Put in correct order (1 to 5)

1.___South Carolina threatens nullification of federal law and backs down in the face of Andrew Jackson’s military

threat.

2.___ A strange four-way election puts an icy New Englander in office amid charges of a corrupt bargain.

3.___ A campaign based on hoopla and “log cabins and hard cider slogans” demonstrates that both Whigs and Democrats can effectively play the new mass- party political game.

4.___ A northern Mexican province successfully revolts and seeks admission to the United States.

5.___ Despite attempting to follow white patterns of civilizing, thousands of American Indians are forcibly removed

from their homes and driven across the Mississippi River.

1.____New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses

2.____Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831–1832

3.____Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office

4.____Andrew Jackson’s popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength

5.____The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of political support rather than qualifications

6.____Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

7.____Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they

objected

8.____The “moneyed monster” that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

9.______Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832

10._____Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

11._____Any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma

12._____The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma

13._____Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and state militias.

14._____Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the presidency of Martin Van Buren

15._____Popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect “poor-boy” William Henry Harrison over Martin Van Buren in 1840

Interpreting Political Cartoons and Satire

Political cartoons are an important historical source. Even when they are strongly biased one way or another, they can yield information about political

conflicts and contemporary attitudes.

The anti-Jackson cartoon In Mother Bank’s Sick Room reveals a number of things about how his opponents viewed Jackson. Answer the following

questions.

1. What is the fundamental point of the cartoon’s attack on the Bank of the United States and its supporters? 

2. What visual means does the cartoonist use to develop its point?

3. In the pro-Jackson cartoon Symptom of a Locked Jaw, how is Clay’s frustration at Jackson’s bank veto portrayed? How is Jackson’s successful resistance represented?

4. In the satirical bank note mocking pro-Jackson pet banks, list at least three distinct visual symbols that identify the worthless note with Jackson and his policies.

5. List at least three verbal terms or phrases that underscore the supposed fraudulency of Jacksonian banking practices.

The Rise of Mass Democracy

Results of the 1824 ElectionResults of the 1824 Election

• In 1824, In 1824, Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson wins wins popular but not electoral votepopular but not electoral vote

• • John Quincy Adams elected John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s president by House with Clay’s

supportsupport

• • Jacksonians claim Adams & Clay Jacksonians claim Adams & Clay have struck a corrupt bargainhave struck a corrupt bargain

• • Jacksonians form Jacksonians form Democratic-Republican PartyDemocratic-Republican Party, ,

block Adams’s policiesblock Adams’s policies

Election of 1828Election of 1828Most states ease votingMost states ease voting

qualifications; few require qualifications; few require propertyproperty

• In 1828, numerous new In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win voters help Jackson win presidencypresidency

• • Jackson claims he is of Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in humble origins, though in

reality is wealthyreality is wealthy- says Adams is - says Adams is intellectual elitistintellectual elitist

•• Jackson wins 1828 Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by presidential election by

landslidelandslide

To the victor goes the spoils…To the victor goes the spoils…

Jackson’s Spoils SystemJackson’s Spoils System

•• Jackson limits appointees to Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year termsfederal jobs to four-year terms

•• Uses Uses spoils systemspoils system ——replaces former appointees with replaces former appointees with

own friendsown friends

•• Friends become primary Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen advisers, dubbed “kitchen

cabinet”cabinet”

TheThe “Common Man”“Common Man”

- Intense distrust of - Intense distrust of Eastern“establishmenEastern“establishment,” monopolies, & t,” monopolies, & special privilege.special privilege.

- His heart & soul was - His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”with the “plain folk.”

- Belief that the - Belief that the common man was common man was capable of uncommon capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Nullification TheoryThe Nullification Theory

British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariffs are raised in

1824 & 1828

• Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations

• Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low

-since South relies on imported goods, they are being punished for their

way of life (slavery)

John C. Calhoun

Calhoun devises nullification theory:

- questions legality of applying federal laws to states

- Constitution based on compact among states

- state can reject law it considers unconstitutional

- states have right to leave Union if nullification denied

Citing state’s rights, South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union!

• Robert Hayne (SC)Robert Hayne (SC) – – The U.S. was made up of The U.S. was made up of

separate states that could nullify separate states that could nullify federal laws. federal laws.

(state’s rights)(state’s rights)

Webster – Hayne debate

vs.

Daniel Webster (MA)Daniel Webster (MA) – – Only the Supreme Court Only the Supreme Court

could declare a law could declare a law unconstitutional. unconstitutional. (federal authority)(federal authority)

Jackson agreed with Webster!!Jackson agreed with Webster!!

Jackson and the Cherokee NationJackson and the Cherokee Nation

The Indian Removal Act of 1830The Indian Removal Act of 1830Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans

Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land- thinks assimilation cannot work

- too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands

- Jackson pressures some tribes to move and forces others!

The Cherokee Fight BackThe Cherokee Fight Back

Worcester v. Georgia Marshall states the Cherokee Nation is sovereign and Federal

laws cannot be invoked- must sign treaty to be removed

John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

Andrew Jackson

Some Cherokee continue court fight, but a minority favor

relocation and sign a treaty….Treaty of New Echota

and relocation begins

The Trail of Tears - 1838The Trail of Tears - 1838General Winfield Scott arrived in Georgia with 7,000 men to enforce the

Treaty of New Echota, to relocate 11,000 Cherokees in Georgia to what is now Oklahoma.

Somewhere between 3,000-5,000 Cherokees died en route in what became known as The 'Trail of Tears.’ (The Trail Where They Cried)

"Future generations will read and condemn the act and I do hope posterity will remember that private soldiers like myself, and like the four Cherokees who were forced by General

Scott to shoot an Indian Chief and his children, had to execute the orders of our superiors. We had no choice in the matter.”

Private John G. Burnett

There are still more than 4000 bodies buried along the

side of the trail

Thousands of feet walk the trail today

The Cherokee RoseThe Cherokee Rose

The official state flower of Georgia is the Cherokee Rose, a reminder of a painful The official state flower of Georgia is the Cherokee Rose, a reminder of a painful

mark in America’s past.mark in America’s past.

Renewing The National Bank’s

Charter

Biddle Jackson

v.

Opposition to the 2Opposition to the 2ndnd B.U.S.B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

- state bankers - state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

- supported rapid - supported rapid economic growth economic growth

& speculation.& speculation.

- felt that coin was - felt that coin was the only safe the only safe currency.currency.

- didn’t like any bank- didn’t like any bankthat issued bank that issued bank notes.notes.

- suspicious of - suspicious of expansion & expansion & speculation.speculation.

Jackson’s Answer…Jackson’s Answer…

$ Moved federal monies $ Moved federal monies to “pet banks”to “pet banks”!!

$ 1832 $ 1832 Jackson Jackson vetoed the extension vetoed the extension of the 2of the 2ndnd National National Bank of the United Bank of the United States.States.

$ 1836 $ 1836 the charter the charter expired.expired.

$ 1841 $ 1841 the Bank went the Bank went bankrupt! bankrupt!

Jackson gains an enemy…Henry Calhoun

The Petticoat AffairOr

The Eaton Affair

US Senator Eaton is caught in scandal!

Jackson stands behind Eatonwhile no one else does (spoils)

His entire cabinet resigns!

Feeling Calhoun fed the controversy, he replaces him on the Dem. Ticket with Martin VanBuren

King Jackson!

An 1832 Cartoon:An 1832 Cartoon:

Was Jackson Was Jackson becoming too becoming too

powerful!powerful!

He wielded his He wielded his presidency like a presidency like a

monarch monarch

(use of veto power)(use of veto power)

Election of 1832!

1836 The Specie Circular

• Land speculation on cleared Indian

territory exploded

• Speculators paid for the land with depreciating

paper money!

• Jackson issued the Specie Circular:- buy future federalbuy future federal

land only with gold land only with gold

or silver.or silver.

He left a mess for ….He left a mess for ….

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren

$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

Results of the Specie Results of the Specie CircularCircular

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic Sprea

ds