putting sustainable farming into...

Putting Sustainable Farming into Practice Sustainable Energy Supply for Agricultural Machinery – The SESAM Vision

Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel

Political „Threats“ in EU

• Mandatory reduction of fleet CO2 emissions

• Reduction of Ag diesel subsidies

• Mandatory environ- mental product cert.

• Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

• iluc-debate • Changes in CAP

What else? 1. Ag sector / farms are energy producers and thus support

goals of our society 2. In Ag exists high potential for closed-loop short circle

energy production and consumption allowing for highest efficiency

2 Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel, IFMA 2013

CEMA/CECE‘s Key Pillars of Agricultural Sustainability (modified)

*) “Sophisticated guess” **) Fuel red. acc. to BLE-calculation in case of a total

move to conservative soil tillage in Germany ***) Own results

Mac

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Pro

cess

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Op

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Alt

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y S

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Mac

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Pro

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Op

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Alt

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0 … 20%*)

> 60%***) 35%*) > 50%**)


What is sustainable arable farming?

No doubt – this is


What has changed?

Productivity was increased


Productivity was increased


What has changed?

Productivity = Output Input


Productivity = Output Human labor

What has changed?

… course there are some more criteria for sustainability beyond CO2-equivalance …


Analysis of potential CO2 reduction

*) Source: S. Dieringer, Master-Thesis, Uni Hohenheim, 2008 and KTBL; Values rounded for crop rotation Rapeseed, Wheat, Sugar beet and Maize; ploughless

Energetic inp. (MJ/ha/a) *)

Savings by …

Estimated potential CO2-

reduction Drive train 3000 Higher

efficiency 35 %

Renewable energy

≥60 %

Fertilizer (N, P, K, S)

10000 Automation, Precision, …

20 %

PPC, seeds


50 %

Energetic inp. (MJ/ha/a) *)

Savings by …

Estimated potential CO2-

reduction Drive train 3000 Higher

efficiency 35 %

Renewable energy

≥60 %

Fertilizer (N, P, K, S)


20 %

PPC, seeds


50 %


Question: Agriculture is producer of renewable energy -

but how to make renewable energy available to mobility/

mobile working machines?


electric energy

chemical energy

Fundamental Energy Carriage Paths


Ag diesel subsidies (Germany) Quo vadis?

Motion from opposition in German Parliament from Nov. 19th 2012: Increase added value in agricultural and forestry sector by production and application of pure plant oil fuel


6R Multifuel Traktor - Clean multifuel tractor concept

20. November 2012


John

Dee

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com

itted

to

thos

e w

ho a

re li

nked

to

the

land

Basic assumptions

• Diesel engines will stay basic drive technology for mobile agricultural machines at least for a mid term prospective

• As a fuel vegetable oil can support global sustainability (but usage is strongly limited)

• The highest energy density produced by photosynthesis is found in natural vegetable oil

• We find optimal agricultural conditions for production of rapeseed oil in Central Europe

• JOHN DEERE‘s colours are colours of rape

Basic assumptions


Basic Assumptions Potential (Self-)Supply

Diesel consumption of German agricultural sector

1.6 Mio t = 7· 1010 MJ

1.5 – 1.8 Mio. ha

≈ 8-10% of cultivated area, but subsitutes arable land for feed or imports

Maximum possible area for rapeseed:

1.8 Mio ha per year. (UFOP)

Charles Deere demonstrating a walking plow

= 2,5 % of total

transport

= 5% of total diesel

consumption


Plant oil (PO) powered tractor

The challenges

Demonstration of 2nd Generation Vegetable Oil Fuels in Advanced Engines

2ndVegOIL

1. Emissions (NOx) 2. Emission after treatment 3. Engine lubrification 4. Fuel viscosity 5. Thermal characteristics 6. Cold start behaviour 7. Transient behaviour 8. Motor power/characteristic 9. Storage of fuel 10.Quality of fuel and blends


Other national projects: a) 100-Traktorenprogramm

(BMELV), 2001 to 2005 b) Motorentwicklung PÖ f. EU-3A

(BMELV and FNR), 2006/8 c) ABM/PraxTrak – PÖ f. EU-4 (BMELV and FNR),

20012/14

Power decrease with biofuels due to lower heating value

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

rpm

Pow

er (

kW)

Diesel

RSeed Oil

Power compensation by software and software switch by fuel sensor.

Adaptation engine software

Internal cold start device

Automatic fuel adaptation system

Multi-Fuel prepositions


Adaptation engine software

Internal cold start device

Automatic fuel adaptation system

Multi-Fuel prepositions

Current state 1. Emissions acc. TIER 1

– 4i 2. First promising results

indicate that we will be able to meet TIER 4 with the integrated approach of 2ndVegOil): 1. Tractor adaptation 2. Oil quality

management


Climate design of pure vegetable oil as fuel

Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel, IFMA 2013 21

57% 60%

80% 80% for mixed crop production

Rapeseed oil produced with rapeseed oil meets 60% threshold acc. 2009/28/E for 2018

57% default value acc.

2009/28/EC for rapeseed

oil

CO2 equ. Red.

http://www.2ndvegoil.eu/

Summary PPO

• PPO can deliver reduction of GHG by ~60%

• Comparably small development effort

• Cost effective

• Low hanging fruit?

www.2ndvegoil.eu

www.praxtrak.de


http://www.2ndvegoil.eu/

http://www.praxtrak.de/

electric energy

chemical energy

Fundamental Energy Carriage Paths


Overview on projects for electrically driven tractors

High voltage battery design 2009 – 2012

(Project agency: TÜV Rheinland)

SESAM

Grid integration of EV

Business case for electrification / additional value

2009 – 2015 (Project agency: DLR)


Ecological consideration

*) Diesel at 35% efficiency, electric drive at 80% efficiency, Hybrid e.g. 70% conventionell / 30% electric (el. energy mix from Wind, PV and Biogas at each 1/3 )

Source: M. Hanselmann, John Deere, modified

880

654 503 353

30 126

224 0

200

400

600

800

Diesel Hybrid 30 % el.

Hybrid 50 % el

Hybrid 70 % el.

Electr. (Wind)

Electr. (PV)

Electr. (Biogas,

w/out heat

coupling)

CO2e-emissions in g/kWh mechanical output energy*

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Durch Elektrifizierung allein mit Netzstrom als Quelle elektrischer Energie lassen sich kaum THG-Emissionen einsparen Entscheidend ist die Stromquelle, z.B. Windenergie erzeugt <5% der Emissionen von Diesel und Netzstrom

E Premium modified to a prototype hybrid tractor

Li-Ion battery Inverter

Pack

Diesel engine

IVT

DC/DC Converter

Inverter

Generator

Standard E-Premium components

Rectifier AC/DC

Grid (AC) 400V3~

offboard

700 VDC 245 VDC 50 kWh


http://www.ebreaker.de/images/1075_0.jpg

Demonstration tractor


&

Features

Engine off applications • Comfort applications (A/C) • Filling processes • Intelligent power supply

Basic hybrid features • Boost

(drive train & implement) • Range extension • Emission reduction and fuel

savings by reduction of transient engine operation

• Recuperative breaking

Grid integration • Emergency power generator • Energy buffer for on-farm

power plant (PV, biogas, …) • New business model for energy

or capacity trading


Basic vision of the SESAM tractor project

• Hybrid machines are interim solutions only

• Energie autonomous farming

• Mobile application of self-produced electric energie as a new business modell

• Energy storage should have 100% operational time

SESAM


Level 2 Example – Electric Fertilizer Spreader

Reduced fuel-consumption Improved performance (speed control, torque sensing) Comfortable coupling

The connector

µC ISO 11783

= ~

= ~

M 3~

= ~

G 3~

µC

µC µC

µC µC


Vision: Process controls machinery

Source: Klaus Hahn (modified)


• Agriculture can contribute to CO2 reduction and a smart energy grid

• Hybrid machines are starter for full electric agricultural machines

• Batteries improve utilization of self produced renewable energies

• Energy autonomy will become more attractive due to decreasing reimbursements and increasing energy costs

• Electrification enables automation

• Battery should have a 8760 h/a productive time

Electrification summary


Vision: Sustainable Energy Supply for Agricultural Machinery


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