Putting Things in Order

Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 4.

1.__________The United States and Britain invade Italy and topple Mussolini from power.

2.__________Japan surrenders after two atomic bombs are dropped.

3.__________The United States enters World War II and begins to “fight Hitler first.”

4.__________The United States stops the Japanese advance in the Pacific and attacks Germany in North Africa.

1.___Henry J. Kaiser

2.___John L. Lewis

3.___A. Philip Randolph

4.___Erwin Rommel

5.___Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)

6.___Douglas MacArthur

7.___Chester W. Nimitz

8.___Dwight D. Eisenhower

9.___Winston Churchill

10.___Joseph Stalin

11.___Thomas E. Dewey

12.___Henry A. Wallace

13.___Harry S Truman

14.___Albert Einstein

15.___Hirohito

a. Commander of the Allied military assault against Hitler in North Africa and France

b. Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne, despite unconditional surrender policy

c. FDR’s liberal vice president during most of World War II, dumped from the ticket in 1944

d. The Allied leader who constantly pressured the United States and Britain to open a second front against Hitler

e. Top German general in North Africa whose advance was finally halted at El Alamein by British General Montgomery

f. Leading American industrialist and shipbuilder during World War II

g. Commander of the U.S. Army in the Pacific during World War II, who fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines

h. Inconspicuous former senator from Missouri who was suddenly catapulted to national and world leadership on April 12, 1945

i. Tough head of the United Mine Workers, whose work stoppages precipitated antistrike laws

j. Commander of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island-hopping campaign

k. Allied leader who met with FDR to plan strategy at Casablanca and Teheran

l. German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb

m. Republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term

n. Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington opened job opportunities for blacks during World War II

o. U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advances in China during World War II

Reading Maps for Routes and Strategy

In order to understand the events and strategies of war, careful reading of military maps is essential. Attention to the routes and dates of the Allied armies, presented in the map of World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945 on p. 815, will help you grasp the essentials of Allied strategy and the importance of the postponement of the second front in the west, as described in the text. Answer the following questions.

1.Where were (a) the Russians and (b) the Western Allies Britain and America each fighting in January and February of 1943?

 

2.Approximately where were the central Russian armies when the British and Americans invaded Sicily?

 

3.Approximately where were the central Russian armies when the British and Americans invaded Normandy in June 1944?

 

4.It took approximately ten months for the British and Americans to get from the Normandy beaches to the Elbe River in central Germany. How long did it take the Russians to get from Warsaw to Berlin?

 

5.Besides north-central Germany, where else did the British, American, and Russian invasion routes converge? From what two countries were the British and Americans coming? From what country was the southern Russian army coming?

As America and the world suffered from the Depression, a new threat was rising in the East.

Fascism - 1922 - 1943

Begun by Benito Mussolini - Dictator of Italy

- the individual is subordinate to the interests of the state, party or society as a whole.

Rise of the Nazi Party - 1920 - 1945

(Hitler joined in 1933)

-wanted to create a new Germany;

a new unified nation for the working

class (yet opposed Bolsheviks)

America began to withdraw from world politics to focus on the Depression

Tydings - McDuffie Act (1934) -

Official withdrawl from the Philippines

1933 - Russia is officially recognized

1934 - The Good Neighbor Policy"In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor--the neighbor who

resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.”

The United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful “tone”

･ The withdrawal of US Marines from Haiti and Nicaragua in 1934 ･ ･ Cuba’s is released from the control of America ･･ Negotiation of oil holdings in Mexico in 1937 ･

With concern over Europe’s condition, Congress acted to prevent any future intervention in their problems

The Neutrality Acts (1935,’36,& ‘37) When the President proclaimed the existence of war:

Prohibited arms shipments to either side(1935)

No loans to belligerents(1936)

Cash and Carry(1937)-

- Warring nations trading with US had to pay cash and transport with their own ships

- American would be prohibited from traveling on ships of the nations.

Johnson Debt Default Act - Prevented nations who had not repaid loans from further borrowing from U.S.

Changing the face of Europe

1933 - Adolph Hitler is elected Chancellor of Germany

1936 - Germany violates TOVOccupies the Rhineland

1936 - Rome-Berlin AxisMussolini and Hitler become allies

1936 - Fascist regime controls Spain under

Francisco Franco(with help from Ger. And Italy)

1937 - The Panay Incident

Japan invaded China - America took no action (isolationism)

Japanese planes sink the USS Panay off the coast of China

Many believed America would declare war

“Remember the Maine”

The Japanese made restitutions to the families

of the dead

A military tribunal discovered the attack had been deliberate,

but anxious to avoid war, America accepts the “mistake” theory with Japan’s apology

1938 - German and Japan enter the Anti-Comintern Pact.America is stunned and angered. It cuts off oil supplies from Japan.

Hitler invades Austria (the Anschluss)

1939 -

Invasion of Czechoslovakia by Germany

Nazi - Soviet Pact

Russia and Germany sign a peace deal

Free to do as he pleased, Hitler moved on Poland

September 1, 1939Germany invades Poland. England and France declare war.

WWII begins!

America 1939

Neutrality Act 1939 - European democracies could purchase munitions if they transported and paid cash for them

Overseas demand for war goods brought jobs and

money to America.

It was what was needed to get us out of the

Depression!

1940!

The Soviet Union invaded Finland

Germany overran Norway and Denmark

Holland and Belgium fell next

France was forced to surrender in June of 1940

It was evident America would have to do something…….

and soon!!!

August 1940 - The Battle of Britain begins.

Hitler began an air assault on London

FDR ”gave” England

50 WWI warships in return for 8 naval base sites in the Atlantic Ocean

This was a violation of our neutrality.

September 6,1940

The first conscription law ever enacted while the

U.S. was at peace

The Selective Training and Service Act.

Some 16,500,000 men were registered

By the end of World War II, 45 million men had been registered, more than 10

million men, had been inducted

November 1940 - History is made……

Roosevelt broke the two term presidency tradition.

He beat Wendell Willkie.

Both had similar war stances:

-stay out of the war

-strengthen America’s defenses

If war was going to happen, FDR should be at the helm!!

1941

March 1941 - Lend Lease Act

America lends needed supplies to be returned when the war concludes

June 22 - Hitler invades Russia

Breaking his pact, he attempts to take Russia and its resources (oil)

August - FDR and Churchill meet

The Atlantic Conference

Atlantic Charter - outlining the way the war end would be dealt with:No imposed territorial changes,establish own governments,

disarmourment, and a new League of Nations

The meeting of great minds and their work

June - End of 1941 : The Convoy System

Germany began to attack American ships

FDR sent armed ships to help protect shipments of war goods to Europe

November 1941 - Congress repeals the Neutrality Act of 1939

Armed US ships can legally enter war waters in the Atlantic

We were already fighting in WWII (but not officially)

December 7, 1941“A date which will live in infamy!”

The Japanese launched a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor

2 aerial attacks from Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed:

2 battleships

2 destroyers

Several auxiliary ships

188 aircraft

Killed 2,388

Wounded 1,178

On December 11,1941America declared war

on Japan!!!

We officially entered World

War II

Russia and England called for a new front to be opened

in France by the Americans • But America was not ready!

Stalin believed the USA was trying to allow Hitler to

overrun Russia to destroy Communism.

This will lead to a distrust of these two sides after

World War II

America and the European Theater

Supreme Allied Commander - General Dwight D. Eisenhower

1942

• America began fighting in the Pacific against Japan

• Offensives were opened in Africa against the Germans

• The Battle of Stalingrad - German forces are stopped

in Russia and forced to begin a slow retreat!

By 1944, America was pushing Germany back from Africa and into Italy

• June 6, 1944

• America’s invasion of mainland Europe

began

• Operation Overlord

• D-Day

By August 1944, the Americans had liberated Paris.

• By September, the Germans were out of France

• December 1944 -

The Battle of the Bulge

Germany made a last attempt to break the

allied lines

They failed.

The Yalta Conference

The Big Three meet to shape post war peace for the world

1. Provide “buffer nations” for Russian security sympathetic to

Russian ideals

2. Germany divided into four zones(Berlin also)

3. Form a post-war International organization

4. Terms of surrender for Axis powers

(?? of reparations unsolved)

1945: The race to Berlin was on!

Both the US and the USSR raced to capture Berlin

• The one who captures it controls the peace of WWII

• April 30,1945Adolph Hitler commits suicide

May 8, 1945V-E Day

Germany surrenderedRussia captured Berlin

1.Internal Migration in the United States During World War II: During World War II, what was the approximate net migration of civilian population from the East to the West? (Net migration is the number of westward migrants minus the number of those who moved east.)

 

2.Internal Migration in the United States During World War II: Of the nine fastest-growing cities during the 1940s, how many were located in the West and South? (Consider Washington, D.C., as a southern city.)

 

3.Internal Migration in the United States During World War II: Which were the two fastest-growing cities in the North?

 

4.United States Thrusts in the Pacific, 1942–1945: Which two of the following territories were not wholly or partially controlled by Japan at the height of Japanese conquest: India, the Philippines, Australia, Netherlands Indies, Thailand, and New Guinea?

 

5.World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945: From which North African territory did the Allies launch their invasion of Italy?

 

6.World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945: As the Russian armies crossed into Germany from the east, which three Axis-occupied East European countries did they move through?

7.World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945: As the Western Allied armies crossed into Germany from the west, which three Axis-occupied West European countries did they liberate and move through? (Do not count Luxembourg.)

 

8.World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945: Along which river in Germany did the Western Allied armies meet the Russians?

It was now time to knock Japan out of the war!!

America and the Pacific Theater

American forces will be commanded by General Douglas MacArthur and Chester W. Nimitz

After the fall of Germany, Japan was next

Battle of Coral Sea(May 1942)

New Warfare - major sea battles fought and decided by airplanes

launched from aircraft carriers never in sight of one another

•Lose 1 aircraft carrier (Lexington)•A moral victory

Battle of Midway(June 1942)

Japanese attempt to destroy US aircraft carriers

•Kamikaze pilots•4 Japanese carriers destroyed

American forces move on!

Island Hopping in the Pacific• Guadalcanal (7/42 - 2/43)• Gilbert Islands• Marshall Islands• Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)

-recapture the Philippines• Guam (1944)

• Iwo Jima (February 1945)-36 days of fighting-23,000 Americans die-Most famous photo of WWII

• Okinawa (April -June 1945)-500,000 US troops-50,000 casualties-only mainland Japan remained

“As long as I can,” FDR told Truman, “I will go to Warm Springs for a rest .

I can be trim again if I stay there for two or three weeks.”

12 Years as President showed when FDR returned from Yalta

He went on a retreat to Warm Springs, GA

On April 12, 1945

the world learned that FDR had died

The face of World War II was about to change as American secrets would be revealed to

the new President…..

Harry S. Truman

The Atomic Equation

New missile technology by Germany -The V2 rocket

FDR authorizes the building of

a new Super Bomb

The Manhattan Project

Based on ideas by Albert Einstein

It split the atom to make

lethal energy

• A top secret project headed by Robert Oppenheimer

• FDR planned to use it as a bargaining tool

(if it was successful)

Even Truman didn’t know of the Atomic project!

July 16,1945The Atomic Bomb

was born

Truman believed the Bomb would bring about a swift and justified end to the war

• What would it do?• Revenge• Drop it no matter what

(Japan was trying to surrender)

August 6,1945

Col. Paul Tibbets

The Enola Gay

Dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima

When Japan didn’t surrender, the United States dropped another bomb on Nagasaki

August 15,1945 Japan SurrenderedIt signed official documents on September 2, 1945

WWII was over!

But the end of WWII ushered in a new era of warfare…

The Cold WAR

Effects of WWII

America and Russia emerged as dominant

leaders-Superpowers

German Territories weredivided and controlled by

the Allied Nations.The Warsaw Pact

But America’s hatred of Russia bred problems

for the peace

The United Nations is created in 1945

• All nations could be members• The United States,

Soviet Union,Britain,

France and China were made head of the

UN Security Council

It would provide a forum for discussion of world problems.

The Nuremberg Trials

Ranking leaders of Nazi Germany were put on trial for the atrocities

of the Holocaust

Many were executed or jailed for life

Adolf Eichmann was captured and tried

later