punctuation by muhammad asif nadeem course instructor course: principles of language acquisition
TRANSCRIPT
PunctuationPunctuation
By By
Muhammad Asif NadeemMuhammad Asif Nadeem
Course InstructorCourse Instructor
Course: Principles of Language acquisition Course: Principles of Language acquisition
Introduction Introduction Punctuation Punctuation is derived from Latin word is derived from Latin word Punctum Punctum
which means to speak with pause. which means to speak with pause. Importance of Punctuation in daily life is quite Importance of Punctuation in daily life is quite
important as it conveys what we want to say!important as it conveys what we want to say!
I detest liars I detest liars like youlike you, I believe that honesty is the , I believe that honesty is the best policy. best policy.
I detest liarsI detest liars; ; like you, I believe that honesty is the like you, I believe that honesty is the best policy.best policy.
Capital letterCapital letter A, BA, B PeriodPeriod .. CommaComma ,, Semi ColonSemi Colon ;; ColonColon :: ParenthesisParenthesis ( )( ) HyphenHyphen -- QuotesQuotes “ “
““ Question MarksQuestion Marks ?? ApostropheApostrophe ‘‘ DashDash __ ExclamationExclamation !! Square BracketSquare Bracket[ ][ ] Slash/ obliqueSlash/ oblique // ItalicsItalics II Dots/ ellipsesDots/ ellipses ……
Capital lettersCapital letters Beginning of New sentence. Beginning of New sentence.
Example: Do not believe in thinking, believe in doing.Example: Do not believe in thinking, believe in doing. Each fresh line of poetry. e.g. Each fresh line of poetry. e.g.
Example: Example:
OOn Linden, when the sun was low,n Linden, when the sun was low,
AAll bloodless lay the un- trodden snowll bloodless lay the un- trodden snow
AAnd dark as winter was the flownd dark as winter was the flow
OOf Iser, rolling rapidly.f Iser, rolling rapidly.
All proper nouns and the adjectives that are derived All proper nouns and the adjectives that are derived from them. from them.
Example: Bahawalpur, Iqbal, Pakistan, Punjab, Example: Bahawalpur, Iqbal, Pakistan, Punjab, Ramadan, Pakistani, PunjabiRamadan, Pakistani, Punjabi
All the nouns and pronouns that denote God. All the nouns and pronouns that denote God. Example: Example: It is the God, Lord of all the elements, Who holds all It is the God, Lord of all the elements, Who holds all
things in His right hand.things in His right hand. The pronoun “I” when it is used single and with the The pronoun “I” when it is used single and with the
interjection “O”interjection “O”Example: Example: When the bell rang I was crossing road and O, that sad When the bell rang I was crossing road and O, that sad
event took place.event took place.
Full stop or PeriodFull stop or Period
It is used with.It is used with. A declarative or an imperative sentence.A declarative or an imperative sentence.Example Declarative SentenceExample Declarative Sentence
His name is Tahir.His name is Tahir.Example Imperative Sentence Example Imperative Sentence The officer orders the soldiers to attack. The officer orders the soldiers to attack. Abbreviations but in modern style they are omitted mostly.Abbreviations but in modern style they are omitted mostly.ExampleExample
M.A or MA, U.N.O or M.P, Mr or MrM.A or MA, U.N.O or M.P, Mr or Mr In internet and email addresses it is said (dot)In internet and email addresses it is said (dot)ExampleExample
http://www.edu.comhttp://www.edu.com
Abbreviations but in modern style they are omitted Abbreviations but in modern style they are omitted mostly.mostly.
ExampleExample
M.A or MA, U.N.O or M.P, Mr or MrM.A or MA, U.N.O or M.P, Mr or Mr In internet and email addresses it is said (dot)In internet and email addresses it is said (dot)
ExampleExample
http://www.edu.comhttp://www.edu.com
CommaComma
Separate words belonging to same category that is Separate words belonging to same category that is noun, pronoun, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, clauses.noun, pronoun, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, clauses.
Example for NounsExample for Nouns
Pakistan, Sri lanka and China have good working Pakistan, Sri lanka and China have good working relations relations
Example for pronounsExample for pronouns You, he and I are the best friendsYou, he and I are the best friends
Example for Example for adjectivesadjectives
Her beauty, soberness, aquiline features and charm Her beauty, soberness, aquiline features and charm makes her innocent.makes her innocent.
Example for Example for adverbsadverbs
He read his lessons neatly, sharply, exquisitely and He read his lessons neatly, sharply, exquisitely and precisely right. precisely right.
Example for Example for verbsverbs
They decorated, furnished and built their house very They decorated, furnished and built their house very well.well.
Example for Example for ClausesClauses
The Indus runs smoothly, glides frequently, moves The Indus runs smoothly, glides frequently, moves vehemently and falls roaring.vehemently and falls roaring.
It separates pair of words that are connected with and. It separates pair of words that are connected with and. ExampleExampleYou must be precise and short, complete and elaborative in You must be precise and short, complete and elaborative in
your communication.your communication. Use comma when you pronounce or call somebody.Use comma when you pronounce or call somebody.Example Example Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist of England wrote many Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist of England wrote many
famous plays.famous plays. While addressing people While addressing people Example Example Boys, Lord of the Universe is the protector of all of us.Boys, Lord of the Universe is the protector of all of us. Before and after Participial phrase.Before and after Participial phrase.Example Example Alexander, having conquered the world, returned to Greece.Alexander, having conquered the world, returned to Greece. When a word is omitted then comma is used.When a word is omitted then comma is used.
Before and after Participial phrase.Before and after Participial phrase.
Example Example
Alexander, having conquered the world, returned to Alexander, having conquered the world, returned to Greece.Greece.
When a word is omitted then comma is used.When a word is omitted then comma is used.
Example Example
He worked a lot all the night; he, a hard worker did He worked a lot all the night; he, a hard worker did not get reward.not get reward.
For tag questions comma is used between themFor tag questions comma is used between them
Example Example
Mr. Shahzad, bring me a glass of water, Will YouMr. Shahzad, bring me a glass of water, Will You
Interjections like 'please', 'thank you', 'yes', and 'no' Interjections like 'please', 'thank you', 'yes', and 'no' require Comma.require Comma.
Example Example Yes, I called him for removal of some Yes, I called him for removal of some
misunderstanding. misunderstanding. Co-coordinative conjunctions require comma before Co-coordinative conjunctions require comma before
them. them. Example Example I think we must resolve the matter, but amicably.I think we must resolve the matter, but amicably. Comma is used with the direct speech.Comma is used with the direct speech.ExampleExampleHe said to the teacher, “I will learn the lesson He said to the teacher, “I will learn the lesson
tomorrow.”tomorrow.”
Comma is used to separate main clause, especially Comma is used to separate main clause, especially long ones linked by a conjunction such as and, as, long ones linked by a conjunction such as and, as, but, for, or.but, for, or.
ExampleExample
Students had been waiting to meet their parents, but Students had been waiting to meet their parents, but they had to wait till the end of semester.they had to wait till the end of semester.
To separate a tag question from the rest.To separate a tag question from the rest.
ExampleExample
It’s been long time since we met, isn’t it?It’s been long time since we met, isn’t it?
Avoid CommaAvoid Comma Do not use comma:Do not use comma: To separate the subject from its predicateTo separate the subject from its predicate
Example Example
Getting registration in our institute, shall pay you regard and Getting registration in our institute, shall pay you regard and reward. reward. (Wrong)(Wrong)
Getting registration in our institute shall pay you regard and Getting registration in our institute shall pay you regard and reward. reward. (Right)(Right)
To separate a verb from its objective or a preposition from To separate a verb from its objective or a preposition from its object. its object.
ExampleExample She traveled around the world with, a small She traveled around the world with, a small backpack, a pup tent and a camera. backpack, a pup tent and a camera. (Wrong)(Wrong)
She travelled around the world with a small backpack, a pup She travelled around the world with a small backpack, a pup tent and a camera. tent and a camera. (Right)(Right)
Comma must be used before a co-coordinating Comma must be used before a co-coordinating conjunction not after.conjunction not after.
ExampleExample
Think about the matters but, not in a way to Think about the matters but, not in a way to misinterpret them. misinterpret them. (Wrong)(Wrong)
Think about the matters but not in a way to Think about the matters but not in a way to misinterpret them. misinterpret them. (Right)(Right)
When adverbial clause follows the principal clause. When adverbial clause follows the principal clause.
ExampleExample
Seek to please, if thou would’st be happy. Seek to please, if thou would’st be happy. (Wrong)(Wrong)
Seek to please if thou would’st be happySeek to please if thou would’st be happy. (Right). (Right)
The SemicolonThe Semicolon
For the separation of the clauses of compound For the separation of the clauses of compound sentences.sentences.
ExampleExample
Quaid was a brave, large hearted leader; and we all Quaid was a brave, large hearted leader; and we all honor hum.honor hum.
To separate the phrases that do not have relationship To separate the phrases that do not have relationship and that are opposite to each otherand that are opposite to each other
ExampleExample
Man proposes; God disposes.Man proposes; God disposes.
A sentence that already contains comma.A sentence that already contains comma.
ExampleExample
My faith in me determined to success whatever the My faith in me determined to success whatever the consequences may be; I would achieve my aim, consequences may be; I would achieve my aim, whoever may suffer in this regard.whoever may suffer in this regard.
ColonColon
To introduce a quotation.To introduce a quotation.
ExampleExample
Bacon says: __ “Reading maketh a full man”Bacon says: __ “Reading maketh a full man” Before list of things.Before list of things.
ExampleExample
The nominees of this award are: Umar, Saood and Faisal.The nominees of this award are: Umar, Saood and Faisal. Between those sentences that are grammatically different Between those sentences that are grammatically different
but closely connected.but closely connected.
ExampleExample
Habit making in study achieves thinking level: it is not Habit making in study achieves thinking level: it is not important in study.important in study.
ParenthesisParenthesis
It takes the sentence that does not belong to the main clause.It takes the sentence that does not belong to the main clause.
ExampleExample
I got (from heavens) what all I wished for this life.I got (from heavens) what all I wished for this life. The abbreviations are enclosed if they are about some name The abbreviations are enclosed if they are about some name
ExampleExample
Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the last prophet of God.Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H) is the last prophet of God. In literature it is mostly used to describe the activity of the In literature it is mostly used to describe the activity of the
drama or novel.drama or novel.
ExampleExample
I think there is some craft in his madness. (Aside)I think there is some craft in his madness. (Aside)
Square Brackets/ BracketsSquare Brackets/ Brackets
Around words inserted to make a quotation Around words inserted to make a quotation grammatically.grammatically.
ExampleExample
Pakistan in [these] days, is under sever threat of Pakistan in [these] days, is under sever threat of terrorism. terrorism.
HyphenHyphen
Connect the part of a compound wordConnect the part of a compound word
ExampleExample
Co-operation, Jac-of-all-trades.Co-operation, Jac-of-all-trades. It is used to connect the spellings of the word left on It is used to connect the spellings of the word left on
the previous line.the previous line.
ExampleExample
It is the fate that all the Muslim shall live in the It is the fate that all the Muslim shall live in the blessings of God, and leave all the friv-volities of blessings of God, and leave all the friv-volities of this world with a view to find redemption at the day this world with a view to find redemption at the day of Judgment .of Judgment .
The QuotesThe Quotes
Quotes are two inverted commas that indicate that Quotes are two inverted commas that indicate that words are exactly quoted by the speaker and there is words are exactly quoted by the speaker and there is no change in these words by the describer. no change in these words by the describer.
ExampleExample
Aslam said to Akram, “our president is a man of Aslam said to Akram, “our president is a man of Principle.”Principle.”
The Question MarkThe Question Mark
It tells that the sentence is interrogative. It is used It tells that the sentence is interrogative. It is used with:with:
Direct question and it replaces full stop.Direct question and it replaces full stop.
ExampleExample
Did you see my pen?Did you see my pen? It is not used with the indirect questionIt is not used with the indirect question
ExampleExample
How it is that you made such a great success and that How it is that you made such a great success and that too in a very short time.too in a very short time.
ApostropheApostrophe
It is used when:It is used when: Letter is omitted Letter is omitted
ExampleExample
We write don’t instead of do not and doesn’t instead of does We write don’t instead of do not and doesn’t instead of does not.not.
Belonging of someone is shown.Belonging of someone is shown.
ExampleExample
It is Aslam’s book.It is Aslam’s book. Plural of letters and figures are formed.Plural of letters and figures are formed.
ExampleExample
Add two 5’s and four 2’s.Add two 5’s and four 2’s.
The Dash:The Dash: Dash is a bigger line than the hyphen and differs in Dash is a bigger line than the hyphen and differs in
its use also as it is used to:its use also as it is used to: To indicate an abrupt change in the sentence.To indicate an abrupt change in the sentence.
ExampleExample
Would that I had died instead of my father__ Would that I had died instead of my father__ lamentation is useless now.lamentation is useless now.
To collect the scattered statement To collect the scattered statement
ExampleExample
All is lost __my kingdom, my queen and my children.All is lost __my kingdom, my queen and my children.
The Exclamation MarkThe Exclamation Mark It is used with the words that show some sudden It is used with the words that show some sudden
emotion or wish as emotion or wish as
ExampleExample
Alas! Oh dear! What a terrible scene it is! O! Bravo! Alas! Oh dear! What a terrible scene it is! O! Bravo! Long live King!Long live King!
Keep one major thing in mind, use this sign either Keep one major thing in mind, use this sign either right after the expression or at the end of the right after the expression or at the end of the sentence.sentence.
Slash/ oblique:Slash/ oblique:
To weperate words that have alternates.To weperate words that have alternates.
ExampleExample
Would you like to have tea and/ or biscuits.Would you like to have tea and/ or biscuits. In internet or email addresses.In internet or email addresses.
ExampleExample
My email address is http:\\www.edu.pk.My email address is http:\\www.edu.pk.
Italics:Italics:
To show emphasis.To show emphasis.
ExampleExample
This is not my jurisdiction perhaps_ This is not my jurisdiction perhaps_ yoursyours.. To indicate the titles of books, plays etc.To indicate the titles of books, plays etc.
ExampleExample
M.A Adeeb’s M.A Adeeb’s I wish to be a researcherI wish to be a researcher.. For foreign words or phrases.For foreign words or phrases.
ExampleExample
Water Water (aqua)(aqua) is necessary for all of us. is necessary for all of us.
Dots / ellipsis:Dots / ellipsis:
To indicate that the words have been omitted .To indicate that the words have been omitted . ExampleExample It is national pride ... proven fact….Pakistan is a It is national pride ... proven fact….Pakistan is a
great country.great country.