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Punctuation and Mechanics

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Page 1: Punctuation and Mechanics +video

Punctuation and Mechanics

Page 2: Punctuation and Mechanics +video

April 10, 2023 2

• Capitalize the first word in a sentence.

• Capitalize the first word in a quoted sentence.– Sue said, “George went to the

football game.”• ALWAYS Capitalize the pronoun

“I”• I was nervous when I started college, but now I

am excited about graduation.• Incorrect: My wife will be so proud when i

graduate.

Just a few rules for Capitalization!

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TheParthenon

Swiss Alps

The Golden Gate Bridge

The Taj Majal

Venice

Paris

McDonalds

Bill

Cristo Redentor

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Proper NounsCapitalize the names of:• People - Abraham Lincoln, Jerry Seinfeld, Tim Tebow, Jeremy Lin

• Places- Lincoln, Nebraska; Paris, New York, • Landmarks – the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, Central Park, the Golden Gate Bridge

• Businesses and brands – Nike, Coke, Banana Republic, Guess

• Languages – English, Spanish, Arabic

• Names of races, ethnic groups, and nationalities -Hispanic, African American, Native American

• Adjectives using a country’s name – Chinese noodles, American pie, Egyptian mummies, German cars, Italian food,

• Units of time – Saturday, Monday, December, February

• Holidays – Christmas, Thanksgiving, Independence Day,

• Do not capitalize seasons:• fall summer spring winter

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Capitalize Titles• Capitalize major words in the titles (books, movies, articles,

journals…) • Do not capitalize little words like articles (a, an, the), prepositions,

(in, on , at_ or conjunctions (and, but, so ) –Gone with the Wind– Raiders of the Lost Arch– Of Mice and Men– Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire– Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End

unless they are the first word of the title– For Whom the Bell Tolls– The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

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April 10, 2023 6

• Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close. – Dear Mr. Smith:– Sincerely,

More Capital Rules

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Capitalization Dos and Don’ts

7

Capitalize directions: north, south, east, west, only when they refer to a place, not a direction.I was driving north on 75 when my tire blew.She lives in the Midwest, but she spends her winters in the South. Seasons are not capitalized: winter, spring summer, fall.

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Comma

• A comma is used to mark off different elements in a sentence.

• A comma helps the reader understand which words go together.

• A comma indicates a pause.

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Missing commas!• A panda eats, shoots, and leaves.

• A panda eats shoots and leaves.

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April 10, 2023 11

Commas with Lists

Use commas to separate items in a list.

A list consists of three or more items. Two items do not constitute a list. A list can be made up of words or phrases or clauses.

Ex. 1The seafood casserole

consisted of lobster, crab, swordfish, and shrimp.

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Commas with Introductory Phrases

A comma is usually used if the sentence begins with an introductory phrase

Ex. 1Jumping up and down,

the children screamed for ice-cream.

April 10, 2023 12

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April 10, 2023 13

Commas in Compound Sentences

Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses (Subject + verb, and subject + verb.)

The coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Stacy performed very well on the test, for she had studied with a classmate *and predicted the exam questions. (For=reason/cause)

Stacy *and Susan made flash cards, and they quizzed each other. (and = additional information)

Bill did not read his textbook, nor did he do the practice quizzes. (nor= the addition of negatives)

Damian reviewed his class notes, but he did not read his textbook. (but = contrast; to show that things are different)

* Note that these FANBOYS do not join independent clauses

and do not need a comma.

Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.

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April 10, 2023 14

Commas in Complex Sentences

Use a comma if the sentence begins with a dependent clause (a dependent clause is a clause that that starts with a dependent marker: after, before, when, while, until, as long as, because, although, even though, if + subject + verb)

No comma is needed if the dependent clause comes after an independent clause.

Ex. 1 Because Jim took great notes in every class and did all of the readings, he earned the highest grade in the class.

Ex. 2 Even though Sam did all of the work, he lost points for turning it in late.

*Jim earned the highest grade in the class because he took great notes and did all of the readings. *no comma needed

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April 10, 2023 15

Comma with Transitional ExpressionsUse a comma after a transitional

expressions.• Transitional expressions:

conversely, on the other hand, on the contrary, however, nevertheless, in contrast, also, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, first, second, third, finally

A comma is required whether the transitional word comes after a period, semicolon, or comma

You must come to class. Otherwise, you will not learn.

You should complete all of the assigned readings; furthermore, you should take notes while you read.

Katherine did not attend class for fourteen days. Consequently, she was dropped from the class.

Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.

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April 10, 2023 16

Commas with Quotes

If a quote comes after the name of the person who spoke, use a comma after the person and verb, before the first quotation mark.

Jenny said, “I studied hard, and I am ready for the test.”

Joe asked, “What is the best way to review for the exam?”

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Commas with Quotes

If a quote is a statement and comes before the name of the person who spoke, use a comma at the end of the statement, before the second quotation mark.

“I studied hard, and I am ready for the test,” Jenny said.

“I am curious about the best way to prepare for the exam,” Joe enquired.

April 10, 2023 17

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Commas with Interrupters

• Extra information• Non-essential clauses• Appositives• Direct address

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April 10, 2023 19

Commas with Extra Information

Use commas around non-essential clauses. If the clause simply gives extra information about the sentence but does not change the meaning, use a comma.

Bill Gates, who is the founder of Microsoft, is a well-known philanthropist.

Rasmussen College, which is more than 110 years old, is a well-respected institution of higher learning.

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April 10, 2023 20

Commas with Appositives

Use commas to set off (or separate) appositives. An appositive is a repetition. It renames or explains another word in the sentence.

Kaye's hairstylist, the girl with the great highlights, is going to give me a new cut.

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April 10, 2023 21

Commas with Dates

Use a comma when a date is made up of two or more parts if the parts are both words or both numbers

Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Day, date, year =

two numbers

Thursday, May 25, 2010 two words

• The party was scheduled for Friday, June 11, 2001.

• Classes start on October 1, 2013.*October 31 is Halloween. *Maria started school in June 2012.*No comma needed

A second comma comes at the end of the date unless it is a the end of the sentence. • They were married on June 5,

2004, in California. Our first meeting is on Monday,

October 1, 2013, in San Francisco.

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April 10, 2023 22

Commas with Locations

Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Address, city, state

Use a comma with a geographic location that has two or more parts. A second comma follows the last item unless it is at the end of the sentence.

I sent his invitation to 987 Tenth Avenue, Springfield, MN 56087.

They are going to Miami, Florida, for vacation.

Bernard lives in Paris, Texas, but I thought he lived in Paris, France.

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Commas Quiz1. Choose the sentence with the correct comma placement.

A) I took Angie, the one with the freckles to the movie last night.

B) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.

C) I took Angie the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.

D) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie, last night.

Correct