pumped storage - the proven grid scale storage solution · pumped hydro and pumped hydro (var...
TRANSCRIPT
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January 27, 2015
Presented to: NWPCC – GRAC Committee
Pumped Storage - The Proven Grid Scale Storage Solution
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Presentation Agenda – Part 1
Variable Energy Resources Integration Challenges The Need for Grid Flexibility
Pumped Storage Overview Discussion of Technology Capital and O&M cost
elements Pacific NW potential sites
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Three Interrelated Challenge Provision of Balancing Services How can wind variability be
managed in a reliable, efficient manner while recognizing the limits on the region’s hydro flexibility and the need for dependable capacity?
Oversupply How can high hydro/high
wind/limited load conditions be reliably and equitably managed?
System Flexibility How much is there now, how much
will be needed?
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Bulk and Distributed Energy Storage Technologies
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Pumped Storage Information & Characteristics
Grid harmonics
Grid faults / stability
ms s min
Renewables - intermittency
µs
Scheduling / economics / emissions
Transmission bottlenecks
hours days Power Quality Bridging Power Energy Management
Variable Speed & Ternary PS Units
Advanced Conventional PS Units
Conventional PS Units
Time scale
Equipment Response Time & Grid Benefits
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Why Energy Storage? Attenuates generation volatility
and physical availability risks Aligns peak generation to peak
loads Reduces imbalance due to
scheduling challenges Moderates transmission
congestion and improves system reliability
Enables further penetration of variable generating resources
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EPRI Energy Storage Technology Options Report 1020676, 2010
Current Landscape/Installed
Capacity
Energy Storage Technologies
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Pumped Storage footprint in terms of batteries
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Existing U.S. Pumped Storage Projects Proven and Prolific
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43
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:45
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:37
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:03
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:29
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:55
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:47
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:39
Meg
awat
ts
Meg
awat
ts
Bad Creek Jocassee Load
Pumped Storage Load Following, Balancing and Reserves
2000 MW of Inc and Dec Reserves
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Flattening the Intermittent Demand Curve with Pumped Storage and Hydro
Pumped Storage Offsets Peak System Loads
Duke Energy CarolinasGeneration by Type
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
12/11/06 12/12/06 12/13/06 12/14/06 12/15/06 12/16/06 12/17/06 12/18/06
Duke-Carolinas System mW Nuclear, Coal, & CT mW Total Hydro mW Total CT
Substantial Portfolio Optimization
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Most significant capacity/ramping impacts will likely be seen in Southern CA (largest loads plus daily solar ramp)
CAISO’s market structure designed to spread impacts across grid, but local constraints must be addressed (e.g., transmission, capacity, oversupply)
CAISO’s – “Duck Curve”
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Load, Wind, and Solar Profiles – Base Scenario
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The Need for Flexibility
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BPA Load and Thermal
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Hydro and Wind
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Load
/Gen
erat
ion
(MW
)
BPA Load Wind
Hydro Thermal
Interchange
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Historic BPA Demand Load and Wind Power 6,250 MW's Projected Wind Interconnection
Net Load of Tomorrow???
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Simulated 1,600 MW Project “X” Pumped Storage Dispatch Schedule
-2,000
-1,500
-1,000
-500
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Pum
p (-)
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(+) i
n M
W
PS Pump (MW) PS Gen (MW)
Traditional Pumped Storage Dispatch with Rapid Response
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Historic BPA Load, Simulated Approximately 6,000 MW Projected Wind Interconnection and FCRPS Re-Dispatch due to Pumped Storage
A System Operator’s Dream Come True!
0
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Jun 10G
ener
atio
n an
d Lo
ad (M
W)
Original Load (MW)Wind Generation (MW)FCRPS Generation w/ no Pumped Storage (MW)FCRPS Generation w/ Pumped Storage
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What is it? Efficient Energy Shifting Strategic Flexibility Grid Stability Services.
How does it work? During periods of low power
demand, water is pumped from the lower lake to the upper lake.
During high demand periods, water from the upper reservoir is passed through turbines to generate power.
Power settings can be adjusted rapidly to provide “ancillary services”.
Hydroelectric Pumped Storage
Key Differentiator: Pumped Storage is a System Operations/Transmission tool
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Key Qualities of Modern Pumped Storage Facilities
Closed Loop – No On Stream Reservoirs High Round-Trip Efficiency – 80% + Significant Ramping Rates – 10
MW/sec + High Capacity – 500 MW - 1,300 MW High Energy – 6- to 12-hour ponds =
10,000+MWh Fast Response – Seconds to Minutes Incremental and Decremental
Reserves
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Pump-Turbines – Three Modes of Operation
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Future Pumped Storage - Dinorwig Plant Capabilities
Dinorwig Mode Change Times
• Fast mode changes and start-up times • High ramping rates – 15 MW/second per unit • 40,000 mode changes per year (any combo below) • 6 Hour reservoir capacity • Recognized need for high reliability and availability Spin Gen
Shut Down
Spin Pump Pump
Generate
<30s
<30s
<30s
<12s
<3m <3m
<3m <90s
6m 6m
6m 7m
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Advantages of Single and Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units
Proven technology with multiple suppliers
Lower equipment cost by ~30%
Smaller powerhouse size Lower O&M costs Shorter project schedule
Single Speed Pump-Turbine
Wide head range operation
Flatter and higher generating performance curve
Regulation in pumping cycle ±20% in power
Wider generating operating range
Variable Speed Pump-Turbine
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Snapshot of Pumped Storage Globally
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
Ocea
nia
Latin
Ame
rica
Russ
ia &
CIS
Midd
le Ea
st &
Afric
a
India
North
Ame
rica
China
Asia
w/o C
hina &
India
Euro
pe
Pump Storage Units in Operation (MW) by Country/Continent •127,961MW Worldwide •Totaling 922 PS Units
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
UNITED STATES
PORTUGAL
AUSTRIA
KOREA SOUTH
SPAIN
RUSSIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SWITZERLAND
JAPAN
CHINA
Pumped Storage Projects Under Construction (MW) •10,453 MW Worldwide •Totaling 45 PS Units
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Proposed New Pumped Storage Projects
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Study Project Name State Capacity (MW)
C-1 See Report, Large Number of Studies Nationwide N/A -----
C-2 John Day Pool WA 1300
C-2 Swan Lake OR 600
C-3 Crab Creek (varies by size) WA 69-392
C-3 Sand Hollow Creek WA 285
C-3 Hawk Creek (varies by size) WA 237-1136
C-3 Foster Creek WA 300-1100
C-4 John Day Pool (duplicate, also cited in C-2) WA -----
C-4 Swan Lake North OR 600
C-4 Brown’s Canyon WA 1000
C-4 Banks Lake Pumped Storage – North Banks Lake WA 1000
C-4 Banks Lake Pumped Storage – South Banks Lake WA 1040
C-4 Lorella (Klamath County) OR 1000
C-4 Gordon Butte MT 400
C-4 Yale-Merwin WA 255
Summary of Capacity Identified in Studies C-1 through C-4
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Capital Cost Comparison
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7000
CAES (100 MW)
Lead-acid Battery (10 MW)
Pumped Storage (1000 MW)
Super Capacitor (100 MW)
Flywheel (100 MW)
Capi
tol C
ost (
$/kW
)
Comparison of Estimated Capital Cost in 2010 US $/kW- for Technologies Capable of 20 hrs of Storage or Longer
Note: Pumped Hydro and Pumped Hydro (Var Speed: O&M and Financed Capitol Cost are estimated by HDR|DTA. All other options are derived from data from Makarov, Y. et al. "Wide-Area Energy Storage and Management System to Balance Intermittent Resources in the Bonneville Power Administration and California ISO Control Areas." Table 3.2 .Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, June 2008.
NOTE: Costs presented are for
20 hours of energystorage
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Life Cycle Costs - $/kW-yr
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Compressed Air Energy
Sources
Pumped Hydro Pumped Hydro (Var. Speed)
Regenesys Na/S Lead Acid Batteries
(flooded cell)
Lead-acid Battery (VRLA)
Zn/Br Ni/CD
Annu
al C
ost
($/k
W-y
r)
g ( g )
Financed Capital Cost Fuel Cost Electricity Cost O&M Cost Replacement Cost
Note: Pumped Hydro and Pumped Hydro (Var Speed : O&M and Financed Capitol Cost are estimated by HDR|DTA. All other options are derived from Schoenung, S. and Hassenzahl, "Long vs.. Short Term Energy Storage Technologies Analysis- A Life Cycle Cost" Sandia National Laboratories, Sandia Report August 2003.
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Pumped Storage Economics
Licensing Cost Range up to $15 to $20 million
per license over the next 4 to 5 years
Installed Cost Range: $2,000 kW to $3,000 kW
($2 billion to $3 billion for a 1,000 MW facility)
O&M Costs: Fixed Costs Range: $10
million to $15 million/year Variable Cost Range:
~$1.00/MWh
31
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California Pumped Storage Update
Iowa Hill – 400 MW
Eagle Mountain – 1400 MW