female diminutive suffix -i

female patrynomic prefix Ni

fevers n éípía

few nonpa

fights n pi

fight v pir

final adv irbia

find v sô

fine v pyfŷíôlé

fines n pyfŷ íôlé

finish v nondà

fires n émsa

fire drinks n ddopamsa

first adj ddobw

fish v éddi

fix v si

flags n soranonifà

flights n swmémlofà

flow v fiorí

fly v émô; a bird to fly v réi

fold v fifi

follow v lirwmi

fools n nwfa

foolish adj nwfdda

for (Benefactive) sé

forbidenn adj dofŷmw

force v píari

force a decision upon someone v c'hwmélir

forests n c'hwa

forest shelters n lamwf

forget v sà

forget on purpose v sàlir

forgive v c'hwsà

feet n swma

foxes n mwro

fractions n no

free adj sa

friends n pi

funny adj ré

G Gàidhlig n irafiri

games n ipa

get v lonaf

giv; something that belongs to you v ôn; something that doesn’t belong to you v or

give up v sonc'h

glide v émébí

glory n bríärér (shining name)

go v sw

gods n sína

good adj la

grandfathers n saíddirn

grass n nílaf

gray adj mw

graze v pfon

great of character adj mo

green adj ní

PWR !40

greet v if

grow v pin

grown up children n ifà

guide v swmlir

H hair n fi

heads n mírmà

healths n po

healthy adj poia

hearts n ônafa

heavy adj lwo

hands n isda

hang v mô

happy v én

hard adj di

have v isdaf (archaic)

have sex v mwn

help v lof

herald v dof

hey! interj é

high adj ira

highlands n irafi

hills n irafà

histories n saímisaí

hit v sif

hold v là

holy adj sí

homes n lamà

honour n laddàí

hope v li

horizons n mànons

horns n fomol (musical; instrument) etymology: from Somi fomomol (Pwr render the two identical syllables

as one 'om') itself borrowed from the Middle Nümmezse fámhfymöl. The large musical horn is native to the Nümmezsic people but was copied by the nomadic Somoñi who adapted it into their own culture. When they traveled to Pwrlw they introduced both the horn and the word for it to the Pwrina people.

how pw

hunt v mwlm

hunt birds v mwlmàrà

hunted deer n lomí

hunter n mwlmna

hunter dogs n mwlifàro

hunting groups n nwrmwlifà

hunting weapons n laramwlmàra

hurry v swmbiroddén

I if conj i

immediate adv dia

imply v dof

inanimate diminutive –í

inspire v lilir

-ish (approximate)-sw

-ish (denotes origin e.g ‘Scottish’) -na

islands n mwlifi

J jackets n érba

jobs n da

judges n saíyirnw

K kill v c'hwar

knives n shí

know v lirwm

PWR !41

L lands n mà

languages n ri

last adj ir

late adj mwlmdi

lazy adj mwlmw

large paths going through a village n niofà

lead v rwmlir

leader n rwmlira

leaves n risda

learn v mwlm lirwminna

leave v nonswm

Lemne n Lifwni

-less -mwno

letters (graphemes) n nonrà

letters (written messages) n riora

lives n lafiro

lights n nwméí

like v lor

little adj dí

little sections of land dínifà

live v lafirolir

lakes n lamlifi

long (distance, lenght) adj ra 2) time; adj séla

look v lir

love v briô

low adj pof

lowland pofmi

-ly/like -dda/ddä

M make v ddof

make it remain v lirlaf

mammals n finlafiro

men n nw

many adj/adv o

married men n c'hwa

married women n nimp

marry v nonimwbriô

marshy meadows n li

mate v mwn

mean v dof

menaces n ôäw

mend v si

mightily adv répia

milk n ddopafirô

mines n cyw; etymology: from the Somi côso 'hole, pit'. This word is an oddiy for Pwr as it is the only word to have /k/

miss v épmw

moons n ddw

mornings n c'hwndi ydd; élàfw

mothers n là

mountains n mw

mouths n édda

much ir

multiple number suffix -é

murder v rwp

N naked adj piaí

names n ér

to be named v érwmlon

nature n séfirô

-ness -lw

never mw

new adj sa

PWR !42

nights n dwfddina

night sky n dw-nonsa

night vision n fira

no mw

nonhuman agent suffix -a

no one mwna

normal adj mirlw

north dof

nothing mwa

now adv ddí, si ddina

no way mw

nowhere mwo

O obedience n píarô

obey v píarô

odd adj népa

old adj saí

only mo

open n éré

oppressors n éfna

or conj po

ordinal number suffix -bw

other é

owe v sor

own v isdaflir

own a dog v ron

P painful adj sorí

participle adjective suffix –lo

paths n lo

patrol n swlipíac'hw; v swlipía

pause momentarily before resuming v orà

peach skin colour adj lirona

people n na

-phile -lorna

-phobe mwlorna

piles n lo

places n mw

plains (habitat) n foría

powerful winds adj rí

prefer v bir

predetermined choices n lomwlmi

protect v lwní

puppies n rwmà

put v nonifàri

Q question n lirôminimwlmà

R rage n pía

rain n màon

red adj fior

regions n nonifà

related adj bé

relationships n bé

relatives n béipné (can also mean 'family' when plural)

remove v éf

rejoice v én

repair v si

rights (as in a right to own or do something) n saíyirnw isdäflu (inflection goes on 'saíyirnw')

rivers n lori

run v ém

S

PWR !43

sacred deer n síafiro

sacred rituals n lirwsío

sad adj di

sail v lifiswm

Scotland pàona

Scots language pofmiri

seas n iràfi

secret adj lirwm

see; at night v fari; at day v swlin; what was once unseen v c'hw

separately adj noddäén

shadow of former glory n dilé

sharp adj rafa

shields n dilwnic'hí (from the Terch telúnechí 'shield' though literally meaning 'hard protector')

shelters n lafi

shine v bríar

short adj ni

sickly adj c'hwoia

sin(s) v c'hwri; n c'hw

since parif

sing v énarin

sky n nonsa

sleep v sífira; to sleep in v sífira mwlmdién (conjugation goes on sífira)

slow adj momw

smell v í

smile v lafí; to make someone smile v lafílir

snow n nonswansa

soldiers n larna

some lé

somehow lépw

someone léna

something v lé

sometime léddina

somewhere lémw

sons n nwmé; male patrynimic prefix nw Nwîné 'son of Iné'. Th prefix caues vowel mutation on the first vowel of the name.

songs v énar

soon adv very soon ddinanw; soon ddinw; sometime ddinà

sorry interj gŵíloc'hi

south omw

speak v rin

special adj ddio

speech n ri

spring n nirílifsé

spears n mwlmàra

stags n lomwa

still adj la

still young children of a person n safà

stop v nà

stories n sà

streams n lorí

stones n dirmà

strong adj ré

stud dogs n ronim

subjunctive suffix -o

succeed v lirléf

such do

summer lamlomni

sunsets n élanonsida

sweethearts n rw (only used for women)

swords n shíc'hí

T take; forcefully v píarlon; with permission v isdafí

tasks n da

tempt v orc'hi

PWR !44

temptations n orc'hô

territories n nonifà

than imwnwddé

that (thing) si

that si

that so

that way sow

then dw

there swn, sw

therefore sonia

think v mwnà

thick adj dé

this si

this way sipw

thoughts n mwnàc'hí

tie v nonimw

tight adj pí

time n ddina

tired adj dofag

today si onda

tomorrow ontw

top n mí

towns n lam

travel(s) n swmà; v swmi

travel guides n swmlira

trees n rap

tree’s see n rapwtpa

tribes n nona

trip someone up v swmélir

try v pía

U un- -mw

unbecomings n mwlîrlu

understand v ôdd

unite v nonimw

united adj nonimwlo

untill lirlué (noun after goes in genitive e.g lirlué y räpa pinwrw 'until, the tree grow' or literally 'event of the tree will it grow')

V valleys n pi

very ir

villages n irnla

voices n nons

vowels n màa nonrà

W wagons n dirénswmaí

wake up v né-sífiròw

walk v ôw; without a destination v rwm

walls n diramà

want v ddà

want to be happy v ídd

wars n la

warlike adj laria

war marches n larswmi

warm adj mô

watch v swlipíac'hw

water n lifi

weapons n lara

weird adj népa

west mirlé

wet meadows n li

what pa

when pi

where po

PWR !45

which pa

to be whisked away v í

white adj énso

who pi

why pw

winds n sof

winter lamwa

wise adj lirwminna

with prep sa

witness v swlilir

witnesses n swlilîrna

wolves n éro

women n ni

wood n diré

wool n finsora

words n nonra

work v da

worlds màc'h

wrap v lili

write v rior

writings n riora

Y years n éíswmà

yellow adj ora

yes í

yesterday nondàpa onda

Pwr phrasebook This section will tell you more about the everyday speech and phrases in Pwr. I will list the phrase in English followed by the phrase in Pwr, followed by a word for word translation of the Pwr in brackets

Greetings

Hello dw ifé (I greet you). Or when addressing two or more people darw ifé

How are you? pa gŵa lifà rin? (What are you to it saying?) or to two or more people pa ò lifà rin?

-I am great! énariné! (I am singing!)

-I am very good! éné! (I rejoice!)

-I am good/ alright laén riné (I say well)

PWR !46

-I am not so good rinémw (I am not saying)

-and you? é dw?

What's your name? pa da îrn dw érwpw? (What your father you named?)

My name is... ...mà yr imwnw (...my name is)

Where are you from? formal: po da lifséc'hamw imwnw? (Where your birthplace is?)

informal: gŵa pa mŷddwf (are you which place-from?)

I'm from ... ...-ddwf imwné (place-from I am. The location is put in the delative case and undergoes final vowel mutation and uses the suffix -ddwf)

-I'm from Pfunlumw (fictional Pwrdda village) Pfunlumŷddwf imwné

Pleased to meet you màra îf la imwnw (our meeting good is)

Good morning/afternoon lî nonsä (blue sky)

Good evening/night (a general greeting for after sunset) mô émsa (warm fires)

Goodnight (said before going to bed) dw ifô ontw (you tomorrow I will greet) or to two or more people darw ifô ontw

Bye! dw énarini (sing!) or to two or more people darw énarini

Good luck la daroa (good you-on)

Toast used when drinking sé màri é nw! (For us and all)

I don't understand ôddémw (I don't understand)

Please speak more slowly dw momwén lifwéna rini (you slowly beside it speak)

PWR !47

Please say that again pa rinara? (What you said?)

Do you speak Pwr? gŵa Pŷréna rin? (Do you by means of Pwr speak?)

Yes, a little í, nu (yes, a part)

How do you say... pw owo...rin? (how would I...say?)

-in Pwr? Pŷréna? (By means of Pwr?)

How do you say 'yes' in Pwr? pw owo 'yes' rin Pŷréna?

Sorry gŵíloc'h! (Calm! Said when the action was accidental)

-dw mw c'hwsàc'hi (forgive me, said when the action was done on purpose). Or to two or more people darw mw c'hwsàc'hi

Thank you: formal; dafina éné (I rejoice because of you)

informal: mwc'hí

Response to thank you/you are welcome: formal and informal: la (good)

I love you dw briôc'hé

Help! lofdi!

Stop! nàc'hi!

Dialogue1=speaker 1

2=speaker 2 1: dw ifé

PWR !48

2: dw ifé

1: pa gŵa lifà rin?

2: laén rin, é dw?

1: laén rin, po da lifséc'hamw imwnw?

2: Fòruddwf imwné (Fòru is a Pwrina village)

1: Pfunlumŷddwf imwné, pa da îrn dw érwpw?

2: Màro mà yr imwnw

1: màra îf la imwnw Màro, Wgofswo mà yr imwnw

Sound Changes from Maifri > Pwr t͡ ʃ→g/_

k→p/_

u→gw/#- (with a medial stage of /gu/)

b→f/V_V

g→ Ø/V_V

g→Ø/u_

u→Ø/w_

m→f/V_V

aɔ→o/_

ɪu→u/_

uɪ→u/_

h→Ø/_ (except when a lenited consonant)

g→x/_

v→f/_

aː→e/_

a→e/#_

s→Ø/V_V

d→ð/_V

t→ð/_V

j→ð/_V

ɶ→ʉ/_

PWR !49