punctuation&spelling

8/9/2019 Punctuation&Spelling

1/32

#C&A&I AD %#ELLIG

H=>> > > > > > > >

== > > > = >= > = > >.

I >' = >< > (= > =

/> > = >?) = >= >

= >= @.

F>A C74 A4BC >5 >D, A403 C7A>D67 C74 8=5>A= 0=3 03E824 68E4= 0=3

= = > .

$> > > > > =>= >='

> > = = -= > > > =

> = = > > > > >= = .

= =. E> = >

= > >> (> > > => = ==>=). >, ' > >= . >= >

(= >=) >, >> >= =, > >,

= > > > >= > =. I > to = > too > were

= > where >=' > >. > > >=

- > > >

>= = >

>< >= > >= = = ><

> > => ) = => > I*! >

= > > > .

1


2/32

#C&A&I

= > > >, >, = = => = = . = > >=, =

> > = ,

> = > >= >= >==> < > >. >

> ==. > = , , > >, =>=.

>>= > =>= =

= > =. = = > > >

@ > =>=.

> =>= > >= > =

> =>= > =

== =>3 ?D=2CD0C8>= >D 20= C74A8B4 3D ?0BB064 B44 ==

>> =>= ==> >> = > > > =>= J >, >=J> =

> . %=>= >

= ==, => =>= > =

< = = J= >

D=34C0=3. BDC 14 F0H, 6>>3 ?D=2CD0C8>= 20==>C 7834 ?>>

, = > >. > > => =>= =?

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3/32

=>= > . F>

==, > = > ==.

H>, > > =>= >,

, = > => > =>= > =, *, -*,

* = . > >= > = .

> = >=

> . F > = > = >=.

A > =>, = > = == >, >

. H>, = > >>

= >= > > => = > =

= == > = = > = =

. F> ==:

The months of the year, January, February, March etc.

may be abbreviated to Jan., Feb., Mar.

#> . => , =., F. = ".

> =>

= > == >= >= >. >

> > > == = >= = == ==.

# > >.

&/ C (,)

>= >= ==


4/32

H>, > = > >, >

>

>== > =>=. = => =, > >

>>= ==:

He is a talented, prolific and modest writer.

(3) I > = > => == > =>=, > > >=

>


5/32

H' >

==: > = >= > == = == => > > > . >

> > = ( >).

(4) > = >= >=

. > > 0 B4=C4=24, >D 8 >5C4= 0=C> =>= > = > ==. F> ==:

She still went to town, even though it was raining.

You can phone the editor, although she prefers email.

I= > = > < >= > = == =

>>=


6/32

> = => + =

2> >=6. &4B8BC C74

=. & > >. F>> = =

> = > >=.

(6) > >= = > = >. I

=>= =>. I= ,

> = >>= .

H>, >= = >

:

() I $=

() I >

() I

D > => > > ''? > = > > => = >:

6


7/32

Candidates should bring into the examination room

the following items: admission cards, pens, pencils,

a rubber, a ruler, mathematical instruments and a

calculator.

I= >= == >>= > = >

> > >>= =.

&/ %-C (;)

>= =>= = => =>. >>= > = >> > => > . I

= >= = >>= =

>= = > >= ==.

>>:

(1) > = >= > >= > > >== ==:

The room was empty; the girls had all left.

I= > = >> >= ;

>> > .

(2) A >= = = >= > = ( however, so,

for instance):

He was late in submitting his entry for the competition;

so the judges disqualified him.

(3) @= > >= > >

= =>= = > >


8/32

In his 'den' there was: a desk, with a glass top; a

chair, covered in leather; two filing cabinets; a table

and a computer.

H > = > >= = = >= =

= > , >= >

> >= = > >= =>= > > =

=> >= = (-) (J). A ==

= >, = >= .

> = =.

(1) >D 20= 8=: C> >A A4 >A3B C>64C74A 8C7 0 7?74=, C> 5>A= >:

son-in-law, court-martial, men-at-arms

(2) > = >< >= = =:

first-rate, well-known, far-reaching

H>, > >= >= , =

=>= = :

He is a well-known author.

B, =>= > > =? I= >= == =>= =>= author > well known.

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(3) A=> > = > = = ,

= = > =>=. F> ==:

ex-champion, pre-war, pro-British

> = = >

= => => E=. $= > >===

= = , = >= >. > =

>, > >=.

(4) $=4 >A3 >D 8 2>BB A46D0A 8B co-operation 0=3 8CB

co-operative.

I= > , = >

> > > >=>= .

$ > > >=>= = >-

> = , = *. A > = , =

>==>=.

(5) >= = >=. I == > =, = = @ = = =:

We built the frame with wood and six-inch nails.

-= => >= > = = >

=. A=>


10/32

D> >= > >= > , >

>= > > >=? B = = =

= 20= 14 0 20D4 >5

= = =, > - >

B4=C4=24 B> C70C 8CB 4E4A, C78B DBD0

= == = > >

=.

(6) H= >. F>

==:

He recoveredhis umbrella from the lost property

office.

His torn umbrella was re-covered.

or

She remarkedon the fact that she had passed her

exams.

She was not satisfied with the results, so she asked

for her paper to be re-marked.

D> > = =


11/32

(7) A = > = = > = >

=. = => => > = >;

> > >= >= = = >= = =.

= = > = .

H>, == > > = > > > = >

= > >= > > =

>. $= >= > = =

>, > > > >= 4 = 5 . EFriend, Index, Item.

>, > = = >,

==> >= = > > = > > > > >=

= >= =.

I+ C (" ")

=>= = >

@>>=. > >> > > > > =

> = >>=.

> >> > > = = < >

>= J = = > =>>=. I >='

>= > > >= > = > =>


12/32

> => = > >=

> >= > @>>=. A>, = =>= @>= = > >.

B* ( )

> = >= ( ) > @ ,

> >>. > > > > >= = > .

> < .

B >= >

==. F> ==:

The cost of the book will be 2.50 (inclusive of postageand packing).

#> > == = > > .

H => = > . >

> > > > == > >==

= = == > == :

At present, Britain does not levy VAT on books.

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13/32

70C 4=C4=24 C74 1024C F44 43

2>42C;H. D>H> 4 ;>=64 8=4C8>=8= 4=C4=24 0=3 0C82;0;H C> 033 8=5>=

F7827 (44= C7>67 8C >834 4GC0 8=5>=)8 =>C 0= 44=C80;

0C >5 C744=C4=24.

B024C04 0;> 43>=3==>5

4>C. E6 I(8), I(88), I(888).

&/, D8/(J)

A H> 20= 44,C74 3078 ;>=64 C70=C74 7H74=. -> 20= 4 0 307,

8=C403 >5 2> C0C4 04=C4=24:

His secretarya very competent personalwayscorrected his spelling.

A H> 20= 44, H>2>;3 704 43 2> 4 3074 8= C78 F0H, H> 7>;3

1401;4 C> 44 C74 704 14CF44= C74 3074 0=3 C8;; 704 0

2>C74 4 >5 C74307 8 8= C74 5 0 4=C4=24, F744 H> F0=C

C> 270=64 C74C7>67C > 8340, > H> F0=CH> 4034 C>04.AC C74

0 =>C F0=C C>4 0 5;; C>0=3 C0C 0 =4F 4=C4=24:

I had writer's block last monthand did not put pen

to paper for almost three weeksbut that is now athing of the past.

D>H> 44 7>F C74 307 04? IC0;> >8340 >C7

F8C27 5> 703F8C4' 1;>2C> C748340 C70C 8C 8>


14/32

A = >= > >=, = > >= .

C L

H = > = > :

(1) > == .

(2) A === > >

/ / *.

He said, "Would you like to publish my book?"

(3) > = > =>=, > ==:

London, Nairobi, Toronto, Clair

(4) > = > = > = >

>>, > >:

The Taming of the Shrew

> => &/, & = %/< .

> > => => >>= =

>==>=.

(5) F> >=>= I, = .

(6) > > > = =

> , = > = > = > :

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday etc.

January, February, March etc.

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15/32

= > < = = , > > => :

I do not like monday mornings.

(7) I= 0114E80C8>= 20?8C0; ;4CC4 04 >=;H D43 85 20?8C0; ;4CC4 04

> > > > . F>


16/32

The lawyer's office.

B > > >= >, > :

The lawyers' office.

H '' > , = >>

= .

B > >=' = >> = = :

She admired Charles's suit.

> > :

The girl's room means: The room belonging to thegirl.

The girls'room means: The room belonging to thegirls.

=> = = :

The men's dinnermeans: The dinner belonging to the men.

> >

< = => =. F> >:

Shoe's for sale.

>=. => = > = >>,

> '>' > = >=

> = .

A=> = ' = .

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18/32

B > @>= = @>=:

Ask the guard what time the train leaves.

She asked when he would be able to finish the book.

#> > == @>=

> = = >

.

&/ E=* (!)

> = = = == > =>= J > , > =:

If you don't need characters on stage, get them off!

If you think it's funny, try it!

You must be joking!

> = > = = >

=> ; > > > >

> >=:

Oh! Watch out! Hello! Cheers!

> => @>= > > = > > = .

B =! I > >> =< > '


19/32

J> > >= = => > =

> . A > > < > = < = >=

= > > > >.

(3) I > => >== > > > = >

> > >. "> >= = =>, >

= > > = >.

%=>= =; > > > > .

%#ELLIG

C> = > =. > =

= > =, > >

=> = > >== > > =

= >. I > , = >

> > >= > = > . H>, >=' > J >.

> > = . A= >

=', = =,

>> =. ' >> >

>=:

/@*/@//@/@/

19


20/32

/ > > > =

>==>=. D 46D;0 4038=6 F8;; D=3>D1C43;H 74;? H>D ?4;;8=6 0 640C 340;.

> >=> > > > > >> >= ,

> = > >=, >

=> = .

A=> > = >= >

68E4 >D. H>4E4A, >D > > = ,

>= =. > > > >

>, > >, >

> >=. = @ =, > >, > > >=>= = >=. =, =

> > = , >= > > = >

= > >.

F> ==, > +>. I > > > +-

--> > >, =, = => >= , > >, > > > = >

2>AA42C. '> 00B :44? 0 382C8>=0A >= >DA 34B: >A 8= >DA 3A04A.

A>, - >= >

> = >= ' => >> > >.

1. IE and EI

" = = E= put i before e,

except after c.

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21/32

E )

( )

E= >= = > =, , >=, >, , , , => =

.

2. Doubling the last letter

"= > > > = >

= == > > >=

=

> > >=

= == ==

> >, >=, = > > = <

. I= =, > = > > >

> = E= = = > , , . = > >= > >

= > = :

=, , , >, >, >= > :

=, =,

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22/32

A=, > > = >= .

4. The Silent 'E' at the end

I > >=> > = =, > =

>= > (, , , >, ):

= (=> =) = ==

> >= (=> >=) = ==

= =

>= >=

B = >->== * > ==:

/; =/=;

;

> > > = == =

>=>== > > == = = :

>=/>=; /; /, >= > :

/= > = >=>=>=/==>=

/

6. Adding onto words ending in a double consonant

I > = = > >=>== = > = ==, > > >=>== > =:

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23/32

/=

7. Adding 'ing' and 'ed' to words ending in 'c'

= > = > + > > = = * >

> *:

>/>; =/==

8. Words ending in 'oe'

= > = = , = > > , > ,

= >= = :

>/>=; >/>=

=>: >/>; >/>

9. Words that end in 'y'

= > = >, > (, , , >, ):

>/>; /; /; =/=;/=: /; /; /; /

$, = > >> >=>== = > > :

/; /=; /; >=/>==;


24/32

, >, = + J >= > =

= = = +.

11. Endings with 'ize' or 'ise'

H> > > > , = >=> =? =>= => = > >=.

E= .

= > > >> > >=. $=

= E== > = > =

, = A == < > =, > . A > >==.

&=>== >> > > >=, =

>=>== > > '-=', '-', '-' = '-'.

>: =/===; > = = >


25/32


26/32

#

> >< > =

> >. E>/>>; =/=; /

> > >=>< > > > > , >=.

() F> > = = > > >< :

>>, >, @>, >, >.

74A4 0A4 B>=B, 7>4E4A, 7827 A4E4AC C> C74 >E4A0

, = :

>>, >, =>, >, >>.

() I > = = > , >= = :

/; /; /;

>>/>>; >>/>>; /.

B > :

/; /; =/=; /; >/>; /;

/; /; /;

/; /.

C= > = = >==>= =

= = =? A = =

= > , >


27/32

>> (>>, >>);

= (=, =);

(, );

(, ).

() > == = , =, , */, /, , >< = :

/; >/>; /; /;

/; >/>.

() > == = > = > = :

> = = >, >, >, >, >:

/; =/=; >/>.

() = > > => >=>< > = .

>< $ E= >

>= =. > >= , > >, >

> > = > > /; /


28/32

>= J=

>= J=

$ =< >>=

= = > = > >,

= > >=. A>, > => >> >== > >

> > > >= > > >

> > >. A= >=' = >= >

> = > == > >=

= =, > = =, =>=, > - >='

>.

>> >>= > > (/) > = >=

> (/) > = = (>/>/>>) =@ (//)

(//). > =

=> (=>/=>) == > > >

(/@)

< =

(A867C/A8C4) (B4/B>/B>) I 2>D3 4G?42C 348E4A 0C4A C70C 30.

I= > = > >

= >=>=. H>, ; >

. I==, = > =

> > > >>J = > >=!

28


29/32

== > > = > >

. > > > =>, >< "

"> = =' , The Rivals. I= >=

= >=>= > > > =@.

B = >' = >

/>>,

>=/>= >=/>= > = > >. I > = = >

= > >= = > = >, = > =

> > >=>J > > = !

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