Publishing Workshop -

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Luaine Bandounas, PhD

Publisher Oceanography

Email: L.Bandounas@elsevier.com

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Contents

1. Introduction

2. Choosing the right journal

3. Open Access

4. How to prepare your paper for submission

5. Coping with Peer Review

6. Research and Publication Ethics

7. Author Rights and how to promote your paper for maximum impact

Solicit and

manage

submissions

Archive

and

preserve

Manage

peer

review

Production

edit and

prepare

Publish &

disseminate

Integrate and track metrics

Platform development &

enhancements

eNewsletters and alerts

Index & optimize for SEO

Support author’s

rights

Still print and distribute paper copies

The publishing cycle

• Editors

• Editorial boards

• Journal Manager

• Independent referees

• Editors

• Editorial boards

• Editorial assistants

• Journal Manager

• Journal manager

• Typesetters

• Copy editors

• The National Library of

Netherlands

• Portico

• CLOCKSS

Recruitment & retention of Editors and Editorial boards

Plagiarism detection software

Develop Author Submission & Editorial Systems

Manage over 1 million submissions each year

Organise & manage the 1.4

M review reports completed

per year

Facilitate finding appropriate

referees

Copyright registration and protection

Editing & typesetting

DOI registration & tagging for metadata

Establishing links & hosting of supplementary data

• ScienceDirect

• PubMed

• Marketing

Establish, cultivate and

maintain journal

reputation and quality

Permanent preservation

Independent archive

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Methods of dissemination Traditional print journals

Electronic journal platforms

ScienceDirect improve online

dissemination and access

Mobile apps

Article feeds

Podcasts

Blogs

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Other publishing models

Authors publish free of charge

Institutions or individuals subscribe

to journals

Traditional publishing

Author (or institution/funding agency) pays

an article publication fee

Article is made freely available to all online

Some journals publish exclusively open

access – Gold Open Access journals

Other subscription journals offer open

access options - hybrid journals

Open access publishing

Choosing the right journal and writing for it….

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Look at your references – these should help you narrow your choices.

Review recent publications in each “candidate journal”. Find out the hot topics, the accepted types of articles, etc.

Ask yourself the following questions:

Is the journal peer-reviewed to the right level?

Who is this journal’s audience?

What are the Aims and Scope of the journal?

How fast does it make a decision or publish your paper?

What are the various Impact metrics for the journal?

Do you want/need to publish Open Access?

Does it really exist or is dubious? (check for example Beall’s List of Predatory Open Access Publishers) http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/

DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more than one journal at a time.

- International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneous submissions, and editors DO find out! (Trust us, they DO!)

Select the best journal for submission

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View metric information about journal on journal homepage

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Identify the right audience for your paper

Identify the sector of readership/community for which a paper is meant

Identify the interest of your audience

Get advice from your university library team on where to publish

Ask your supervisor or colleagues for recommendations

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Impact

Factor

Bibliometric indicators

Eigenfactor SJR SNIP H-Index

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Ratio between citations and citable items published in a journal

Impact Factor

Year 2 Year 1 Citing Year

To all items

(regardless of type)

Only source items

(‘articles’ and ‘reviews’)

Citations to non-

source items

(editorials, letters,

news items, book

reviews, abstracts)

may inflate the

Impact Factor

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Cumulative contribution of articles with different citation

rates to total journal impact

Impact Factor

Why the Impact Factor of

journals should not be used

for research

Per O Seglen, Professor

Institute for Studies in

Research & Higher

Education

Oslo, Norway

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Citations

% Articles

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Impact Factor

Citation rates to total journal impact

Aggregate journal impact

factors across 25 fields of

research

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Arts & Humanities

Business, Management & Accounting

Social Sciences

Economics, Econometrics & Finance

Mathematics

Engineering

Veterinary

Computer Science

Energy

Health Professions

Nursing

Physics & Astronomy

Materials Science

Earth & Planetary Science

Psychology

Agricultural & Biological Sciences

Environmental Science

Chemical Engineering

Medicine

Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmaceutics

Chemistry

Immunology & Microbiology

Neuroscience

Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology

Multidisciplinary

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Freely available online via Scopus

Measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.

Citation potential varies between journal subject categories or disciplines (e.g., journals in Mathematics tend to have lower values than journals in Life Sciences), but also between journals within the same subject category.

Enables direct comparison of sources in different subject fields.

The impact of a single citation is given higher value in subject areas where citations are less likely, and vice versa.

E.g. basic journals tend to show higher citation potentials than applied or clinical journals.

E.g. journals covering emerging topics tend to be higher than periodicals in classical subjects, or more general journals.

Devised at the

University of Leiden,

currently the most

sophisticated

journal

performance

indicator

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)

Year 3 Year 2 Year 1 Citing Year

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The H-Index

Available online via Scopus

Rates individuals based on career publications

Incorporates both quantity and quality

Productivity and age constraints

Citations

Paper no.

h

h

Hirsch, J. (August 2005)

An index to quantify an

individual’s scientific

research output

E.g. an author with an h

index of 8, has published at

least 8 papers in their

career, and each of these 8

papers has been cited 8 or

more times to date

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Journal Finder

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Full articles • Substantial, complete and

comprehensive pieces of research Is my message sufficient for a full article?

Letters or short communications • Quick and early

communications Are my results so thrilling that they should be shown as soon as possible?

Review papers • Summaries of recent

developments on a specific topic

• Often submitted by invitation

Planning your article Types of manuscripts

Your supervisor or colleagues are also

good sources for advice on manuscript

types.

2 year IF calculation

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So you now have a list of candidate journals for your manuscript……

All authors of the submission agree to this list

Write your draft as if you are going to submit to the first journal on your list.

Use its Guide for Authors - these differ per journal

Your Journals list for this manuscript

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Preparing your manuscript

Read Guide for Authors – Again and again and again

Find it on the journal homepage

of the publisher

Keep to the Guide for Authors in your

manuscript even in the first draft

(text layout, nomenclature, figures &

tables, references etc.)

It will save you time

Editors (and reviewers) do not like wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. It is a sign of disrespect.

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Save your editor and reviewers the trouble of guessing what you mean

Why Is Language Important?

Complaint from an editor:

“[This] paper fell well below my threshold. I refuse to spend

time trying to understand what the author is trying to say.

Besides, I really want to send a message that they can't

submit garbage to us and expect us to fix it.

My rule of thumb is that if there are more than 6 grammatical

errors in the abstract, then I don't waste my time carefully

reading the rest.”

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Key to successful scientific writing is to be alert for

common errors:

Sentence construction

Incorrect tenses

Inaccurate grammar

Not using English

Scientific Language – Overview

Check the Guide for Authors of the target journal for language

specifications

Write with clarity, objectivity, accuracy, and brevity.

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Write direct and short sentences – more professional looking.

One idea or piece of information per sentence is sufficient.

Avoid multiple statements in one sentence – they are confusing to the reader.

Scientific Language – Sentences

Open access and licences

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Free and permanent access to scholarly research

combined with clear guidelines (user licenses) for users to re-use

the content.

What is open access?

Gold open access

After submission and peer

review, an article publishing

charge (APC) is payable

Upon publication everyone can

immediately and permanently

access the article online

Green open access

After submission and peer review

in a subscription journal, the

article is published online

Subscribers have immediate

access and the article is made

open access either through

author self-archiving, publisher

deposit or linking.

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What is the difference?

Gold Open Access Green Open Access

Access

Free public access to the final published

article

Access is immediate and permanent

Free public access to a version of your

article

Time delay may apply (embargo

period)

Fee Open access fee is paid by the author, or

on their behalf (for example by a funding

body)

No fee is payable by the author, as

costs are covered by library

subscriptions

Use Determined by your user licence Authors retain the right to use their

articles for a wide range of purposes

Open versions of your article should

have a user license attached

Options Publish in an

open access

journal

Publish in a journal

that supports open

access (also known

as a hybrid journal)

Link to your article.

Selected journals feature open

archives

Self-archive a version of your article

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Publishing gold open access

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Understanding the fine print

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Describes the rights related to the publication and distribution of

research

Publisher's need publishing rights

This is determined by a publishing agreement between the author

and publisher

In subscription journals, it is normal to transfer copyright to the publisher

In open access, authors retain copyright and grant publishers a license to publish

their article.

Copyright

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Describes how readers can use your article which may include

commercial reuse

Know your OA policies - some funders require specific licenses

Be informed - you can’t necessarily change your mind

User Licenses

Preparing your paper for submission

What is a strong manuscript?

• Has a novel, clear, useful, and exciting message

• Presented and constructed in a logical manner

• Reviewers and editors can grasp the scientific significance easily

Editors and reviewers are all busy scientists.

Make things easy to save their time.

Typical Structure of a Research Article

• Title

• Abstract

• Keywords

• Main text (IMRAD)

Introduction

Methods

Results

And

Discussions

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgement

• References

• Supplementary Data

Journal space is not unlimited.

Your reader’s time is scarce.

Make your article as concise as

possible - more difficult than you

imagine!

Make them easy for indexing and

searching! (informative, attractive,

effective)

Methods Results Discussion

Figures/tables (your data)

Conclusion Introduction

Title & Abstract

The process of writing – building the article

Title

• A good title should contain the fewest possible words that

adequately describe the contents of a paper.

• Effective titles

Identify the main issue of the paper

Begin with the subject of the paper

Are accurate, unambiguous, specific, and complete

Are as short as possible

Articles with short, catchy titles are often better cited

Do not contain rarely-used abbreviations

Attract readers - Remember: readers are the potential authors

who will cite your article

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Keywords

In an “electronic world”, keywords determine

whether your article is found or not via search engines!

Avoid making them

too general (“ocean”, “fish”, “disease”, etc.)

too narrow (so that nobody will ever search for it)

Effective approach:

Look at the keywords of articles relevant to your manuscript

Play with these keywords, and see whether they return relevant

papers, neither too many nor too few – a good guideline.

Abstract

Tell readers what you did and the important findings

• One paragraph (between 50-250 words) often, plus Highlight bullet

points

• Advertisement for your article, and should encourage reading the entire

paper

• A clear abstract will strongly influence if your work is considered further

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) of composition CxN(SO2CF3)2 · δF are prepared under ambient conditions in 48% hydrofluoric acid, using K2MnF6 as an oxidizing reagent. The stage 2 GIC product structures are determined using powder XRD and modeled by fitting one dimensional electron density profiles.

A new digestion method followed by selective fluoride electrode elemental analyses allows the determination of free fluoride within products, and the compositional x and δ parameters are determined for reaction times from 0.25 to 500 h.

What has

been done

What are the

main findings

Introduction

The place to convince readers that you know why your work is

relevant, also for them.

Answer a series of questions:

What is the problem?

Are there any existing solutions?

Which one is the best?

What is its main limitation?

What do you hope to achieve?

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General

Specific

Pay attention to the following

• Before you present your new data, put them into perspective first

• Be brief, it is not a history lesson

• Do not mix introduction, results, discussion and conclusions. Keep

them separate

• Do not overuse expressions such as “novel”, “first time”, “first ever”,

“paradigm shift”, etc.

• Cite only relevant references

Otherwise the editor and the reviewer may think you don’t have a

clue what you are writing about!

39

Methods / Experimental

• Include all important details so that the reader can repeat the work.

• Details that were previously published can be omitted but a general

summary of those experiments should be included

• Give vendor names (and addresses) of equipment etc. used

• All chemicals must be identified

• Do not use proprietary, unidentifiable compounds without description.

State purity and/or supplier if it is important.

• Present proper control experiments

• Avoid adding comments and discussion

• Write in the past tense

• Most journals prefer the passive voice, some the active.

• Consider use of Supplementary Materials

• Documents, spreadsheets, audio, video, ...

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Reviewers will criticise incomplete or incorrect method descriptions,

and may even recommend rejection

Results – what have you found?

The following should be included

• the main findings

Thus not all findings. Decide what to share.

Findings from experiments described in the

Methods section

• Highlight findings that differ from findings in previous publications,

and unexpected findings

• Results of the statistical analysis

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"One Picture is Worth a Thousand Words"

Sue Hanauer (1968)

Results – Figures and tables

Illustrations are critical, because:

• Figures and tables are the most efficient way to present

results

• Results are the driving force of the publication

• Captions and legends must be detailed enough to make

figures and tables self-explanatory

• Figures and tables should not need further explanation or

description in text. Less writing and less reading.

Let your figures do the work instead of words.

Results – appearance counts!

• Un-crowded plots

3 or 4 data sets per figure; well-selected scales; appropriate

axis label size; symbols clear to read; data sets easily distinguishable.

• Each photograph must have a scale marker of professional

quality in a corner.

• Text in photos / figures in English

Not in French, German, Chinese, Korean, ...

• Use colour ONLY when necessary.

If different line styles can clarify the meaning,

then never use colours or other thrilling effects.

• If used, colour must be visible/distinguishable

when printed in black & white.

• Do not include long boring tables!

Discussion – what do your results mean?

• It is the most important section of your article. Here you get the chance

to SELL your data! Many manuscripts are rejected because the

Discussion is weak

• Check for the following:

Do your results relate to the original question or objectives outlined

in the Introduction section?

Do you provide interpretation for each of your results presented?

Are your results consistent with what other investigators have

reported? Or are there any differences? Why?

Are there any limitations?

Does the discussion logically lead to your conclusion?

• Do not:

Make statements that go beyond what the results can support

Suddenly introduce new terms or ideas

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Conclusions

• Present global and specific conclusions

• Indicate uses and extensions if appropriate

• Suggest future experiments and indicate whether they

are underway

• Do not summarise the paper

The abstract is for that purpose

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Acknowledgements

Advisors

Financial supporters and funders

Proof readers and typists

Suppliers who may have donated materials

Reviewers anonymous or known

References: get them right!

• Please adhere to the Guide for Authors of the journal

• It is your responsibility, not of the Editor’s, to format references

correctly!

• Get help, save time - use Reference management software e.g.

Mendeley (free reference manager and academic social network)

• Check

Referencing style of the journal

The spelling of author names, the year of publication

Punctuation use

• Avoid citing the following if possible:

Personal communications, unpublished observations, manuscripts

not yet accepted for publication

Articles published only in the local language, which are difficult for

international readers to find

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Preparing a Cover Letter

Your chance to address the Editor directly

“Sell” your work - WHY did you submit the manuscript to THIS journal?

Do not summarize your manuscript, or repeat the abstract

Mention special requirements, e.g. if you do not wish your manuscript to be

reviewed by certain reviewers; conflicts of interest

Declare whether the current manuscript is based on previously-published

(conference) paper(s) and how it has been (significantly) extended/altered

Although most editors will not reject a manuscript only because the cover

letter is bad, a good cover letter may accelerate the editorial process of

your paper

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Your suggestions may help the Editor to pass your manuscript to the review stage more efficiently – NOTE: this does not mean that the editor will definitely choose the reviewers you have suggested, but he might use 1 and choose another of his own reviewers

The reviewers should represent at least two regions of the world

They should not be your supervisor, direct colleagues at the same institute or close friends

Try to use an institutional email address for the reviewer if possible

Generally you are requested to provide 3-6 potential reviewers. Check the Guide for Authors

Suggest potential reviewers

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Preparing your article – Make it more discoverable

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

Use strong, descriptive

keywords in titles and

headings

Interlink your paper with

other content on the web e.g.

other papers by proper

citation; linking to data

repositories

Make sure the authorship

information is complete and

correct

Pay special attention to the

captions of images and

tables, including strong

keywords there as well.

SEO, will help your article appear higher in the

results returned by search engines like Google.

Title

Authors

Abstract with

keywords in

context

Link

Keywords

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Maximize the impact of your paper – Content innovations

See Guide for authors for options available

Integrated digital content,

such as interactive maps,

Matlab figure Viewer,

interactive plots

Readers can explore &

interact with data,

download the full data

set to facilitate validation

and re-use

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Preparing your article

Embedded

video

Linking with data

repositories

High Quality

Graphical

Abstracts

Highlights

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Questions so far?

Quick break….

When we return:

1. Coping with peer review

2. Research & Publication Ethics – Get it Right

3. Author Rights

4. Promoting your research for maximum impact

Coping with Peer Review A survival guide

Luaine Bandounas, PhD

It seems like this!

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Why do reviewers review?

One of the main reasons is a sense of “duty” to the research

community of which they are part of. Reviewing articles is often seen

as giving something back to the community. Since reviewers are also

authors, they understand the importance of playing their part as a

reviewer within that community.

Value from mentoring young researchers

Enjoyment in reviewing

General interest in the area

Awareness of new research and developments before their peers

Career development

Help with own research or new ideas

Association with journals and Editors

Keep updated with latest developments

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Peer review models

Open peer review - Reviewer and author are known to each other.

Some believe this is the best way to prevent malicious comments, stop plagiarism, prevent reviewers from following their own agenda, and encourage open, honest reviewing. Others see open review as a less honest process, in which politeness or fear of retribution may cause a reviewer to withhold or tone down criticism.

Single-blind review - The names of the reviewers are hidden from the author.

This is the traditional method of reviewing and is the most common type by far. Reviewer anonymity allows for impartial decisions – the reviewers will not be influenced by the authors. Authors may be concerned that reviewers in their field could delay publication, giving the reviewers a chance to publish first. Reviewers may use their anonymity as justification for being unnecessarily critical or harsh when commenting on the authors’ work.

Double-blind review - Both the reviewer and the author are anonymous.

Author anonymity prevents any reviewer bias, for example based on an author's country of origin or previous controversial work. Articles written by prestigious or renowned authors are considered on the basis of the content of their papers, rather than their reputation. Reviewers can often identify the author through their writing style, subject matter or self-citation.

Submit a

paper

Basic requirements met?

REJECT

Assign

reviewers

Collect reviewers’

recommendations

Make a

decisionRevise the

paper

[Reject]

[Revision required]

[Accept]

[Yes]

[No]Review and give

recommendation

START

ACCEPT

Author Editor Reviewer

The Peer Review Process is not a black hole!

Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.

http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf

Why?

• The peer-review system is grossly overloaded and editors wish to use reviewers only for those papers with a good probability of acceptance.

• It is a disservice to ask reviewers to spend time on work that has clear and evident deficiencies.

Initial Editorial Review or Desk Reject

Many journals use a system of initial editorial review. Editors may

reject a manuscript without sending it out for review.

First Decision: “Accepted” or “Rejected”

Accepted • Very rare, but it happens

• Congratulations! Cake for the department

Now wait for page proofs and then for your article to be online and in print

Rejected • Probability 40-90% ...

• Do not despair It happens to everybody

• Try to understand WHY Consider reviewers’ advice

Be self-critical

• If you submit to another journal, begin as if it were a new manuscript Take advantage of the reviewers’

comments and revise accordingly They may review your

manuscript for the next journal too!

Read the Guide for Authors of the new journal, again and again.

Submit a

paper

Basic requirements met?

REJECT

Assign

reviewers

Collect reviewers’

recommendations

Make a

decisionRevise the

paper

[Reject]

[Revision required]

[Accept]

[Yes]

[No]Review and give

recommendation

START

ACCEPT

Author Editor Reviewer

The Peer Review Process – revisions

Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing.

http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf

First Decision: “Major” or “Minor” Revision

• Major revision

The manuscript might be published in the journal

Significant deficiencies must be corrected before

acceptance

Usually involves (significant) textual modifications and/or

additional experiments

• Minor revision

Basically, the manuscript is worth being published

Some elements in the manuscript must be clarified,

restructured, shortened (often) or expanded (rarely)

Textual adaptations

“Minor revision” does NOT guarantee acceptance after

revision, but often it is accepted if all points are addressed!

Manuscript Revision • Prepare a detailed Response Letter

Copy-paste each reviewer comment, and type your response below it

State specifically which changes you have made to the manuscript

- Include page/line numbers

- No general statements like “Comment accepted, and Discussion changed

accordingly.”

Provide a scientific response to comments to accept, .....

..... or a convincing, solid and polite rebuttal when you feel the reviewer was

wrong.

Write in such a manner, that your response can be forwarded to the reviewer

without prior editing

• Do not do yourself a disfavour, but cherish your work You spent weeks and months in the lab or the library to do the research

It took you weeks to write the manuscript.........

.....Why then run the risk of avoidable rejection by not taking manuscript revision seriously?

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Reviewer appreciation

Recognition for reviewers

Reviewer Recognition

Platform

Reviewers can collect

discounts, certificates, badges

Free 30-day access to Scopus

Free 30-day access to

ScienceDirect https://www.reviewerrecognition.elsevier.com/

Research & Publication Ethics – Get it Right

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• There are huge career pressures & advantages to success in

research & publication - (publish or perish mentality)

• Education on Ethics has been weak

• Fraud & Malpractice is widespread & has often gone undetected

• Individual & institutional actions & responses have often been weak

(brush the problem under the carpet, avoid embarrassment)

• Fraud & malpractice has been made much easier:

By the massive expansion of journal titles

By the internationalisation of research & journals

The problem

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Types of Ethics Complaints

• Fabrication of data or cases

• Wilful falsification of data

• Plagiarism

• No ethics approval

• Not admitting missing data

• Incomplete referencing

• No data on side effects

• Gift authorship

• Redundant publication

• Duplicate submission

FFP = Falsification, Fabrication, Plagiarism

QRP= Questionable Research Practice

FFP

QRP

serious

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Definition: to pass off another’s ideas and/or words as one’s own,

without acknowledging the source.

• Can be blatant word-for-word copying or paraphrasing

• If a publisher publishes plagiarised

material, they are violating the rights

of the copyright owner

• Ignorance is not an excuse but

may be a factor in determining the

severity of sanction

• Re-hashing (parts of) your own

published articles is known as

self-plagiarism

What is plagiarism?

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• The clear rules, widely accepted

Don’t copy

Don’t pass off the work of others as your own

Do genuine research! (not fraud)

• The grayer areas of rules:

The various degrees of authorship

What level of interests must be disclosed with respect to conflicts, and

how are they disclosed?

Self-plagiarism

Which rules are clearer than others?

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Detection

• 2 plagiarism detection schemes:

iThenticate’s Turnitin (for universities) & CrossCheck (for publishers

and corporations)

Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20 million peer

reviewed articles which have been donated by 50+ publishers, including

Elsevier.

All post-1994 Elsevier journal content is included, and pre-1995 content

is being added week-by-week

• Editors and reviewers

• Your own colleagues

• Other whistleblowers

“The walls have ears", it seems ...

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Detection – the worst case of plagiarism

The Editor in Chief of IJP had sent a paper to a reviewer for evaluation.

He recommended it for publication

BUT

Several months later a paper with the same text and title with some

altered phrases in the introduction was submitted to another journal by

that reviewer who had replaced the names and addresses of the

authors with his own.

The ultimate copy and paste!

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• You get away with it: increasingly unlikely in the long term

• The fraud is detected:

The paper is retracted

The action is registered & you are put on a “watch list” (e.g. Retraction

Watch)

Your institution may take effective action, damaging or ending your

career

Your behaviour may come to light in the media

The public regulatory authorities may become involved, with increasing

international awareness & action

Consequences

An article in which the authors committed plagiarism: it will not be

removed ever. Everybody who downloads it will see the reason for the

retraction…

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• Words (language)

• Ideas

• Findings

• Writings

• Computer

programs

• Graphic

representations

• Graphs

• Illustrations

• Diagrams

What gets plagiarized?

Higher Education Academy, UK

• Information

• Lectures

• Printed material

• Electronic material

• Any other original

work created by

someone else.

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Plagiarism is high amongst ethics issues

Sample of cases reported to Elsevier publishing staff in 2010

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Crediting the work of others (including your advisor’s or your own

previous work) by citation is important for at least three reasons:

• to place your own work in context, and

• to acknowledge the findings of others on which you have built your

research

• To maintain the credibility and accuracy of the scientific literature

How to avoid Plagiarism: Correct citation is key

“Previously we (Attwood and Florence, 2002) reported that the…

“The work of Illum and Davis (1988) drew attention to …..”

“The discovery of liposomes and their potential by Bangham (1966) has

led..

Self Citations

What is acceptable use of your earlier material?

You must mention all your relevant previous work

briefly and give citations. Do not be selective or only

mention a few papers due to space or modesty.

Reproducing your earlier published figures or tables

needs permission from the publisher of the original

article even though you probably made the figure or

table yourself. This is because of copyright (or ©)

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Request

permission

here

Unacceptable use of your earlier material

• Self Plagiarism or Duplicate Publishing Do not mention your previous work without a citation.

Do not take blocks of text and reuse them in your next paper.

Readers have the “expectation of originality”.

Reusing material previously published by yourself without citation is

called “duplicate publishing”, “self-plagiarism”, “redundant

publication”, or “recycling fraud”.

• Is it possible to republish my foreign language article

in English? Yes, if done correctly.

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Conclusion

Never be tempted! If in doubt, cite your source - even if the original

authors have passed away

While drafting your papers , do not cut and paste to save time - you

may forget what you have taken from where

If you suspect you have detected plagiarism you must report it.

Then we can rely on the literature and on the scientific community to

relay the truth, which is after all our mission.

Authorship

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Authorship

An “author” is generally considered to be someone who has

made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study.

• Author list and order of names must be established at beginning

• ICMJE guidelines

• Contributor statement explains each author's contribution

• Head of department automatically on author list?

• Co-author or mentioned in acknowledgements?

• How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers.

Tim Albert, Elizabeth Wager

http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/2003pdf12.pdf

• Some groups list authors alphabetically, sometimes with a note to

explain that all authors made equal contributions to the study and

the publication. If so, make sure it is clear to the editor.

http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html

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Authorship: Do’s and don’ts

First Author:

Conducts and/or supervises the data

analysis and the proper presentation

and interpretation of the results

Puts paper together and submits the

paper to journal

Co-Author(s):

Makes intellectual contributions to the

data analysis and contributes to data

interpretation

Reviews each paper draft

Must be able to present the results,

defend the implications and discuss

study limitations

General principles for who is listed first:

Ghost Authors:

Leaving out authors who should

be included

Scientific Writers and Gift

Authors:

Including authors when they did

not contribute significantly.

Abuses to be avoided:

Co-author vs Acknowledgement?

Be consistent in how you write the authors’ names.

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Contributor statement examples:

Many journals request a contributor statement declaring the author contributions.

Strict definitions of authorship (for example those of the International Committee of

Medical Journal Editors) do not always allow for more complex studies involving

large numbers of collaborators or legitimate contributors who make a significant

contribution but are not involved in all aspects of the study (for example

statisticians). By using a contributor statement, it allows a more nuanced declaration

of the precise contribution of each author.

Example 1:

AA developed the theory and methods for coastal restoration. BB and CC did analyses of

natural systems and causes of erosion. DD, EE, FF and GG developed socio-economic

framework and aquaculture context. AA, EE and GG explored EO images for erosion. Initial

set-up of manuscript was done by AA. All authors contributed to and approved the final

manuscript.

Example 2:

Drs. X, Y and Z were involved in study design and inception.

Dr. A, B and C were involved in data collection, statistical analyses and interpretations.

All authors were involved in manuscript preparation and revision.

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Authorship disputes

• Must be resolved by authors

• Editors will not get involved

• Will delay publication as editor has to get agreement from all authors

about any changes

• After publication - will be published as a correction, but needs

agreement from all authors with justification

What do you do if you, as an author, are a victim of ethical

abuse?

• Plagiarism:

If your paper has been plagiarised, contact the Editor of the

journal the other article appeared in.

Contact the Publisher of the journal your article appeared in –

they often hold copyright and so can help you.

Retractions of plagiarising papers do take place when the ethical

breach is discovered or confirmed.

• Missing as co-author:

If you think that you should be a co-author, quickly contact the

Editor of the journal in which the paper appeared. Papers get

corrected by publishing Corrigenda or Errata to reflect such

changes.

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Author Rights

&

Promoting your research for maximum impact

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Teaching: allowed to make

copies of the article for use in

classroom teaching

Educational materials: article

can be included in the author’s

institution or company e-course

packs or company training

Scholarly sharing: copies of

the article can be shared with

research colleagues

Meetings/conferences: article

can be presented and copies

can be made for attendees

Further works: article can be used in compilations, expanded to book-form, or used in thesis or dissertation

Patent and trademark rights:

for any invention disclosed or

product identified

Elsevier author rights

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Other allowances and restrictions (I)

Elsevier’s posting allowances:

Pre-print version of article to internet websites

Revised personal version of text of final article to author’s

personal or institutional website or server

According to funding body agreements (e.g. Wellcome

Trust, HHMI, NIH)

For more information on how to share the various versions

of your manuscript (e.g. pre-print, accepted manuscript and

final published version) please see here:

http://www.elsevier.com/about/company-information/policies/sharing

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Other restrictions

Elsevier’s commercial purpose prohibitions

Posting by companies for customers to use

Placing advertisements against the postings

Charging fees for access to postings or delivering postings to third

parties

Any form of systematic distribution of the article

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Publication of your article

Free app for smartphones and tablets that

highlights your article to users on the basis of

search terms. Readers can preview your article

abstract in-app, then send the full text link to

their inbox

To combat the challenges posed by the many

versions of a same article that can exist on the

web, publishers have banded together with

CrossRef to create the CrossMark identification

service – by clicking on the logo readers will be

directed to the most recent version

available.

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Explain your paper in your own words - Audioslides

AudioSlides are free to access and easy to share,

independently from the article, with colleagues,

bloggers and on social media including YouTube.

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Conferences

Prepare to network

Also connect online

Online poster

Media relations

Your institution’s communication’s channels

Contact your editor or you can send an email to:

researchcomm@elsevier.com

Share links to your article

Customized short link with free access for 50 days (share with

colleagues, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Mendeley)

Link from university website to boost SEO

Promoting your article

| 94

| 95

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Download your personalized Certificate of Completion

for this workshop now!

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Send email to publishingcampus@elsevier.com

Elsevier Publishing Campus www.publishingcampus.com Information about publishing in journals www.elsevier.com/authors Luaine Bandounas, PhD Publisher Oceanography Email: L.Bandounas@elsevier.com @lbandounas

Thank you