PVT Systems-

Key Performance Indicators

Daniel Zenhäusern, daniel.zenhaeusern@spf.chSPF Institute for Solar Energy Technology, Rapperswil, Switzerland

ISES Webinar, 25.3.2020

2 www.iea-shc.org

What’s the purpose of key performance indicators ?

Compare the performance of a system (or a part of it)

... with its rated, expected or optimal performance

... with the performance of another system

(Values can come from measurement data or simulations)

3 www.iea-shc.org

KPIs defined in Task 60

Thermal and electrical solar yields per m2

Thermal and electrical utilisation ratios (yield/irradiation) Power-weighted operating temperature

Solar thermal fraction Solar electrical fraction

Seasonal performance factor (for heat pump systems)

Specific investment cost per m2

Levelized cost of heat and electricity (LCOH, LCOE) Saved fuel and grid electricity cost

Avoided primary energy depletion [kWh oil-eq/(a*m2)] Avoided global warming impact [kg CO2-eq/(a*m2)]

Energy

Economics

Environment

...

4 www.iea-shc.org

KPIs defined in Task 60

Thermal and electrical solar yields per m2

Thermal and electrical utilisation ratios (yield/irradiation) Power-weighted collector temperature

Solar thermal fraction Solar electrical fraction

Seasonal performance factor (for heat pump systems)

Specific investment cost per m2

Levelized cost of heat and electricity (LCOH, LCOE) Saved fuel and grid electricity cost

Avoided primary energy depletion [kWh oil-eq/(a*m2)] Avoided global warming impact [kg CO2-eq/(a*m2)]

Energy

Economics

Environment

...

5 www.iea-shc.org

KPIs defined in Task 60

Thermal and electrical solar yields per m2

Thermal and electrical utilisation ratios (yield/irradiation) Power-weighted collector temperature

Solar thermal fraction Solar electrical fraction

Seasonal performance factor (for heat pump systems)

Specific investment cost per m2

Levelized cost of heat and electricity (LCOH, LCOE) Saved fuel and grid electricity cost

Avoided primary energy depletion [kWh oil-eq/(a*m2)] Avoided global warming impact [kg CO2-eq/(a*m2)]

Energy

Economics

Environment

...

𝜗𝜗m,power =� 𝜗𝜗𝑚𝑚 ⋅ �̇�𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

∫ �̇�𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

6 www.iea-shc.org

KPIs defined in Task 60

Thermal and electrical solar yields per m2

Thermal and electrical utilisation ratios (yield/irradiation) Power-weighted collector temperature

Solar thermal fraction Solar electrical fraction

Seasonal performance factor (for heat pump systems)

Specific investment cost per m2

Levelized cost of heat and electricity (LCOH, LCOE) Saved fuel and grid electricity cost

Avoided primary energy depletion [kWh oil-eq/(a*m2)] Avoided global warming impact [kg CO2-eq/(a*m2)]

Energy

Economics

Environment

...

7 www.iea-shc.org

KPIs defined in Task 60

Thermal and electrical solar yields per m2

Thermal and electrical utilisation ratios (yield/irradiation) Power-weighted collector temperature

Solar thermal fraction Solar electrical fraction

Seasonal performance factor (for heat pump systems)

Specific investment cost per m2

Levelized cost of heat and electricity (LCOH, LCOE) Saved fuel and grid electricity cost

Avoided primary energy depletion [kWh oil-eq/(a*m2)] Avoided global warming impact [kg CO2-eq/(a*m2)]

Energy

Economics

Environment

...

8 www.iea-shc.org

Task 60 reports

Available this spring on task60.iea-shc.org

9 www.iea-shc.org

Each system with a 30 kW heat pump and 5 x 170 m boreholes

Solar heat in buildings B and C for borehole regeneration DHW and SH

Building complex «Sotchà» SwitzerlandBuilding A:PV (130 m2) + Battery (13 kWh)

Building B:PVT (130 m2)

Building C:PV (90 m2) + Thermal (40 m2)

10 www.iea-shc.org

Sotchà – Energy balance (July 2018 – June 2019)

(Building A has high DHW consumption. B has low SH consumption.)

-100000

-80000

-60000

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000Building A (PV & Battery) Building B (PVT) Building C (PV & T)

Ener

gy [k

Wh/

a]

Use

fulO

utpu

tIn

put

Space heating

PV to grid

PV to heating system

PV to housesoldsHot water

Grid electricity

Solar heat

Ground heat

11 www.iea-shc.org

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Irradiation onroof

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

Ener

gy [k

Wh/

a]

Irradiation on roofSolar electricitySolar heat

Sotchà – Solar yields and operating temperatures

12 www.iea-shc.org

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

Irradiation onroof

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

Ener

gy [k

Wh/

a]

Irradiation on roofSolar electricitySolar heat

Sotchà – Solar yields and operating temperatures

13 www.iea-shc.org

Sotchà – Solar utilization ratios

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

thermal

electrical

YieldIrradiation on component surface area

YieldIrradiation on solar installation surface area

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

energeticalthermalelectrical

PVT has the highest «energetic solar utilization ratio».

16 www.iea-shc.org

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

SPF_HP

Sotchà – Seasonal Performance Factors

Seasonal Performance Factor of Heat Pump

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 = Heat from HPElecticity to HP =

𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃,∗𝐸𝐸∗,𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃

Seasonal Performance Factor of System

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =Useful Heat

Electicity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷

𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =Useful Heat

Grid electricity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

17 www.iea-shc.org

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

SPF_HP

SPF_SHP+_Total

Sotchà – Seasonal Performance Factors

Seasonal Performance Factor of Heat Pump

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 = Heat from HPElecticity to HP =

𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃,∗𝐸𝐸∗,𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃

Seasonal Performance Factor of System

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =Useful Heat

Electicity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷

𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =Useful Heat

Grid electricity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

18 www.iea-shc.org

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

SPF_HP

SPF_SHP+_Total

SPF_SHP+_Grid

Sotchà – Seasonal Performance Factors

Seasonal Performance Factor of Heat Pump

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 = Heat from HPElecticity to HP =

𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃,∗𝐸𝐸∗,𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃

Seasonal Performance Factor of System

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =Useful Heat

Electicity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷

𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =Useful Heat

Grid electricity to system =𝑄𝑄𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐻𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸∗,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐸𝐸𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+

19 www.iea-shc.org

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

Building A(PV & Battery)

Building B(PVT)

Building C(PV & T)

SPF_HP

SPF_SHP+_Total

SPF_SHP+_Grid

Sotchà – Seasonal Performance Factors

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃 similar for all systems, in the long-term likely to be better for B and C

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 highest for building C, because ofhighest amount of solar heat to storage

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻𝑃𝑃+𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 highest for building A, because ofhighest amount of slef-consumed PV-electricity

Final report this spring on www.spf.ch

20 www.iea-shc.org

Comparison of systems in operationSystem Nr. Country Location Application Collector Type Gross area [m2]

1 Spain Zaragoza DHW covered 29.72 Spain Zaragoza DHW, SH covered 103 Spain Ibiza DHW covered 147.64 Spain Zaragoza DHW, Pool covered 46.25 Italy Catania DHW uncovered 3.36 Switzerland Näfels Preheating of ground water source uncovered 2927 Denmark Egedal DHW, SH uncovered 80

8 Netherlands Katwoude Electricity and Heat for cheese production processes concentrator 226.2

9 Czech Republic Prerov Ground source regeneration, source for heat pump, DHW (test installation) uncovered 188

10 Italy Suello Ground source regeneration, source for heat pump covered 26.1

11 Germany Freiburg DHW (test installation) covered 4812 Denmark Kgs. Lyngby DHW uncovered 3.113 Switzerland Wettswil am Albis DHW, SH uncovered 45.9

14 Switzerland Ostermundigen Ground source regeneration, source for heat pump uncovered 622

15 Switzerland Rapperswil DHW (test installation) uncovered 9.9

16 Switzerland Obfelden Ground source regeneration, source for heat pump, DHW uncovered 423

17 Switzerland Scuol Ground source regeneration, source for heat pump uncovered 130.3

18 France Amberieu-En-Bugey DHW uncovered 6.419 France St.-Genis-Les-Ollieres DHW uncovered 9.620 France Sete DHW, Pool uncovered 30021 France Perpignan DHW, Pool uncovered 30022 Australia South Perth DHW, SH air heater 7.523 UK Swansea DHW , SH evacuated tube 2724 Germany Enge-Sande Heat and Cold (thermal HP) for office concentrator 34.2

21 www.iea-shc.org

Solar utilization ratios

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Sola

r util

izatio

n ra

tio

Solar thermal utilization ratio Solar electrical utilization ratio

Hot water Hot water &Space heating

Hot water &Pool

GS-Reg &HP-source

Other

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

All systems

22 www.iea-shc.org

Solar thermal utilization ratio – temperature dependence

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

0 10 20 30 40 50Collector operating temperature [°C]

Solar thermal utilization ratio(only uncovered collectors)

23 www.iea-shc.org

Specific investment cost per m2

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

0 100 200 300

Spec

ific

inve

stm

ent c

osts

per

m2

[Eur

o/m

2]

Gross collector field area [m2]

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

All systems

24 www.iea-shc.org

Levelized costs of heat and electricity

Only costs of the solar energy system components (w/o backup)

Attribution of investment costs to solar heat system (2/3) and solar electricity system (1/3), unless exact number is provided

Yearly maintenance cost : 1% of investment cost (unless provided)

System lifetime set to 25 years

Real discount rate set to 3%

25 www.iea-shc.org

Levelized costs of heat and electricity

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Leve

lized

cos

t [Eu

ro/k

Wh]

LCOH LCOE

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

All systems

26 www.iea-shc.org

The End

Thank you for your attention!