Punctuation!Punctuation!

“Woman, without her man, is nothing.”

OR

“Woman! Without her, man is nothing.”

“Eats, shoots, and leaves”

SymbolsSymbols

The CommaThe Comma

In a personal letterIn a personal letter

Use after the greeting and in closing a Use after the greeting and in closing a personal letter.personal letter.– Ex:Ex:

Dear Anne H.,Dear Anne H.,

Please come with me to the Globe Theater.Please come with me to the Globe Theater.

Love,Love,

William S.William S.

To set off a noun of addressTo set off a noun of address

Use a comma or a pair of commas to set Use a comma or a pair of commas to set off a noun of address.off a noun of address.– Ex: William, I would love to go with you.Ex: William, I would love to go with you.– Ex: I’ll pick you up, Anne, around 7:00.Ex: I’ll pick you up, Anne, around 7:00.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Dearest love I’ll be waiting patiently.Ex: Dearest love I’ll be waiting patiently.– Ex: Don’t forget darling for you know I won’t.Ex: Don’t forget darling for you know I won’t.

In a seriesIn a series

Use commas to separate items in a series.Use commas to separate items in a series.– Ex: Romeo, Benvolio, and Mercutio are Ex: Romeo, Benvolio, and Mercutio are

Montagues.Montagues.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Susanna Judith and Hamnet were Susanna Judith and Hamnet were

Shakespeare’s children. Shakespeare’s children.

In a series joined by and/orIn a series joined by and/or

Don’t use commas when all items in a Don’t use commas when all items in a series are joined by series are joined by andand or or oror..– Ex: The Montagues and the Capulets and the Ex: The Montagues and the Capulets and the

friar all mourn their loss.friar all mourn their loss.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: I like spelling and grammar and Ex: I like spelling and grammar and

punctuation.punctuation.

With adjectivesWith adjectives

Use a comma to separate two or more Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.adjectives preceding a noun.– If you can place the word “and” between the If you can place the word “and” between the

two adjectives, OR if you can switch the order two adjectives, OR if you can switch the order of the adjectives, then use the comma.of the adjectives, then use the comma.

– Ex: Juliet is a sweet, innocent girl.Ex: Juliet is a sweet, innocent girl.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Fremd can be a loud busy place.Ex: Fremd can be a loud busy place.

With FANBOYSWith FANBOYS

Use a comma to separate independent Use a comma to separate independent clauses (clauses that can stand on their clauses (clauses that can stand on their own as sentences) when joined by own as sentences) when joined by FANBOYS.FANBOYS.– For, and, nor, but, or, yet, soFor, and, nor, but, or, yet, so– Ex: FANBOYS performed at Writers Week, Ex: FANBOYS performed at Writers Week,

and hundreds of students cheered. and hundreds of students cheered.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: The mic was on but we couldn’t hear it.Ex: The mic was on but we couldn’t hear it.

*Commas don’t go in front of EVERY “and,” “but,” or yet”!

Setting off clauses and phrases (1)Setting off clauses and phrases (1)

Use a comma to set off non-essential Use a comma to set off non-essential clauses and non-essential participle clauses and non-essential participle phrases (things that can be removed phrases (things that can be removed without changing the sentence’s meaning.)without changing the sentence’s meaning.)– Ex: Jackie, who is an editor, makes me laugh.Ex: Jackie, who is an editor, makes me laugh.– Ex: The girl who writes for the paper wants to Ex: The girl who writes for the paper wants to

study journalism.study journalism.

Setting off clauses and phrases (2)Setting off clauses and phrases (2)

Use commas to set off contrasting and Use commas to set off contrasting and non-essential phrases and clauses.non-essential phrases and clauses.– Ex: Romeo fell for Juliet, not Rosaline, when Ex: Romeo fell for Juliet, not Rosaline, when

he went to the Capulets’ party.he went to the Capulets’ party.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: She saw the original film not the remake Ex: She saw the original film not the remake

at her friend’s house last night.at her friend’s house last night.

Setting off clauses and phrases (3)Setting off clauses and phrases (3)

Use a comma to set off contrasting and Use a comma to set off contrasting and non-essential phrases at the end of a non-essential phrases at the end of a sentence.sentence.– Ex: We will eat in the cafeteria, not in the Ex: We will eat in the cafeteria, not in the

library.library.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: My cousins play Wii not Xbox 360.Ex: My cousins play Wii not Xbox 360.

Setting off an appositiveSetting off an appositive

Use commas to set off an appositive (a Use commas to set off an appositive (a phrase or clause that helps to identify the phrase or clause that helps to identify the noun that immediately precedes it).noun that immediately precedes it).– Ex: Freddie, the trumpet player, performed at Ex: Freddie, the trumpet player, performed at

the basketball game.the basketball game.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: John my brother likes his Spanish class.Ex: John my brother likes his Spanish class.

Introductory words/phrasesIntroductory words/phrases

Use a comma to set off an introductory Use a comma to set off an introductory word or phrase (exclamation, participle word or phrase (exclamation, participle phrase, series of prepositional phrases, or phrase, series of prepositional phrases, or subordinate clause).subordinate clause).– Ex: Yes, we will attend the show.Ex: Yes, we will attend the show.– Ex: Walking to school, I tripped and fell.Ex: Walking to school, I tripped and fell.– Ex: At the end of second period, I saw a fight Ex: At the end of second period, I saw a fight

in the hallway.in the hallway.– Ex: When Rachel heard my story, she laughed.Ex: When Rachel heard my story, she laughed.

Omitted words/phrasesOmitted words/phrases

Use a comma to indicate omitted words or Use a comma to indicate omitted words or phrases.phrases.– Ex: I fed the hamster; and John, the lizard.Ex: I fed the hamster; and John, the lizard.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Sahana went to Taco Bell and I to Vini’s. Ex: Sahana went to Taco Bell and I to Vini’s.

For clarityFor clarity

Use a comma when necessary for clarity.Use a comma when necessary for clarity.– Ex: In February, April broke her foot.Ex: In February, April broke her foot.– Ex: Our next late start is Tuesday, April 7, Ex: Our next late start is Tuesday, April 7,

2009.2009.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: In 2009 13 seniors will leave the paper.Ex: In 2009 13 seniors will leave the paper.– Ex: We will graduate on Sunday May 31 2009.Ex: We will graduate on Sunday May 31 2009.

Semi-colonsSemi-colons

Without a conjunctionWithout a conjunction

Use a semi-colon between independent Use a semi-colon between independent clauses not joined by a conjunction.clauses not joined by a conjunction.– Ex: The editors met to discuss the senior Ex: The editors met to discuss the senior

issue; they ended up in a fight.issue; they ended up in a fight.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: He forgot to write “+C” on his calc quiz Ex: He forgot to write “+C” on his calc quiz

now he has to bring in cookies for everyone.now he has to bring in cookies for everyone.

With conjunctive adverbsWith conjunctive adverbs

Use a semi-colon between independent Use a semi-colon between independent clauses joined by words such as clauses joined by words such as – for example, besides, accordingly, for example, besides, accordingly,

furthermore, therefore, however, furthermore, therefore, however, etc. (These etc. (These should be followed by a comma.)should be followed by a comma.)

– Ex: Christine was accepted to U of Chicago; Ex: Christine was accepted to U of Chicago; however, she is still waiting on other schools.however, she is still waiting on other schools.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: We already made plans for spring break Ex: We already made plans for spring break

therefore we couldn’t go with them to Mexico.therefore we couldn’t go with them to Mexico.

With other independent clausesWith other independent clauses

Use a semi-colon between independent Use a semi-colon between independent clauses that contain commas within them.clauses that contain commas within them.– Jackie, Helena, and I stayed for distribution; Jackie, Helena, and I stayed for distribution;

for as editors, we felt we had no choice.for as editors, we felt we had no choice.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Spanish English and history are her favorite Spanish English and history are her favorite

subjects but she doesn’t like math science or subjects but she doesn’t like math science or gym.gym.

Between items in a seriesBetween items in a series

Use a semi-colon between items in a series Use a semi-colon between items in a series which contain commas within themwhich contain commas within them– Each girl worked in a different department; Each girl worked in a different department;

Colleen, A&E; Maggie, features; and Carolyn, Colleen, A&E; Maggie, features; and Carolyn, sports. sports.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– All of her pets had funny names the dog Heidi All of her pets had funny names the dog Heidi

the ferret Walter and the hamster Pig. the ferret Walter and the hamster Pig.

ColonsColons

Pick me!

Before a listBefore a list

Use a colon before a list if it comes after a Use a colon before a list if it comes after a complete sentence. Note: Colons may not complete sentence. Note: Colons may not appear after a verb or preposition.appear after a verb or preposition.– Ex: We have to pack many items for the trip: Ex: We have to pack many items for the trip:

coolers, snacks, and lots of music.coolers, snacks, and lots of music.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Her purse contains several strange objects Ex: Her purse contains several strange objects

Play-Doh dice and hand sanitizer. Play-Doh dice and hand sanitizer.

Before a formal quoteBefore a formal quote

Use a colon before a formal quotation if it Use a colon before a formal quotation if it comes after a complete sentence.comes after a complete sentence.– Ex: Westley showed his love for Buttercup in Ex: Westley showed his love for Buttercup in

one line: “As you wish!”one line: “As you wish!”

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Buttercup showed her love for him in Ex: Buttercup showed her love for him in

another line “Farm boy fetch me a pot”another line “Farm boy fetch me a pot”

Don’t forget about commas!

Before an explanationBefore an explanation

Use a colon before an explanation if it Use a colon before an explanation if it comes after a complete sentence.comes after a complete sentence.– Ex: Nicole wasn’t sure if she wanted to be the Ex: Nicole wasn’t sure if she wanted to be the

next editor-in-chief: she worried about the next editor-in-chief: she worried about the time commitment.time commitment.

Now it’s your turn:Now it’s your turn:– Ex: Megan and Carolyn were always busy Ex: Megan and Carolyn were always busy

poms and poms and LogueLogue took up a lot of time. took up a lot of time.

HyphenHyphenI’m also known as the en dash.

Compound numbers, prefixesCompound numbers, prefixes

Use a hyphen with compound numbers.Use a hyphen with compound numbers.– Ex: twenty-four hours, fifty-three yearsEx: twenty-four hours, fifty-three years

Use a hyphen with prefixes Use a hyphen with prefixes ex-ex-, , self-, self-, and and all-, all-, with the suffix with the suffix -elect-elect, and with all prefixes before , and with all prefixes before a proper noun or proper adjective.a proper noun or proper adjective.– Ex: self-confidence, ex-governor, president-elect, all-Ex: self-confidence, ex-governor, president-elect, all-

American, post-World War IIAmerican, post-World War II

In compound adjectivesIn compound adjectives

Use a hyphen in compound adjectives when Use a hyphen in compound adjectives when they precede a noun (but not if one of the they precede a noun (but not if one of the modifiers is an adverb ending in -modifiers is an adverb ending in -lyly).).– Ex: well-read scholar, once-in-a-lifetime Ex: well-read scholar, once-in-a-lifetime

opportunity, well-oiled machine, aptly-named opportunity, well-oiled machine, aptly-named character, fifteen-year-old student (but a fifteen character, fifteen-year-old student (but a fifteen year old)year old)

ApostropheApostrophe

Possessive case of a singular noun Possessive case of a singular noun

Use an apostrophe and an Use an apostrophe and an ss to form the to form the possessive case of a singular noun.possessive case of a singular noun.– Ex: Mom’s laptop, John’s lizard, Dad’s bookEx: Mom’s laptop, John’s lizard, Dad’s book

However, omit the However, omit the ss after the apostrophe after the apostrophe when the word is two or more syllables.when the word is two or more syllables.– Ex: Chris’s article, waitress’ uniformEx: Chris’s article, waitress’ uniform

Possessive case of plural nounPossessive case of plural noun

Use an apostrophe alone to form the Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive case of a plural noun ending in possessive case of a plural noun ending in s.s.– Ex: girls’ department, boys’ roomEx: girls’ department, boys’ room– Ex: children’s toys, women’s clothing, men’s Ex: children’s toys, women’s clothing, men’s

restroomrestroom

Don’t make a pronoun possessiveDon’t make a pronoun possessive

Don’t use an apostrophe to make a Don’t use an apostrophe to make a pronoun possessive.pronoun possessive.– Ex: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yoursEx: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours

“it’s” means “it is,” not “belonging to it”

Her’s, their’s, our’s, and your’s are not words

Joint possessionJoint possession

In compound words, names of In compound words, names of organizations and business firms, and organizations and business firms, and words showing joint possession, only the words showing joint possession, only the last word is in the possessive form.last word is in the possessive form.– Ex: editor-in-chief’s idea, Tom and Donna’s Ex: editor-in-chief’s idea, Tom and Donna’s

email account email account – Ex: Jake’s and Chase’s cars, John’s and my Ex: Jake’s and Chase’s cars, John’s and my

family family

Special casesSpecial cases

Ex: He got straight Ex: He got straight AA’s last semester.’s last semester.

Ex: That sentence had more than enough Ex: That sentence had more than enough and’and’s in it.s in it.

Ex: She got Ex: She got 44’s on all her AP tests except ’s on all her AP tests except for a 5 on the AP Language one.for a 5 on the AP Language one.

Ex: She was born in the ’60s. (Ex: She was born in the ’60s. (NotNot “the “the 60’s.” It’s not one very possessive 60’s.” It’s not one very possessive 6060!)!)

DashDashI’m also

known as the em dash.

Hesitation, sudden breakHesitation, sudden break

Use a dash to show hesitation, to show a Use a dash to show hesitation, to show a sudden break in thought, or to set off an sudden break in thought, or to set off an appositive.appositive.– Ex: The plane—not the pilot—was to blame for Ex: The plane—not the pilot—was to blame for

the accident.the accident.

Before an explanationBefore an explanation

Use a dash to mean Use a dash to mean namely, that is, in namely, that is, in other words, other words, etc. before an explanation.etc. before an explanation.– Ex: The team was ready for the state Ex: The team was ready for the state

competition—they had practiced hard and competition—they had practiced hard and came prepared to win.came prepared to win.

Quotation MarksQuotation Marks

The Eleventh CommandmentThe Eleventh Commandment

When it comes to periods and commas, When it comes to periods and commas, they ALWAYS go to the left of the they ALWAYS go to the left of the quotation marks.quotation marks.– Ex: I said, “Write this down.”Ex: I said, “Write this down.”

When it comes to question marks and When it comes to question marks and exclamation points, it DEPENDS on exclamation points, it DEPENDS on whether they are included in the statement whether they are included in the statement in quotes.in quotes.

Direct quotationDirect quotation

Use quotation marks to enclose a direct Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation—a person’s quotation—a person’s exactexact words. words.– Ex: He told her, “I’m leaving for the night.”Ex: He told her, “I’m leaving for the night.”– Ex: He told her that he was leaving for the Ex: He told her that he was leaving for the

night.night.

With other punctuationWith other punctuation

When using quotation marks, keep When using quotation marks, keep commas and periods within the quotes commas and periods within the quotes while semi-colons and colons stay outside.while semi-colons and colons stay outside.– ““You’ll be late to school,” she warned.You’ll be late to school,” she warned.– Mom said, “You need to get up”; nevertheless, Mom said, “You need to get up”; nevertheless,

I turned off my alarm and went back to sleep.I turned off my alarm and went back to sleep.

With even more punctuationWith even more punctuation

When using quotation marks, put question When using quotation marks, put question marks and exclamation points inside the marks and exclamation points inside the marks if the question or exclamation is marks if the question or exclamation is part of the statement quoted.part of the statement quoted.– Ex: “Shouldn’t you be up yet?” John asked.Ex: “Shouldn’t you be up yet?” John asked.– Ex: “Leave me alone!” I cried.Ex: “Leave me alone!” I cried.

Shorter worksShorter works

Use quotation marks to enclose the names Use quotation marks to enclose the names of short works (like short stories, poems, of short works (like short stories, poems, songs, chapters, articles, or other parts of songs, chapters, articles, or other parts of books or periodicals.)books or periodicals.)– Ex: Megan wrote the article “Injuries derail Ex: Megan wrote the article “Injuries derail

gymnasts’ state title defense” for the gymnasts’ state title defense” for the Logue.Logue.

Why the

long face?

I don’t know what

to do for longer

works…

Hold your horses! We’re almost there.

ItalicsItalics((UnderliningUnderlining))

Longer worksLonger works

Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, works of art (pictures, musical works of art (pictures, musical compositions, statues, etc.), trains, planes, compositions, statues, etc.), trains, planes, ships, etc.ships, etc.– Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet, the , the Venus de MiloVenus de Milo, , The The

Viking LogueViking Logue, the , the TitanicTitanic, etc., etc.

Words, letters, figures, foreignWords, letters, figures, foreign

Use italics for words, letters, and figures Use italics for words, letters, and figures referred to as such as well as foreign words referred to as such as well as foreign words not yet part of common English.not yet part of common English.– Ex: She got a Ex: She got a BB in physics. in physics.– Ex: He got Ex: He got 100100’s on biology tests.’s on biology tests.– Ex: Pass me the salt, Ex: Pass me the salt, por favor.por favor.