publication number 51-6110000-001481-10seoul at a glance 2016
TRANSCRIPT
I. Households and people in Seoul
1. Households in Seoul
Households in Seoul: Basic information
Households in Seoul: Education level
Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size
Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where
Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where
2. People in Seoul
Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living expenses after retirement
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities
The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where
II. Everyday life in Seoul
1. Living satisfaction
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation
2. Living condition
Female labor force in Seoul
Housing supply rate in Seoul
Preferred housing types in Seoul
Public transportation in Seoul
Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage
Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air
Air quality of Seoul: NO2
Air quality of Seoul: Underground
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Contents
III. Well-being in Seoul
How happy are people in Seoul?
Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?
How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health conditions?
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social status
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward mobility
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s economic and social status
IV. Citizenship in Seoul
Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work
Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children with disabilities
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due to more social
welfare for the elderly
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to empower female social
participation
Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens
Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens
Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice
Seoul survey?
Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors the changes
happening in Seoul
Seoul survey index system
Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data
Outcomes of Seoul survey
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Contents
I
1 Households in Seoul
━ Households in Seoul: Basic information
━ Households in Seoul: Education level
━ Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size
━ Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where
━ Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and
where
2 People in Seoul
━ Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital
status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment
and occupation
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living
expenses after retirement
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities
━ The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where
Households in Seoul
━ Households in Seoul: Basic information
━ Households in Seoul: Education level
━ Households in Seoul: Trends in the average household size
━ Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where
━ Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where
10 >> 11
Householdsin Seoul:Basic information
In 2015, the average household
head in Seoul was a 48.9-year-old
male with a college degree. The
increase in the average age of the
householders indicates on one hand
that Seoul is getting older. On the
other hand, the average number of
household members is decreasing,
with 2.64 members per household
in 2016.
In terms of monthly income, 17%
of all households had an income of
4-5 million KRW, and 15.9% had an
income of 3-4 million KRW.
Among the 25 gus (districts) in
Seoul, low-income households with
monthly incomes of less than 2
million KRW were distributed mostly
in the Southwest and Northweat
Living Zone 15.0% were in the
Southwest 2 Living Zone, 11.8% in
the Southwest 1 Living Zone, and
10.3% in the Northwest 2 Living
Zone.Average age, gender, and educational attainment of household heads in Seoul
48.9 Average size of households in Seoul
2.64 people
Average monthly income of households in Seoul
4-5Million KRW
Maleyears old College Degree
2Million KRW 6Million KRW
Southwest 2 Living Zone
Southwest 1 Living Zone
Northwest Living Zone
Southeast 1 Living Zone
Southwest 3 Living Zone
Central zone
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 11
Northeast 2 Living Zone
10.0
Northeast 2 Living Zone
31.8
Northeast 1 Living Zone
8.2
Northeast 1 Living Zone
35.2
Southeast 2 Living Zone
6.3
Southeast 2 Living Zone
31.6
Southeast 1 Living Zone
4.7
Southeast 1 Living Zone
43.7
Southwest 3 Living Zone
6.3
Southwest 3 Living Zone
39.5
Central zone
8.9
Central zone
36.3
Northwest Living Zone
10.3
Northwest Living Zone
20.9
Southwest 1 Living Zone
11.8
Southwest 1 Living Zone
20.1
Southwest 2 Living Zone
15.0
Southwest 2 Living Zone
22.9
% of households with income less than 2 million KRW by Living ZoneSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
% of households with income more than 6 million KRW by Living ZoneSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
(Unit : %)
(Unit : %)
5 Living Zone 9 Living Zone district(gu)
Central zone Central zone Jung-gu, Jongno-gu, Yongsan-gu
Northeast Living Zone Northeast 1 Living Zone Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Jungnang-gu
Northeast 2 Living Zone Seongbuk-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Dobong-gu, Nowon-gu
Northwest Living Zone Northwest Living Zone Eunpyeong-gu, Seodaemun-gu, Mapo-gu
Southwest Living Zone Southwest 1 Living Zone Gangseo-gu, Yangcheon-gu
Southwest 2 Living Zone Guro-gu, Geumcheon-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu
Southwest 3 Living Zone Dongjak-gu, Gwanak-gu
Southeast Living Zone Southeast 1 Living Zone Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu
Southeast 2 Living Zone Songpa-gu, Gangdong-gu
Classificaion of Living Zone
12 >> 13
In 2015, 35.7% of Seoul householders
completed at least a four-year
college program. If one includes
associate’s degrees, 56.1%, or 5-6
of every 10 householders, have
obtained the education level of
college graduate or higher.
A high spatial variation was noted
for the educational attainment of
householders in Seoul. Ratios of
householders with high education
levels (bachelor’s degree or higher)
were greatest in Gangnam-gu,
Gangdong-gu, and Mapo-gu at 51.1%,
42.4%, and 41.2%, respectively,
whereas Gangbuk-gu, Jung-gu,
and Yeongdeungpo-gu ranked the
lowest, with 26.4%, 27.7%, and
29.4%, respectively.
Households in Seoul: Education level
% of householders with college degree or higher
56.1%
% of householders with bachelor’s degree or higher
35.7%
Gangnam-gu Gangdong-gu Mapo-gu
51.1% 42.4% 41.2%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 13
Dobong-gu
48.5Nowon-gu
56.1Gangbuk-gu
43.3Eunpyeong-gu
56.6Seongbuk-gu
54.3Jongno-gu
62.1Seodaemun-gu
62.5
Jungnang-gu
51.2Dongdaemun-gu
52.7Jung-gu
51.8Mapo-gu
59.7
Gangseo-gu
56.5
Yangcheon-gu
41.7
Yeongdeungpo-gu
46.9Dongjak-gu
55.1Guro-gu
50.8
Geumcheon-gu
60.1
Gwanak-gu
54.6
Seocho-gu
57.0
Yongsan-gu
59.3
Seongdong-gu
56.6 Gwangjin-gu
53.9
Gangdong-gu
68.8
Songpa-gu
62.4Gangnam-gu
72.2
Dobong-gu
30.8Nowon-gu
34.9Gangbuk-gu
26.4Eunpyeong-gu
36.6Seongbuk-gu
32.8Jongno-gu
40.8Seodaemun-gu
39.2
Jungnang-gu
30.9Dongdaemun-gu
31.6Jung-gu
27.7Mapo-gu
41.2
Gangseo-gu
40.5
Yangcheon-gu
31.3
Yeongdeungpo-gu
29.4Dongjak-gu
33.6Guro-gu
32.0
Geumcheon-gu
37.3
Gwanak-gu
32.2
Seocho-gu
38.1
Yongsan-gu
34.6
Seongdong-gu
37.7 Gwangjin-gu
31.9
Gangdong-gu
42.4
Songpa-gu
37.2Gangnam-gu
51.1
% of householders with college degree or higher by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
% of householders with bachelor’s degree or higher by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
(Unit : %)
(Unit : %)
14 >> 15
The average household size in Seoul
changed from 2.63 people in 2005
to 2.39 people in 2015, a decrease
of 0.24 people over the last ten
years. This decrease was caused by
an increase in the number of single-
person households and trends
toward avoidance of marriage and
childbirth.
The Vital Statistics Division of
Statistics Korea revealed that the
number of married couples in 2015
was 64,193—a rapid decline of
38.1% from 103,843 married pairs
in 1990. In Seoul, the average age
at first marriage increased from
28.26 to 32.95 for men and from
25.54 to 30.80 for women. Trends
show a tendency among the young
generation to avoid or postpone
marriage.
In Seoul, the total fertility rate,
which shows the estimated number
of births delivered per woman
throughout her lifetime, decreased
from 1.558 in 1993 to 1.001 in 2015,
ranking lowest among the country’s
17 major cities and provinces.
Average number of people per household, Seoul
2.39people
Total fertility rate, Seoul
1.001people
Total fertility rate, national
1.239people
Number of marriages in 2015, national
64,193couple
Average age at first marriage by gender, Seoul
33.0years old
(1970-2015) (2015)
30.8years old
Source: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
Source: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
Source: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
Source: Resident Registration Population and Household Status, Seoul Metropolitan Government
Source: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
Households in Seoul: Trends in average household size
38.1% 1.001people
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 15
Average household size by yearSource: Resident Registration Population and Household Status, Seoul Metropolitan Government
Total fertility rates by year, SeoulSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
Total fertility rates in 2015 by regionSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
2.63 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.48 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.43 2.392.41
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
(people)
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
( births per
woman)
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
199
7
199
8
199
9
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
Seoul
1.001
Busan
1.139
Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
1.477
Gwangju
1.207
Daejeon
1.277
Sejong Special Self-Governing City
1.893Daegu
1.216Ulsan
1.486
Gangwon-do
1.311
Chungcheongbuk-do
1.414Chungcheongnam-do
1.480
Jeollabuk-do
1.352
Jeollanam-do
1.549
Gyeongsangnam-do
1.437
Gyeongsangbuk-do
1.464
Incheon
1.216
Gyeonggi-do
1.272
(Unit : births per woman)
16 >> 17
The increase in single-person
households is one of the distinctive
characteristics causing changes in
the population structure not only
in Seoul throughout the nation. The
ratio of single-person households in
Seoul and the nation has increased
more than fivefold over the last
30+ years. In Seoul, single-person
households constituted 4.5% of all
households in 1980 and increased to
29.5% in 2015, indicating that one-
third of households can be regarded
as “home-aloners”. Over the same
period, South Korea’s single-person
households increased from an
average of 4.8% to 27.2%, showing
a trend similar to Seoul’s.
Based on household projections
by Statistics Korea, small-sized(i.e.,
one-or two-person) households will
constitute 63.2% of total households
by 2035. This estimate indicates that
the nuclear family will be less intact
in the future, and that there will be
a noteworthy generation of home-
aloners or “couple households”.
% of single-person households (National VS. Seoul)Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015
% of single-person households in Seoul
29.5%
Projected % of one- or two-person households in 2035
63.2%
4.86.9
9.012.7
15.520.0
23.927.2
4.56.7
9.112.9
16.320.4
24.429.5
1980
� National
� Seoul
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
30.0
20.5
20.0
10.5
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
4.5%
29.5%
Single-person households in Seoul: How many and where
(1980)
(2015)
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 17
% of single-person households by guSource: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015
National statistics regarding single-person households for the period 2015Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015
Dobong-gu
21.9Nowon-gu
22.5Gangbuk-gu
28.5Eunpyeong-gu
24.4Seongbuk-gu
29.8Jongno-gu
37.0Seodaemun-gu
33.2
Jungnang-gu
28.7Dongdaemun-gu
36.1Jung-gu
37.4Mapo-gu
33.8
Gangseo-gu
26.2
Yangcheon-gu
20.0
Yeongdeungpo-gu
32.8Dongjak-gu
33.5Guro-gu
26.2
Geumcheon-gu
33.4Gwanak-gu
43.9
Seocho-gu
24.3
Yongsan-gu
34.4
Seongdong-gu
30.7 Gwangjin-gu
36.7
Gangdong-gu
24.3
Songpa-gu
23.2Gangnam-gu
29.3
Seoul
29.5
Busan
27.1
Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
26.5
Gwangju
28.8
Daejeon
29.1
Sejong Special Self-Governing City
29.1Daegu
25.8Ulsan
24.5
Gangwon-do
31.2
Chungcheongbuk-do
28.8Chungcheongnam-do
29.5
Jeollabuk-do
29.8
Jeollanam-do
30.4
Gyeongsangnam-do
27.6
Gyeongsangbuk-do
30.4
Incheon
23.3
Gyeonggi-do
23.4
(Unit : %)
(Unit : %)
18 >> 19
The percentage of female single-
person households in Seoul is
greater than that of male single-
person households. Based on the
Population and Housing Census
Report by Statistics Korea in 2015,
the ratio of female single-person
households in Seoul was 51.2%, 2.4%
higher than male single-person
households’ 48.8%.
Based on 2015 data, single-female
households constituted 15.1%
of total households, showing
particularly high distributions in
Gwanak-gu, Mapo-gu, Gawngjin-gu,
Yongsan-gu, and Jongno-gu among
the 25 gus. Also, 43.7% of single-
female householders are in their 20s
or 30s.
As the number of young women
living alone increases because of
marriage avoidance and career
demands, diverse public services
related to providing for their safety
have become necessary in today’s
society.
% of female single-person households in Seoul
15.1%
43.7%
% of female single-person householders in their 20s and 30s
% of single-person households by genderSource: Population and Housing Census, Statistics Korea
Size and % of female single-person households in Seoul by year
Source: Complete Enumeration
Results of the Population and
Housing Census (Households),
Statistics Korea, 2015
2000 2005 2010 2015 Male Female
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
(Household)
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
� Number of female single-person household
� % of female single-person household
� 2000
� 2010
� 2015
8.6%
10.7%
12.6%
15.1%
264,905 353,835 450,030571,685
48.8% 51.2%
Female single-person households in Seoul : How many and where
47.3
52.7
47.3
52.7
48.8
51.2
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 1. Households in Seoul>> 19
Male Female
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
% of female single-person households in Seoul by guSource: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2015
% of single-person households in Seoul by gender and age groups, 2015Source: Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census (Households), Statistics Korea, 2016
Dobong-gu
12.0Nowon-gu
12.7Gangbuk-gu
15.3Eunpyeong-gu
13.3Seongbuk-gu
16.1Jongno-gu
18.1Seodaemun-gu
18.2
Jungnang-gu
13.9Dongdaemun-gu
17.2Jung-gu
18.0Mapo-gu
18.4
Gangseo-gu
13.9
Yangcheon-gu
10.4
Yeongdeungpo-gu
15.9Dongjak-gu
16.6Guro-gu
12.7
Geumcheon-gu
14.5Gwanak-gu
20.0
Seocho-gu
13.3
Yongsan-gu
18.2
Seongdong-gu
16.7 Gwangjin-gu
18.3
Gangdong-gu
12.2
Songpa-gu
12.3Gangnam-gu
16.8
Less than 20 years old
20-24 years old
25-29 years old
30-34 years old
35-39 years old
40-44 years old
45-49 years old
50-54 years old
55-59 years old
60-64 years old
65-69 years old
70-74 years old
75-79 years old
80-84 years old
More than 85 years old
0.503.33
7.538.07
5.465.08
4.504.11
3.472.33
1.751.22
0.790.380.23
0.735.01
7.306.07
3.993.41
2.862.83
3.493.253.303.26
2.791.83
1.12
(Unit : %)
(Unit : %)
People in Seoul
━ Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status
━ Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Optimum expected living expenses
after retirement
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements
━ Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities
━ The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where
22 >> 23
“Baby boomers” in Korea are people
in the demographic group born
during the post-Korean War—that is,
between 1955 and 1963. According
to 2015 data from Statistics Korea,
the nationwide total of baby
boomers in 2015 was 7.11 million,
or 14.3% of the total population. In
Seoul, 14.2% of the city’s population
(1.36 million people) were baby
boomers.
The baby boomers in Seoul are
evenly distributed across the 25 gus.
% of baby boomers, national
14.3%
% of baby boomers, Seoul
14.2%
Baby boomers in Seoul: Household size and income level
1.36million people
14.2%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 23
% of baby boomer householders by guSource: Population by Age and Gender (Eup, Myeon, Dong), Population Census,
Statistics Korea, 2015
Total number and national ratio of baby boomers in 2015 by gender
Number and percentage of baby boomers in Seoul in 2015 by gender
� Baby Boomers
� National
� Baby Boomers
� Seoul
Source: Population by Age and Gender (Eup, Myeon, Dong),
Population Census, Statistics Korea, 2015
(million people) (million people)
Male MaleFemale FemaleTotal Total
Dobong-gu
15.9Nowon-gu
14.2Gangbuk-gu
15.1Eunpyeong-gu
14.3Seongbuk-gu
13.6Jongno-gu
14.3Seodaemun-gu
13.7
Jungnang-gu
15.9Dongdaemun-gu
14.1Jung-gu
15.2Mapo-gu
12.5
Gangseo-gu
14.6
Yangcheon-gu
14.7
Yeongdeungpo-gu
14.3Dongjak-gu
13.4Guro-gu
14.3
Geumcheon-gu
15.7
Gwanak-gu
12.8
Seocho-gu
12.9
Yongsan-gu
14.1
Seongdong-gu
14.2 Gwangjin-gu
13.9
Gangdong-gu
15.7
Songpa-gu
14.4Gangnam-gu
13.2
(Unit : %)
3,551,416 653,168
24,819,8394,694,31724,885,824
4,872,879
49,705,6639,567,196
3,558,821 706,924
7,110,237 1,360,092
14.31%
13.91%14.30% 14.51%14.30% 14.22%
6,000
4,000
2,000
800
600
400
200
0
100
50
20
15
10
5
0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
(%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
(%)
24 >> 25
% of baby boomer householders with a family size of 4 or above
39.4 %
% of baby boomer householders with a family size of 5 or above
11.2%
% of married baby boomer householders
73.2%
% of divorced/separated baby boomer householders
15.3%
Baby boomers in Korea were born
during the post-Korean War period
when the birth rate was very high.
For these baby boomers who have
experienced rapid modernization
and industrialization, therefore,
marriage and birth have been typical
rites of passage.
Based on the 2015 Seoul Survey
data, 39.4% of baby boomer
householders had families with
more than four members, and 11.2%
had more than five members. These
family sizes differ from current
trends and the rapid increase in the
number of small-sized households.
Survey results also indicated that
73.2% of baby boomer householders
were married, and a relatively high
number of householders (15.3%)
were either divorced or separated.
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,
2015 Seoul Survey
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Family size and marital status
39.4% 11.2%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 25
� Single-person household
� Two-Person Household
� Three-Person Household
� Four-Person Household
� Five-Person Household and above
� Married
� Unmarried(single)
� Divorced/Separated
� Widowed
Family size by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Marital status of householders by birth cohortsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
Seoul, Total
Seoul, Total
Baby boomers
Baby boomers
Post-baby boomers
Post-baby boomers
Pre-baby boomers
Pre-baby boomers
24.6
%
24.0
%
22.9
%
21.3
%
7.3%
65.3
%
16.5
%
8.3% 9.9%
59.9
%
2.3% 5.
8%
32.0
%
73.2
%
3.1%
15.3
%
8.4%
65.0
%
26.7
%
7.1%
1.2%
30.6
%
42.5
%
15.7
%
5.3% 5.9%
15.6
% 19.7
% 25.3
%
28.2
%
11.2
%
25.1
%
17.7
%
25.0
%
25.6
%
6.5%
26 >> 27
62.5% 25.9%
Seoul, Total Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers
Detached House 34.6 36.4 34.4 33.9Apartment (Independent) 42.6 42.7 43.9 42.1Apartment units in a private house 12.2 11.6 11.7 12.7Rowhouse/Villa 10.4 9.2 9.9 11.0Others 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3
Seoul, Total Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers
Owned 41.1 60.9 62.5 25.9Lump-sum deposit only (no monthly rent) 32.9 19.8 23.8 41.3Monthly rent with deposit 24.8 18.0 12.7 31.6Monthly rent without deposit 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2Lump sum rent payment in advance (no deposit) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Demonstrating their leading role in
the economic development of the
Korean society, many baby boomers
have enjoyed home ownership and
automobile ownership.
The percentage of baby boomer
householders with their own houses
in Seoul is 62.5%, signifying that
six out of every ten baby boomer
householders have their own homes.
This percentage is higher than that
of pre-baby boomers (60.9%), and
more than two times higher than
that of post-baby boomers (25.9%).
Housing types by birth cohort
Types of occupancy by birth cohort of householders
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
% of baby boomer householders with home ownership % of post-baby boomer householders with home ownership
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Housing status
62.5%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 27
Housing types by birth cohort of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Types of housing tenures by birth cohort of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
� Detached House
� Apartment (Independent)
� Apartment units in a private house
� Rowhouse/Villa
� Others
� Owned
� Lump-sum deposit only
(no monthly rent)
� Monthly rent with deposit
� Monthly rent without deposit
� Lump sum rent payment in advance
(no deposit)
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
Seoul, Total
Seoul, Total
Baby boomers
Baby boomers
Post-baby boomers
Post-baby boomers
Pre-baby boomers
Pre-baby boomers
34.6
%
42.6
%
12.2
%
10.4
%
0.2%
41.1
%
32.9
%
24.8
%
1.2%
0.0%
36.4
% 42.7
%
11.6
%
9.2%
0.1%
60.9
%
19.8
%
18.0
%
1.2%
0.1%
34.4
%
43.9
%
11.7
%
9.9%
0.1%
33.9
%
42.1
%
12.7
%
11.0
%
0.3%
62.5
%
23.8
%
12.7
%
1.0%
0.0%
25.9
%
41.3
%
31.6
%
1.2%
0.0%
28 >> 29
Baby boomers have high aspirations
for social advancement based on
educational attainment. More than
half of baby boomer householders
(51.1%) hold a college degree or
higher.
Higher education levels seem to
influence the types of occupations
in which the members of this
generation are employed. For
example, 41.3% of baby boomer
householders work in white-collar
jobs.
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Educational attainment and occupation
51.1% 41.3%
48.9%
41.3%
51.1%
% of baby boomer householders with high school diploma or less
% of baby boomer householders with professional or white-collar jobs
% of baby boomer householders with college degree or higher
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 29
Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers
Pre-baby boomers Baby boomers Post-baby boomers
Educational attainment by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Occupation types by birth cohorts of householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
� High school graduates or below
� College graduates or higher
� Professional jobs
� White-collar jobs
� Blue-collar jobs
� Others
27.9%
51.1%
16.0%
41.7%
36.0%
52.4%
30.9%
6.4% 5.3%
45.2%
39.1%
69.4%72.1%
48.9%
10.4%
6.3%
10.3%
30.6%
30 >> 31
% of baby boomer householders with debt
49.1%
% of baby boomer householders owning their houses with debt, Seoul
64.6%
% of baby boomer householders with housing debt
58.1%
Types of loans by purpose
Residential Property Purchase 41.9%Real Estate Purchase
(excl. Residential Use) 17.3%
Tenancy Deposit 6.9%Debt Consolidation 2.7%Business Fund
(incl. Farming Fund) 22.8%
Living Expenses 3.7%Others 4.6%Total 100.0%
Source: Statistics Korea, 2015, Survey of Household Finances
and Living Conditions
The proportion of baby boomer
householders in Seoul with
household debt is 49.1%. Mostly,
debt is a result of loans for the
purchase or lease of houses. Survey
responses indicated that 64.6% of
baby boomer householders with
debt are homeowners; furthermore,
58.1% of baby boomer householders
with debt indicated that mortgage
loans represent their primary
obligations.
According to the 2015 Survey of
Household Finances and Living
Conditions by Statistics Korea, the
purchase of houses and lump-sum
deposits accounted for 48.8% of
total mortgages and credit loans.
This shows that a considerable
number of Korean households have
housing debt.
Types and shares of household loans (2015)
Baby boomer householders in Seoul: Debt status
49.1% 48.8%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 31
Factors of debt for baby boomer householdersSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
% of householders with debt by birth cohortsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
% of baby boomer householders with debt by occupancy typesSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Seoul,
Total
48.4%
Owned
64.6%
Pre-baby
boomers
33.9%
Lump-sum
deposit only
(no monthly
rent)
23.1%
Baby
boomers
49.1%
Monthly
rent with
deposit
11.9%
Post-baby
boomers
54.1%
Monthly
rent without
deposit
0.4%
Housing
purchase or
lease
58.1%
Educational
expenses
16.8%
Medical
expenses
6.5%
Living expenses
excluding educational
and medical expenses
7.4%
Financial investments
10.6%
Others
0.7%
32 >> 33
Baby boomers began to retire
in 2010, and most people in this
demographic group will be retired
by 2026.
However, baby boomers still want to
continue working even though they
are of retirement age. In fact, 30.4%
of baby boomers participating in the
survey cited 1.5–2 million KRW as
their optimal desired income after
retirement.
It is likely that the large number of
retired baby boomers—combined
with the aging population and low
national birth rate—will create
significant ripple effects throughout
society. Therefore, it is necessary to
prepare ways to link retired baby
boomers with society, as they are
valuable and enthusiastic human
assets.
Optimum expected monthly living expenses after retirementSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
1.5-2 million KRW
Mode : 30.4%
Optimum expected monthly living expenses after retirement
� Less than 0.5 M KRW
� 0.5-1 M KRW
� 1-1.5 M KRW
� 1.5-2 M KRW
� 2-2.5 M KRW
� 2.5-3 M KRW
� 3-3.5 M KRW
� 3.5-4 M KRW
� More than 4 M KRW
Seoul,
Total
Baby
boomers
0.1%
0.1%
2.3%
3.0%
19.5%
19.1%
30.4%
29.2%
24.3%
24.5%
10.6%
11.7%
6.0%
7.0%
4.1%
3.0%
2.7%
2.4%
Baby boomer householders in Seoul:Optimum expected living expenses after retirement
Less than1.5-2million KRW
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 33
% of young adults (aged 25 to 34)
20.1%
% of young adults with office jobs
45.2%
% of young adults living in rented residences
70.4%
10.7%
10.0%
9.1%
11.2%
9.7%10.4%
25-29 years old 30-34 years old
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,
(Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
% of young adults by year and age group
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in
Seoul start economic activity after
college. They are the population
cohort that will lead Seoul’s future,
and comprise 20.1% of the total
population of the city.
45.2% of the young adults are
office workers while 12.1% and
12.6% of them work in the service
industry and in retail, respectively.
The economic base of young adults
who are just beginning to engage
in fiscal activities is relatively weak.
Looking at their housing tenure,
70.4% of them pay monthly rent
leasing costs. In other words, 7 out
of every 10 young adults are living
in rented residences.
� 2009
� 2014
� 2015
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Characteristics
45.2%
12.1%
12.6%
Office workers
Service industry
Retail business
34 >> 35
Types of occupation of young adultsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Types of housing by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
Types of housing tenure by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
50.0
40.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
� 2009
� 2014
� 2015
� 2009
� 2014
� 2015
Detached House
Office
work
45.2%
Restail
service
12.6%
Service
industry
12.1%
Student
7.4%
Home
maker
7.3%
Pro
fessional
service
3.7%
Technical
service
3.5%
Unem
ployed
3.2%
Manage
ment
1.7%
Machine
device
operating
and
assembly
1.7%
Simple
labor
1.4%
Agriculture
and
fishery
0.1%
Owned Lump-sum
deposit only
(no monthly rent)
Monthly
rent with
deposit
Monthly
rent without
deposit
Free
Apartment
(Independent)
Apartment unit in a
private house
Rowhouse/Villa
36.8
%36
.1% 41
.0%
12.8
%
9.4%
0.7%
41.7
%
17.2
%
4.2%
37.8
%32
.0% 37
.3%
23.7
%
6.5%
0.4%
40.5
%
14.8
%
5.9%
42.7
%29
.6%
39.6
%
29.6
%
1.2%
33.3
%
12.8
%
11.0
%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 35
33.0years old
30.8years old
% of unmarried young adults
68.2%
Average age at first marriage by gender
% of one- or two-person households among young adults
44.2%
Census data from Statistics Korea in
2010 revealed that 68.2% of young
adults in Seoul are unmarried. This
figure is related to the increase in
age at first marriage. In 2015, the
average age at first marriage for
men was 33.0 and 30.8 for women.
These ages are generally three years
higher than the average age at first
marriage in 2000 (i.e., 29.7 for men
and 27.3 for women, respectively).
55.9% of unmarried young adults in
Seoul belong to families of three or
more persons and 44.2% of them
belong to single-person or two-
person households. 5-6 out of every
10 young adults are unmarried and
still live with their parents.
% of young adults living with 3 or more family members
55.9%
Source: Statistics Korea, 2010, Census
Source: Statistics Korea, Population Trends (2015)
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Living arrangements
29.5%
14.7%
55.9%
36 >> 37
25-34 years old
29.5%
14.7%
55.9%
Unmarried young
adults in Seoul
25-34 years old
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014
Marital status of young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul
Survey
Living arrangements of unmarried young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul
Survey
Average age at first marriage in Seoul by gender and year Source: Statistics Korea, Population Trends (2000-2015)
34.0
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
26.0
(years old)
29.7 29.930.1
30.530.9
31.2 31.3 31.5 31.732.0
32.2 32.3 32.4 32.6 33.032.8
27.327.5
27.8 28.028.3
28.628.8 29.0
29.329.6
29.8 30.0 30.230.4
30.830.7
� Male
� Female
� Single-person household
� Two-person household
� Household of 3 or more members
� Unmarried
� Married60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
45.5%
53.7%
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 37
% of young adults participating in alumni meeting
53.7%
% of young adults not participating in social activities
27.0%
% of young adults participating in volunteer work
10.4%
% of young adults participating in (informal) social gathering
27.1%
Most unmarried young adults living
with their parents are accustomed
to self-oriented lifestyles. According
to the 2015 Seoul Survey, 27.0%
of young adults did not participate
in any group activities for the past
year. This finding indicates that at
least 3 out of every 10 young adults
in Seoul isolate themselves from
social activities and relationships.
The group activity attracting
the most participation among
respondents was alumni meetings
(53.7%, multiple answers allowed),
indicating that social meetings
based on school connections
are the most popular venues for
social interaction. Informal social
gatherings ranked second in terms
of group activities in which this age
group participated.
On the other hand, young adults
are quite passive toward becoming
involved in public or community
activities, including volunteer work.
For example, their participation rate
for volunteering decreased from
17% in 2013 to 10.4% in 2015.
Young adults (aged 25 to 34) in Seoul: Social activities
53.7% 10.4%
38 >> 39
Social
gathering/
Alumni
meeting
ClubCommunity
gathering/
hometown
alumni/
clan gathering
Volunteer
organization
Online
community
Citizen
group
Labor
union
Political
party
Religious
group
Others None
2013
17.0%
83.0%
2014 2015
9.6% 10.4%
90.4% 89.6%
Types of social activities of young adults, by year (multiple answers allowed)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
Participation in volunteer work by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
� 2013
� 2014
� 2015
� Participated
� Not participated
56.9
%
53.7
%57.7
%
24.8
%
27.1
%29.8
%
22.3
% 27.0
%
21.2
%
16.1
% 19.1
%
13.3
% 16.7
%
18.6
%
12.3
%
10.2
%
15.2
%
13.0
%
5.2 %
10.6
%
4.9 %
1.4 % 2.
7 %
2.0 %
0.5 %
0.7 %
0.7 %
0.6 %
1.1 %1.3 %
0.1 %
0.2 %
0.1 %
I. Households and people in Seoul >> 2. People in Seoul>> 39
712thousand people
1970
1975
198
0
198
5
199
0
199
5
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
20
20
20
25
20
30
20
35
20
40
1.7%4.2%2.5%
20.0%
30.4%
1,400thousand people
% of the elderly in Seoul
12.3%
Seoul had already become an “aging
society”in 2005, when 7.1% of the
population was 65-years-old or over.
According to Statistics Korea, the
elderly population will reach 14.3%
in 2019, surpassing the standard
indicator for an aging society, which
is 14%. It will increase to 20% in
2026, which is the standard marker
of a “hyper-aged society.”
In hyper-aged Seoul, the old-age
dependency ratio is estimated to
be 29.1 people per 100 working
age individuals. The dependency
has increased threefold since
2005, when the ratio was 9.3
elderly people per 100 working age
individuals.
Size and proportion of the elderly in Seoul by yearSource: Prospects of population, Statistics Korea, 2014
Dobong-gu
13.8Nowon-gu
11.9Gangbuk-gu
15.7Eunpyeong-gu
13.9 Seongbuk-gu
13.5Jongno-gu
15.2Seodaemun-gu
14.5
Jungnang-gu
12.9Dongdaemun-gu
14.0Jung-gu
15.1Mapo-gu
12.2
Gangseo-gu
11.4
Yangcheon-gu
10.3
Yeongdeungpo-gu
12.3Dongjak-gu
13.0Guro-gu
11.8Geumcheon-gu
12.1
Gwanak-gu
12.3
Seocho-gu
10.9
Yongsan-gu
14.4
Seongdong-gu
12.5 Gwangjin-gu
10.8
Gangdong-gu
11.2
Songpa-gu
10.2Gangnam-gu
10.4
% of the elderly in Seoul by guSource: Resident Registration Population Data,
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Source: Resident Registration Population Data, Seoul Metropolitan Government
� Population of the elderly
� Proportion3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
(thousand
people)
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
7.1%
The elderly (aged 65 or over) in Seoul: How many and where
(Unit : %)
14.3%
II
1 Living satisfaction
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation
2 Living condition
━ Female labor force in Seoul
━ Housing supply rate in Seoul
━ Preferred housing types in Seoul
━ Public transportation in Seoul
━ Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage
━ Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air
━ Air quality of Seoul: NO2
━ Air quality of Seoul: Underground
Living satisfaction
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues
━ Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation
44 >> 45
Less than 1 M KRW
More than5 M KRW
4-5 M KRW
3-4 M KRW
2-3 M KRW
1-2 M KRW
Maximum scale: 10
The average score of Seoul citizens
on their satisfaction with general
economic conditions such as living
expenses, income, and working
hours in 2015 was 5.30 out of a
maximum of 10. Dongdaemun-
gu (4.91), Yongsan-gu (4.99), and
Seongdong-gu (5.09) had the lowest
satisfaction scores among all gus
(districts), while Gangnam-gu (5.51),
Songpa-gu (5.48), and Gwangjin-gu
(5.48) showed relatively high scores.
Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions
5.30points (out of 10)
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
5.015.20 5.26
5.445.27 5.30
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Economic conditions
5.51points (out of 10)
Gangnam-gu
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 45
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
4.86 4.84 4.86 4.945.15 5.18
5.48 5.585.26 5.30
Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with economic conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
5.44Nowon-gu
5.09Gangbuk-gu
5.31Eunpyeong-gu
5.46Seongbuk-gu
5.37Jongno-gu
5.10Seodaemun-gu
5.27
Jungnang-gu
5.42Dongdaemun-gu
4.91Jung-gu
5.44Mapo-gu
5.32
Gangseo-gu
5.20
Yangcheon-gu
5.38
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.13Dongjak-gu
5.14Guro-gu
5.22
Geumcheon-gu
5.12Gwanak-gu
5.26
Seocho-gu
5.43
Yongsan-gu
4.99
Seongdong-gu
5.09 Gwangjin-gu
5.48
Gangdong-gu
5.46
Songpa-gu
5.48Gangnam-gu
5.51
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
46 >> 47
Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions in 2015
6.16points (out of 10)
The average score of Seoul citizens
for satisfaction with general
residential conditions (e.g., water
and sewage system, housing,
electricity, telecommunication,
transportation, green areas, and
others) was 6.16 out of a maximum
of 10 in 2015. Seoul citizens’
satisfaction with residential
conditions has been steadily
increasing for the last decade.
Jongno-gu (6.48), Dobong-gu (6.41),
and Geumchon-gu (6.33) had the
highest average satisfaction scores
among the 25 gus of Seoul, while
Yongsan-gu (5.50), Dongdaemun-
gu (5.54), and Seodaemun-gu (5.93)
showed the lowest satisfaction
scores.
Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions in Jongno-gu
6.48points (out of 10)
20s and
younger
60s and
older
50s40s30s
Maximum scale: 10
Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
points
(out of 10)
5.986.08
6.22 6.276.12
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Residential conditions
6.48points (out of 10)
Jongno-gu
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 47
5.395.78 5.66 5.76 5.81 5.95 6.10 6.25 6.44
6.13 6.16
Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with residential conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
6.41Nowon-gu
5.99Gangbuk-gu
6.16Eunpyeong-gu
6.32Seongbuk-gu
6.29Jongno-gu
6.48Seodaemun-gu
5.93
Jungnang-gu
6.24Dongdaemun-gu
5.54Jung-gu
5.96Mapo-gu
6.26
Gangseo-gu
6.31
Yangcheon-gu
6.27
Yeongdeungpo-gu
6.26Dongjak-gu
6.10Guro-gu
6.19
Geumcheon-gu
6.33Gwanak-gu
6.19
Seocho-gu
6.32
Yongsan-gu
5.50
Seongdong-gu
6.00 Gwangjin-gu
6.28
Gangdong-gu
6.06
Songpa-gu
6.03Gangnam-gu
6.23
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Maximum scale: 108.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
48 >> 49
Average score on satisfaction with financial conditions
6.28points (out of 10)
Health Finance Personal relationship Family life Social life
2005 6.60 5.11 6.71 6.86 6.442006 6.63 5.21 6.75 6.85 6.542007 6.72 5.38 6.74 6.82 6.502008 6.88 5.55 6.73 6.81 6.572009 6.88 5.65 6.75 6.82 6.602010 6.88 5.88 6.75 6.80 6.642011 6.90 5.90 6.82 6.89 6.732012 7.06 6.05 6.90 6.99 6.842013 7.15 6.23 6.95 7.03 6.942014 7.16 6.21 7.08 7.14 7.012015 7.18 6.28 7.09 7.16 7.04
The average score of Seoul citizens
for (subjective) satisfaction with their
financial conditions was 6.28 out of
a maximum of 10. The satisfaction
with financial conditions was lower
than other living satisfaction criteria,
including health condition, home
life, relationship with family and
friends, and social life. Nevertheless,
the average satisfaction scores
for financial conditions have been
increasing since 2005.
The scores on satisfaction by differ
according to the income level of
each gu (district). For instance,
Gangseo-gu (6.55), Gangnam-gu
(6.52), Geumcheon-gu (6.50), and
Dongjak-gu (6.49) showed high
scores, while Yongsan-gu (5.98),
Dongdaemun-gu (6.04), Gwangjin-
gu (6.07), and Dobong-gu (6.11)
showed relatively low.
Average score on living satisfaction by criterionSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Financial conditions
6.55points (out of 10)
Gangseo-gu
Maximum scale: 10 (Unit : out of 10)
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 49
5.115.21 5.38 5.55 5.65 5.88 5.90 6.05 6.23 6.21 6.28
Average satisfaction score on financial conditions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with financial conditions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
6.11Nowon-gu
6.40Gangbuk-gu
6.14Eunpyeong-gu
6.11Seongbuk-gu
6.13Jongno-gu
6.16Seodaemun-gu
6.16
Jungnang-gu
6.24Dongdaemun-gu
6.04Jung-gu
6.16Mapo-gu
6.40
Gangseo-gu
6.55
Yangcheon-gu
6.25
Yeongdeungpo-gu
6.43Dongjak-gu
6.49Guro-gu
6.47
Geumcheon-gu
6.50Gwanak-gu
6.43
Seocho-gu
6.36
Yongsan-gu
5.98
Seongdong-gu
6.20 Gwangjin-gu
6.07
Gangdong-gu
6.12
Songpa-gu
6.16Gangnam-gu
6.52
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
50 >> 51
(Unit : Cases)
Among the perceived degree of
urban risk, ‘nuclear and radiation
accident’had the highest score
(6.38), followed by ‘violent crime’
(6.36), ‘epidemic’(6.27), ‘financial
crisis’(6.17), ‘safety accident’(6.16),
‘unemployment’(6.14), ‘natural
disaster’(6.12), and ‘national security’
(6.02).
Among 2015’s 439 violent crimes,
murder cases numbered 163 and
robbery cases 276. Over the 15
years since 2003 (except 2009),
violent crime in Seoul has steadily
decreased.
Juvenile crimes have also decreased,
except for two periods. For example,
juvenile crimes decreased from their
peak in 2000 until 2005, when the
crime rate began to increase again,
reaching another peak in 2007. A
general decrease in the juvenile
crime rate was observed until 2015,
though a slight rebound was noted
in 2012. Juvenile criminal cases in
2015 totaled 13,746—58.7% less than
the total number of cases in 2000
(33,288).
Frequency of juvenile criminal cases by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency,
Status of juvenile crime
Citizens’ perceived degrees of urban risks
Maximum scale: 10 (Unit : out of 10)
According to revised juvenile act (2008.6.22),
juvenile crime is applied to the youth aged from
10 to less than 19 years old.
※ Since 2010, sexual assault part of special sexual
assault laws and the act of juvenile sex protection
have been changed to violent crime.
33,2
88
30,3
41
26,1
34
21,6
66
20,1
43
21,1
54
23,3
04
28,2
31
25,6
91
24,0
98
18,8
56
16,5
69
20,5
54
17,1
85
14,4
79
13,7
46
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
Nuclear and radiation accident 6.38Epidemic 6.27Safety accident 6.16National security 6.02Financial crisis 6.17Unemployment 6.14Corruption 5.66Violent crime 6.36Social conflict 5.63Social disorder caused by cyber crime 5.94Natural disaster 6.12Average degree of risk 6.08
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Safety issues
58.7%
(2015) 13,746 cases
(2000) 33,288 cases
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 51
Frequency of violent crime (murder and robbery) by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, Status of juvenile crime
� murder
� robbery1,566
2,077
2,303
3,013
1,884
1,696
1,401
1,296
1,169
1,760
1,323
1,214
749
572
439
501
1,399
1,874
2,134
2,841
1,655
1,478
1,201
1,077
948
1,510
1,029
956
570
420
276
343
Citizens’ perceived degrees of urban risks by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
5.84Nowon-gu
5.84Gangbuk-gu
5.83Eunpyeong-gu
6.04Seongbuk-gu
5.91Jongno-gu
5.96Seodaemun-gu
5.98
Jungnang-gu
6.18Dongdaemun-gu
6.18Jung-gu
6.19Mapo-gu
6.33
Gangseo-gu
6.10
Yangcheon-gu
6.26
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.96Dongjak-gu
5.84Guro-gu
6.18
Geumcheon-gu
6.27Gwanak-gu
6.31
Seocho-gu
6.12
Yongsan-gu
6.35
Seongdong-gu
5.93 Gwangjin-gu
6.44
Gangdong-gu
6.08
Songpa-gu
6.18Gangnam-gu
5.78
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 163
158
167
203
169
172
229
218
200
219
221
250
294
258
179
152
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
(Unit : Cases)
52 >> 53
Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with public transportation
6.59points (out of 10)
Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with subway
7.01points (out of 10)
Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with taxi
5.88points (out of 10)
Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with bus
6.88points (out of 10)
In Seoul, more than 60% of daily
traffic volume is accounted for by
subway, railroad, and bus travel.
Thus, one can argue that satisfaction
with public transportation is
equivalent to people’s satisfaction
with the general transportation
infrastructure in Seoul.
According to Seoul Surveys from
2008 and 2015, the average
satisfaction of citizens with public
transportation is steadily increasing.
Comparing 2008 and 2015, the
average satisfaction score for public
transportation has increased by
13.0% from 5.83 to 6.59.
In terms of average score for
satisfaction with different means
of public transportation during the
same period, the satisfaction score
for taxis increased by 14.4% from
5.14 to 5.88, the score for subways
increased by 11.3% from 6.30 to
7.01, and that for buses increased by
14.7% from 6.00 to 6.88.
Seoul citizens’ living satisfaction: Public transportation
5.83points (out of 10)
(2008)
6.59points (out of 10)
(2015)
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 1. Living satisfaction>> 53
Bus Subway Taxi
2003 4.76 5.99 4.722004 4.85 6.08 4.962005 5.61 6.26 4.702006 5.66 6.30 4.832007 6.00 6.33 4.922008 6.00 6.30 5.142009 6.19 6.52 5.272010 6.16 6.71 5.672011 6.28 6.79 5.612012 6.58 6.81 5.542013 6.67 7.03 5.502014 6.78 6.95 5.702015 6.88 7.01 5.88
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Average score on citizens’ satisfaction with public transportation by means of transportation and by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, (Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
� Bus
� Subway
� Taxi
Livingconditions
━ Female labor force in Seoul
━ Housing supply rate in Seoul
━ Preferred housing types in Seoul
━ Public transportation in Seoul
━ Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage
━ Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air
━ Air quality of Seoul: NO2
━ Air quality of Seoul: Underground
56 >> 57
Size of female labor force aged 15 and older
2,374thousand people
Female labor force participation rate
53.2%
Among females aged 15 and older,
2,374,000 participated in economic
activities in 2015. This number has
increased from 2,009,000 people
in 2000. The female labor force
participation rate is now 53.2%.
There is a great disparity between
the genders even though the
economical ly act ive female
population has been increasing since
2000. Disparity in the economically
active population between males
and females was 25.8 percentage
points in 2000 (74.6% for males
and 48.8% for females), and it is still
significant (19.7 percentage points)
in 2015.
Female labor force in Seoul
53.2% 72.9%
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 57
Labor force participation rate by gender and yearSource: Vital Statistics, Statistics Korea
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
Male
Female
Aged 15-29 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50-59 Aged 60 and more
40.4%
47.4%
89.8%
62.4% 63.9%
91.4%
60.8%
85.8%
46.8%
25.6%
Employment rate by age group, SeoulSource: Employment Survey by Region, Statistics Korea (2015 Q2)
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
(%)
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
(%)
� Male
� Female
74.6 74.5 75.3 74.8 75.1 75.3 74.7 74.7 73.7 72.5 73.0 73.7 73.0 72.7 73.5 72.9
48.8 49.6 49.7 50.0 51.6 52.0 51.9 51.7 51.0 49.8 51.2 52.0 52.3 52.6 53.7 53.2
58 >> 59
Source: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division,
Housing trends
Total
households
Total
housing units
Jongno-gu 60,684 55,275Jung-gu 44,864 45,745Yongsan-gu 96,157 92,110Seongdong-gu 103,603 108,205Gwangjin-gu 140,172 137,286Dongdaemun-gu 125,458 134,704Jungnang-gu 151,095 152,468Seongbuk-gu 177,555 166,234Gangbuk-gu 120,828 120,571Dobong-gu 121,032 121,302Nowon-gu 202,158 200,120Eunpyeong-gu 163,262 174,249Seodaemun-gu 108,570 111,435Mapo-gu 146,930 142,246Yangcheon-gu 159,404 158,604Gangseo-gu 207,653 202,039Guro-gu 151,559 150,429Geumcheon-gu 87,685 89,380Yeongdeungpo-
gu 141,212 134,927
Dongjak-gu 153,583 151,845Gwanak-gu 230,298 205,278Seocho-gu 147,625 147,797Gangnam-gu 214,332 208,718Songpa-gu 250,703 231,514Gangdong-gu 175,029 161,270
Housing supply rate in Seoul (2014)
97.9%
Housing Supply Rate
This is an index showing whether there is an excess and/or deficiency of housing in
a certain country or a region. Generally, it is calculated by dividing housing units by
households (total housing units/average households x 100).
The number of total housing units is from the population and housing census,
Statistics Korea
In the years when the census was not conducted, the number of newly built houses
was added and the number of losses was subtracted yearly.
Change in Housing Supply Rate Scoring Criteria
The number of normal households by housing type was counted (including
households with five or less unrelated people and single households). Group
households (households with six or more unrelated people, dormitories, social
facilities, etc.) and foreign households were excluded.
The housing supply rate in Seoul has
increased continuously since 2009
and reached 97.9% in 2014. Out
of 100 households, 98 can afford
housing.
Among the 25 gus (districts) of Seoul,
9 gus, including Dongdaemun-gu,
Eunpyeong-gu, Seongdong-gu, and
Seodaemun-gu, have housing supply
rates of over 100%. The other 16 gus
have relatively lower housing supply
rates, and the lowest housing supply
rate is 89.1% in Gwanak-gu.
Total housing units versus total households by gu
Housing supply rate in Seoul(2014)
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 59
Total households, total housing units, and housing supply rate by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division, Housing trends
2007
93.2%
2005
93.7%
2006
94.1%
2010
97.0%
2012
97.3%
2014
97.9%
2008
93.6%
2009
93.1%
97.1%
2011 2013
97.5%
� Total households
� Total Housing Units
� Housing Supply Rate(%)
Housing supply rates by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan City Housing Policy Division, Housing trends
Dobong-gu
100.2Nowon-gu
99.0Gangbuk-gu
99.8Eunpyeong-gu
106.7Seongbuk-gu
93.6Jongno-gu
91.1Seodaemun-gu
102.6
Jungnang-gu
100.9Dongdaemun-gu
107.4Jung-gu
102.0Mapo-gu
96.8
Gangseo-gu
97.3
Yangcheon-gu
99.5
Yeongdeungpo-gu
95.5Dongjak-gu
98.9Guro-gu
99.3
Geumcheon-gu
101.9Gwanak-gu
89.1
Seocho-gu
100.1
Yongsan-gu
95.8
Seongdong-gu
104.4 Gwangjin-gu
97.9
Gangdong-gu
92.1
Songpa-gu
92.3Gangnam-gu
97.4
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
100
95
90
80
85
(Unit : %)
60 >> 61
% of people preferring to live in an apartment
62.0%
% of people preferring to live in a detached house
23.5%
(Unit : %)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Apartment 58.6 60.5 63.7 60.0 62.0Detached House 26.1 25.8 23.8 23.9 23.5Row House/Multiplex House 11.5 8.8 8.1 10.6 9.3Studio Apartment 1.6 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.0Multi-unit Apartment 1.5 2.3 2.0 3.0 3.2
What will be Seoul’s main type
of housing in ten years? 62% of
householders in Seoul still hope to
live in apartments in ten years, while
23.5% want to move to detached
houses. The main housing type in
Seoul is still likely to be apartment
housing in ten years.
Preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey
Preferred housing types in Seoul
25.9%
Apartment Apartment
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 61
Apartment Detached House Row House /
Multiplex House
Studio
Apartment
Multi-unit
Apartment
2011 31.2 17.2 15.2 6.9 6.7 6.9 5.2 4.4 2.72012 29.8 19.5 13.8 11.2 7.9 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.32013 28.9 22.7 10.9 12.1 8.5 5.3 3.7 4.5 3.62014 29.0 20.0 13.2 11.0 6.5 7.3 5.3 4.1 3.42015 25.9 21.3 8.5 14.7 9.9 5.0 3.4 5.1 6.2
Apartment
↓
Apartment
Detached
House
↓
Apartment
Detached
House
↓
Detached
House
Row House
/ etc
↓
Apartment
Apartment
↓
Detached
House
Detached
House
↓
Row House
/ etc
Row House
/ etc
↓
Row House
/ etc
Row House
/ etc
↓
Detached
House
Apartment
↓
Row House
/ etc
Preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey
Current vis-à-vis preferred housing types by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, Seoul Survey
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
� 2011
� 2012
� 2013
� 2014
� 2015
� 2011
� 2012
� 2013
� 2014
� 2015
26.1
25.8
23.8
23.9
23.5
11.5
8.8
8.1 10
.69.
3
1.6 2.5
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.3
1.5 2.0 3.0
3.2
58.6
60.5 63
.760
.0 62.0
2011 58.6 26.1 11.5 1.6 1.52012 60.5 25.8 8.8 2.5 2.3 2013 63.7 23.8 8.1 2.4 2.0 2014 60.0 23.9 10.6 2.5 3.0 2015 62.0 23.5 9.3 2.0 3.2
62 >> 63
Modal share by subway and train (2014)
39.0%
Modal share by bus (2014)
27.0%
Modal share by taxi (2014)
6.8%
Transport volume
(k/day)
Modal Share
(%)
Car 7,461 22.8Bus 8,831 27.0Subway·Train 12,741 39.0Taxi 2,219 6.8 Etc. 1,437 4.4Total 32,690 100.0
Source: Seoul Metropolitan City (http:/traffic.seoul.go.kr/
archives/289)
Subways and trains are the “feet”
of Seoul citizens. The modal share
of subways and trains was 39% in
2014, which was the largest among
public transportation modes. Buses
had a modal share of 27.0% and
cars had 22.8%.
The modal share of subways
increased continuously from 29.4%
in 1996 to 38.8% in 2013 and
reached 39% in 2014. Meanwhile,
the modal share of taxis decreased
steadily from 10.4% in 1996 to 6.8%
in 2014.
Model share by mode (2014)
Public transportation in Seoul
Subway
Taxi
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 63
1996 2002
1,51
32,
195
10,2
857,
705
7,98
3
20061,
592
1,95
910
,839
8,61
68,
188
2010
1,38
22,
236
11,2
898,
746
7,50
2
2013 2014
1,41
82,
219
12,6
298,
812
7,43
4
1,43
72,
219
12,7
418,
831
7,46
1
1996
5.5
10.4
29.4
30.1
24.6
2002
5.17.
434
.626
.026.9
2006
5.16.
334
.727
.626
.3
2010
4.47.
236
.228
.124
.1
20142013
4.46.
838
.827
.122
.9
4.46.
839
.027
.022
.8
Transport volume by mode and yearSource: household travel diary survey
Modal share by mode and yearSource: household travel diary survey
� Car
� Bus
� Subway·Train
� Taxi
� Etc.
� Car
� Bus
� Subway·Train
� Taxi
� Etc.
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
15,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
(k/day)
1,52
92,90
18,
183
8,35
86,
829
64 >> 65
Total fire incidents in Seoul(2015)
5,921Cases
Total fire incidents in Gangnam-gu(2015)
504 Cases
Total damage caused by fires(2015)
14,337million KRW
A record number of fire incidents
occurred in 2001 in Seoul: 7,379.
The number steadily decreased
until 2006, increased in 2007, and
peaked again at 6,731 in 2008.
Though the number decreased after
that, the trend has been increasing
since 2013.
A total of 5,921 fire incidents
occurred in 2015. The greatest
number of incidents was recorded
in Gangnam-gu (504) and the least
in Geumcheon-gu (131).
Economic damage due to fires
was also higher in years with more
frequent fire incidents. Damage
decreased by 66% between 2001
and 2006 from 1.6 billion KRW
to 0.5 billion KRW as incidents
decreased. In 2007 and 2008, when
the incidents increased, damage
increased by 226% (1.9 billion
KRW) and 306% (2.2 billion KRW)
compared to 2006. Damage caused
by fires in 2015 was 1.4 billion KRW.
Fires in Seoul: Frequency and damage
Gangnam-gu
Seocho-gu
Gangseo-gu
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 65
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
7,058
7,379
6,017
5,5035,421
4,9964,907
6,698
6,731
6,318
5,321
5,5265,724
5,646
5,815
Frequency and damage of fires by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters Counterplan of Disaster Division: Trends in fires
Frequency of fires by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters Counterplan of Disaster Division: Trends in fires
Dobong-gu
188Nowon-gu
241Gangbuk-gu
178Eunpyeong-gu
244Seongbuk-gu
151Jongno-gu
260Seodaemun-gu
215
Jungnang-gu
175Dongdaemun-gu
223Jung-gu
237Mapo-gu
251
Gangseo-gu
301
Yangcheon-gu
218
Yeongdeungpo-gu
243Dongjak-gu
185Guro-gu
221
Geumcheon-gu
131Gwanak-gu
285
Seocho-gu
303
Yongsan-gu
187
Seongdong-gu
197 Gwangjin-gu
241
Gangdong-gu
264
Songpa-gu
278Gangnam-gu
504
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
(thousand won)
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
(Cases)20
15
5,921
(Unit : Cases)
� Number of cases
� Total damage
� Damage on real estate
� Damage on movable asset
66 >> 67
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
6570
7669
61 58 60 6155 54
49 4741 44 46 46
Average concentration of air particulates in Seoul (2015)
46㎍/㎥
The concentration of air particulates
in Seoul decreased from 76 ㎍/㎥ in
2002 to 41 ㎍/㎥ in 2012. In 2015, an
air particulate concentration of 46 ㎍
/㎥ was recorded. This figure is close
to the air particulate concentration
in Jeju-do, a well-known clean
region, where a concentration
of 42 ㎍/㎥ was recorded in 2011.
Such an improvement in air quality
can be seen as a result of policy
implementation in Seoul. In 2005,
Seoul Metropolitan City started
pollution mitigation work for diesel
cars and started managing gas
emissions of diesel cars with expired
emissions warranty periods. The air
particulate emissions standard was
enhanced from 60 ㎍/㎥ to 50㎍/㎥
in 2007.
Average concentration of air particulates in Seoul by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City, Air Pollution Trends
80
60
40
20
0
(㎍/㎥)
Average, Seoul
Air quality of Seoul: Particulates in the air
50㎍/m3
60㎍/m3
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 67
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
0.04
1
0.03
8
0.03
8
0.03
5
0.03
4
0.03
3
0.03
3
0.03
3
0.03
20.03
6
0.03
8
0.03
7
0.03
4
0.03
6
0.03
5
0.03
0
Average concentration of NO2 in Seoul (2015)
0.032 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide emitted by fossil
fuel combustion and chemical
manufacturing greatly influences air
pollution and is 5 to 10 times more
toxic than nitrogen monoxide. Long-
term exposure to nitrogen dioxide
increases the risk of severe acute
lung infections like pneumonia,
acute lung injury, and other fatal
diseases.
The average nitrogen dioxide
concentration goes up and down
every year without significant
change. There was a peak during
2007 and 2008 of 0.038 ppm, but
it decreased to its lowest level of
0.030ppm in 2012. From 2013 to
2015, it has maintained a level of
0.032–0.033ppm.
Air quality of Seoul: NO2
Average concentration of NO2 in Seoul by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan City, Air Pollution Trends
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
(ppm)
Average, Seoul
68 >> 69
City limits for particulates in underground facilities
140㎍/㎥
Particulate concentration in the
Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit
Corporation and underground
facilities that are used most
frequently by Seoul citizens
decreased by 19–25% from 107.8
㎍/㎥ in 2004 to 81.0㎍/㎥ in 2015,
and from 112.5㎍/㎥ in 2007 to 90.7
㎍/㎥ in 2015. The air particulate
concentration in underground
shopping complexes also decreased
by 22% from 64.3㎍/㎥ in 2006 to
50.2㎍/㎥ in 2015. All underground
facilities have safe particulate
concentration levels and are under
Seoul’s limit for particulates (140㎍/
㎥) in underground facilities.
Underground air quality: Seoul metropolitan rapid transit corporation (2015)
81.0㎍/㎥
Underground air quality: underground shopping complex (2015)
50.2㎍/㎥
Underground air quality: Seoul metro (2015)
90.7㎍/㎥
Air quality of Seoul: Underground
19-25%
II. Everyday life in Seoul >> 2. Living conditions>> 69
107.
8
107.
4
108.
2
104.
8
111.
2
100.
7
92.1
92.4
85.4
79.5
81.1
81.0
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
112.
5
95.2
96.5
92.1
92.4
90.2
91.0
90.4
90.7
Average concentration of particulates by year: Seoul metropolitan rapid transit corporation
Source: Seoul Metropolitan City · Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit, Subway
Station Buildings Air Quality Survey Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management
Corporation, Underground Shopping Complex Air Quality Survey
Average concentration of particulates by year: underground shopping complex
Source: Seoul Metropolitan City · Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit, Subway
Station Buildings Air Quality Survey Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management
Corporation, Underground Shopping Complex Air Quality Survey
Average concentration of particulates by year: Seoul metro
Source: Seoul Metropolitan City · Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit, Subway
Station Buildings Air Quality Survey Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management
Corporation, Underground Shopping Complex Air Quality Survey
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
(㎍/㎥)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
(㎍/㎥)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
(㎍/㎥)
(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)
(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)
(Limit : 140㎍/㎥)
53.0
64.3
57.9
49.1
52.8
52.3
51.1
51.1
51.1
50.6
50.2
III
━ How happy are people in Seoul?
━ Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?
━ How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health
conditions?
━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social
status
━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward
mobility
━ Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s
economic and social status
72 >> 73
Average happiness score of Seoul citizen (2015)
7.13points (out of 10)
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Question : Considering everything, how satisfied are you with your current life?
Score your level of happiness (the unhappiest: 0, the happiest: 10)
Seoul citizens’average happiness
score of was 7.13 in 2015. 24.7%
and 19.5% of respondents showed
happiness scores of 7 and 8,
respectively.
Happiness scores by age group
showed that people from ten to
39-years-old had similar average
scores of 7.2, while those in their
40s and older had lower happiness
scores. The scores for people in their
50s and 60s and older age groups
rapidly declined.
There is an interesting correlation
between happiness and marriage.
According to Seoul Survey (2015),
married people had an average
happiness score that was 0.06
higher than that of unmarried
people. Meanwhile, married people’
s score was 0.24 higher than that
of divorced or separated people
and 0.34 higher than that of
bereaved people. Marriage does
not necessarily make people happy,
but a happy marriage contributes to
individual happiness.
Distribution of happiness scores
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
3 or lower 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.03.9
11.2
18.8
24.7
19.5
12.4
8.7
How happy are people in Seoul?
College degree
More than 5 million KRW
Teenager
Unmarried
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 73
7.15points
7.21points
6.91points
6.81points
7.29points
7.23points
6.90points
7.21points
7.15points
7.17points
Happiness score by the highest education level and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Happiness score by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Happiness score by marital statusSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
6.74 7.
22
7.20
7.15
6.00
6.89
6.16
7.07
6.60 7.
41
Middle
School
Less than
1 M KRW
2-3
M KRW
1-2
M KRWHigh
School
3-4
M KRWCollege 4-5
M KRWGraduate
School
More than
5 M KRW
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit: out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit: out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
Married
Unmarried
Divorced/Separated
Bereaved
10s
20s
30s
40s
50s
60s and older
74 >> 75
18.1%
25.6%Extreme
High
Normal
Low
Rare
28.3%
25.0%
3.0%
Stress level during the last 2 weeks (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Low stress in daily life leads to
positive feelings and increased
v i t a l i t y a n d m o t i va t i o n t o
accomplish one’s goals. Meanwhile,
excessive stress lowers efficiency
at work and causes physical and
psychological disorders.
A total of 5 to 6 of every 10 Seoulites
have experienced stress, and 47.5%
of the respondents (25.6% of total
respondents) have experienced
extreme stress . Among the
respondents, people in their 20s
represented the highest proportion
of people who had experienced
extreme stress. Considering income
level, all people except those earning
1–2 million KRW per month said they
experienced extreme stress.
Mapo-gu and Gwangjin-gu had the
highest proportion of people who
said that they were under heavy
stress. Seocho-gu and Dongjak-gu
had a relatively lower proportion.
% of people with extreme stress during the last 2 weeks (2015)
25.6%
% of people stressed out during the last 2 weeks (2015)
53.9%
Healthy Seoul: How stressed out are citizens?
Seocho-gu
Dongjak-gu
Gangdong-gu
Gangnam-gu
Gwangjin-gu
Mapo-gu
Gangbuk-gu
Jungnang-gu
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 75
23.8 27
.3
27.5
24.426
.4
23.7
28.8
25.2
23.3 26
.4
26.1
25.6
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and older
% of people experiencing extreme stress by age group and income level (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
% of people experiencing extreme stress by gu (2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
28.6Nowon-gu
27.4Gangbuk-gu
30.9Eunpyeong-gu
26.1Seongbuk-gu
27.7Jongno-gu
21.8Seodaemun-gu
27.5
Jungnang-gu
30.8Dongdaemun-gu
26.5Jung-gu
26.8Mapo-gu
33.2
Gangseo-gu
25.4
Yangcheon-gu
26.1
Yeongdeungpo-gu
22.1Dongjak-gu
20.1Guro-gu
26.4
Geumcheon-gu
24.7
Gwanak-gu
25.2
Seocho-gu
19.8
Yongsan-gu
28.6
Seongdong-gu
24.0 Gwangjin-gu
33.8
Gangdong-gu
20.4
Songpa-gu
22.5Gangnam-gu
20.5
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
(Unit : %)
Less than
1 M KRW
2-3
M KRW
1-2
M KRW
3-4
M KRW
4-5
M KRW
More than
5 M KRW
76 >> 77
Average score on satisfaction with health (2015)
7.18points (out of 10)
Highest satisfaction score in Dongjak-gu (2015)
7.62points (out of 10)
Seoul citizens’average score for
satisfaction with their health in 2015
was 7.18 out of 10, which is relatively
high.
By district, Dongjak-gu, Gangseo-
gu, and Guro-gu at 7.62, 7.56, and
7.42 had the highest scores among
the 25 districts, while Gangdong-
gu, Jung-gu, and Yongsan-gu had
the lowest scores at 6.85, 6.88, and
6.90.
Ana lys i s o f soc ioeconomic
characteristics and people’s
satisfaction with their health shows
that people are more satisfied
when they have higher income.
People with an income of more
than 4 million KRW had an average
satisfaction score of 7.26 (4–5
million KRW: 7.26; and more than 5
million KRW: 7.23). However, people
earning less than 1 million KRW
had the lowest satisfaction score of
6.68, people 1–2 million KRW had
a score of 6.75, and people earning
2–3 million KRW had a score of 7.06.
Older age groups lower satisfaction
scores. People in their 60s or older
had a score of 6.55, and those in
their 50s had a score of 6.87. People
in their 40s had a score of 7.30,
people in their 30s had a score of
7.42, people in their 20s had a score
of 7.72, and people in their second
decade had a score of 7.70.
How satisfied are people in Seoul with their own health?
More than 4 million KRW
20s
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 77
Average score on satisfaction with health by income(2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with health by age group(2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Less than 1 Million KRW
1-2 Million KRW
2-3 Million KRW
3-4 Million KRW
4-5 Million KRW
More than 5 Million KRW
10s
20s
30s
40s
50s
60s and older
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit: out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit: out of 10)
6.68points
7.70points
6.75points
7.72points
7.06points
7.42points
7.18points
7.30points
7.26points
6.87points
7.23points
6.55points
78 >> 79
Health
conditions
6.88
6.90 7.06 7.1
57.1
67.1
8
5.88
5.90 6.
05 6.23
6.21 6.28 6.
75 6.82 6.90 6.95 7.08
7.09
6.80 6.89 6.99 7.03 7.1
47.1
6
6.64 6.73 6.84 6.94 7.01 7.04
Relationship
with friends
Home life Social lifeEconomic
conditions
Average scores of satisfaction with health by domain and yeatSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Average score on satisfaction with health by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
6.92Nowon-gu
7.19Gangbuk-gu
7.09Eunpyeong-gu
7.13Seongbuk-gu
7.02Jongno-gu
7.14Seodaemun-gu
7.21
Jungnang-gu
7.01Dongdaemun-gu
6.99Jung-gu
6.88Mapo-gu
7.07
Gangseo-gu
7.56
Yangcheon-gu
7.30
Yeongdeungpo-gu
7.36Dongjak-gu
7.62Guro-gu
7.42
Geumcheon-gu
7.31
Gwanak-gu
7.37
Seocho-gu
7.26
Yongsan-gu
6.90
Seongdong-gu
7.03 Gwangjin-gu
7.12
Gangdong-gu
6.85
Songpa-gu
7.03Gangnam-gu
7.20
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
� 2010
� 2011
� 2012
� 2013
� 2014
� 2015
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 79
Seoul citizens’ average score for
perceived economic status was
6.21 (considering 1 as the lowest
class and 10 as the uppermost),
showing that on average citizens
perceive themselves as belonging
to the middle class of society.
The percentage of respondents
reporting 6 as their degree of
perceived economic status was
highest at 22.6%, followed by those
selecting 5 and 7 at 21.6% and
21.8%, respectively.
Compared to individuals’current
perceived economic and social
s tatus , the i r average score
adolescence was 5.87, representing
an average increase in perceived
status.
Subjective social statusSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Subjective social status during adolescenceSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
1
1
1.4%
2
2
1.5%
3
3
4
4
9.2%
5
5
21.6%
25.4%
6
6
22.6%
20.3%
7
7
21.8%
18.6%
8
8
12.7%
10.5%
9
9
10
10
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
4.2%
6.5%
5.2%
3.3%
7.3%
3.1%
1.0%1.4%
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: On economic and social status
6.21points (out of 10)
Average
6.21points
(out of 10)
Average
5.87points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
Maximum scale: 10
2.5%
41.9% 25.7%
25.1%44.7%30.2%
26.8%39.7%33.5%
22.7%44.3%33.0%
32.4%
32.9%31.7%35.3%
80 >> 81
Only a few people positively view
the probability of upward mobility
through individual effort. According
to the Seoul Survey, 30-35%, thus,
only 3-4 respondents out of every
10, expressed positivity towards
the probability of upward social
mobility through individual effort,
while average and low probability
received approximately twice as
many responses at 65-70%.
Negativity towards the probability of
upward mobility through individual
effort increased at lower income
and educational levels. Among the
25 gus, Seodaemun- gu, Dobong-gu,
and Gwangjin-gu displayed relatively
low scores for the perceived
probability of upward mobility at
4.76, 4.79, and 4.83 respectively.
Average degree of the subjective probability of upward mobility
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
5.15 Points (out of 10)
Share of the respondents in the subjective probability of upward mobility (2011-2015)Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
� High
� Average
� Low
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Likeliness of upward mobility
30-35%
26.1%42.1%31.8%
26.0%42.0%32.0%
25.3%41.9%32.9%
25.5%
29.0%
27.6%
27.0%
26.7%
25.5%
25.0%
40.8%
39.9%
43.4%
43.6%
42.3%
40.8%
41.8%
33.8%
31.1%
29.0%
29.3%
30.9%
33.7%
33.2%
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 81
Subjective probability of upward mobility by education levelsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Subjective probability of upward mobility by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Average degree of the subjective probability of upward mobility by guSource: Statistics Korea, 2010, Complete Enumeration Results of the Population and Housing Census
Dobong-gu
4.79Nowon-gu
5.19Gangbuk-gu
5.17Eunpyeong-gu
4.95Seongbuk-gu
4.99Jongno-gu
5.04Seodaemun-gu
4.76
Jungnang-gu
4.86Dongdaemun-gu
4.94Jung-gu
4.88Mapo-gu
5.21
Gangseo-gu
5.32
Yangcheon-gu
4.92
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.31Dongjak-gu
5.59Guro-gu
5.47
Geumcheon-gu
5.52
Gwanak-gu
5.54
Seocho-gu
5.56
Yongsan-gu
5.16
Seongdong-gu
4.89 Gwangjin-gu
4.83
Gangdong-gu
4.90
Songpa-gu
5.21Gangnam-gu
5.21
� High � Average � Low
� High � Average � Low
Middle school degree and below
High school degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree and above
Less than 1 Million KRW
1-2 Million KRW
2-3 Million KRW
3-4 Million KRW
4-5 Million KRW
More than 5 Million KRW
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
82 >> 83
� High
� Average
� Low
� High
� Average
� Low
Subjective probability of upward mobility
Probabilty of upward social mobility for ones child
Subjective probability of one’s own upward mobility by age group
Subjective probability of upward mobility for one’s child by age group
In 2015, surveys on the “probability
of one’s own upward social mobility”
and the “probability of upward
social mobility for one’s child” were
conducted separately. The results
showed that the percentage of
responses under high probability
for “one’s own” remained at 32.4%,
while that of “one’s child” reached
46.6%, representing citizens’
positive expectations for the next
generation.
� High
� Average
� Low
Question asked in 2015 : What do you think is the probability that you or your child can achieve upward mobility within economic and social strata
through individual efforts in our society?
Question asked before 2014 : What do you think is the degree of probability of upward mobility within social and economic strata through individual
efforts in our society?
My standing
Children’s standing
10s
20s
30s
40s
50s
60s and older
10s
20s
30s
40s
50s
60s and older
32.4%
46.6%
34.5%
46.5%
32.7%
48.5%
32.1%
48.9%
32.0%
47.8%
32.0%
46.5%
32.7%
42.3%
41.9%
35.6%
41.9%
35.0%
41.7%
33.5%
43.1%
34.7%
42.5%
35.1%
42.6%
35.7%
40.0%
38.6%
25.7%
17.7%
23.6%
18.5%
25.7%
18.0%
24.8%
16.3%
25.6%
17.1%
25.4%
17.8%
27.3%
19.1%
III. Well-being in Seoul >> 83
Who are the ordinary citizen in our
society? Through the survey that
inquired what social and economic
strata a ordinary citizen belongs
to, the citizens of Seoul identified
the range from the 3rd to the 5th
decile as the ordinary citizens of
Seoul, where 1 is the lowest and
10 the highest. This identification
of social stratification displayed
low generational variation. The
perceived range for ordinary citizens
among the baby boom generation
was 3.01-4.87, while that for the
millennial generation was similar at
3.04-4.88.
1 (Lowest)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 (Uppermost)
4.87
3.00
Average, Seoul
Question asked in 2015 : The word "ordinary citizen" is
frequently used in our society. In the diagram of social
and economic strata below, to which stratum does a
ordinary citizen belong?
� (Minimum Stratum ) � (Maximum Stratum )
Subjective views of Seoul citizens: Ordinary citizen’s economic and social status
3rd to 5th decile
Millennium Generation
Baby Boom Generation
3.04-4.88points (out of 10)
3.01-4.87points (out of 10)
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government ·The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
IV
━ Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work
━ Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations
━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children
with disabilities
━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due
to more social welfare for the elderly
━ Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to
empower female social participation
━ Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens
━ Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens
━ Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice
86 >> 87
Average participation frequency of volunteer work
Volunteering Rate (2015)
12.3%
Volunteering Rate of Teenagers
33.0%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Environmental
Convervation-Related
2.61 2.68 2.94 2.85
Children Education-
Related
3.39 4.50 3.89 3.13
Other Minority Groups-
Related
3.39 3.44 4.33 3.56
Culture and Arts-Related - - 3.90 3.01
Others 2.78 2.60 - -
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,
by Year, Seoul Survey
Seoul citizens’ rate of volunteering
shows a decreasing trend. In 2015, it
was 12.3%, a 12.3% decrease in five
years from 24.6% in 2010.
By district, while Dongdaemun-
gu, Songpa-gu, and Seongdong-gu
displayed the highest participation
rate among the 25 gus at 18.2%,
16.5%, and 15.8% respectively, Guro-
gu, Gangseo-gu, and Yeongdeungpo-
gu showed the lowest at 6.3%, 8.3%,
and 8.9% respectively. High rates of
volunteering were identified at high-
income levels.
As for the rate of volunteering
by field, minority group-related
volunteer work, such as social
services and hospital work, was
the highest at an average of 3.56
times per year, while arts-related
volunteer work, such as cultural
education and talent donation,
was 3.13 times per year. Child
education-related volunteer work
averaged 3.01 and environmental
conservation-related volunteer
work averaged 2.85.
Volunteering rate by income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
15.0
12.0
9.0
6.0
3.0
0.0
(%)
Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Volunteer work
3.56 times
3.01times
2.85 times
2-3 M
KRW
1-2 M
KRW
Less than
1 M KRW
3-4 M
KRW
4-5 M
KRW
More than
5 M KRW
8.6%
6.1%
4.2%
10.6%
13.4% 13.8%
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 87
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and older
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
2006 20152007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
12.5% 12.3%
17.7%
20.0% 20.3%
24.6%
23.0% 22.7%
20.3%
13.4%
Volunteering rateSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
Volunteering rate by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Volunteering rate by age groupSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Volunteering rate by education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
11.2Nowon-gu
11.0Gangbuk-gu
12.1Eunpyeong-gu
10.6Seongbuk-gu
10.0Jongno-gu
13.1Seodaemun-gu
14.5
Jungnang-gu
15.2Dongdaemun-gu
18.2Jung-gu
12.8Mapo-gu
12.6
Gangseo-gu
8.3
Yangcheon-gu
14.6
Yeongdeungpo-gu
8.9Dongjak-gu
10.0Guro-gu
6.3
Geumcheon-gu
13.9
Gwanak-gu
14.1
Seocho-gu
10.4
Yongsan-gu
12.4
Seongdong-gu
15.8 Gwangjin-gu
12.2
Gangdong-gu
13.5
Songpa-gu
16.5Gangnam-gu
12.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
18.8%
11.3% 11.3%
16.1%
(Unit : %)
33.0%
12.8% 11.1%12.7%
10.4%8.0%
88 >> 89
Donation rate (2015)
41.7%
Gus with min and max donation rate (2015)
55.2%
Dongdaemun-gu
In 2015, 41.7% of Seoul citizens
made donations, demonstrating a
5.2% decrease from 2014.
Donation rates increased at higher
education and income levels. By age
group, donation rates were highest
among people in their 30s at 44.2%
and those in their 50s 44.4%.
By district, Guro-gu, Gangseo-
gu, and Dobong-gu displayed the
lowest donation rates among the
25 gus at 28.9%, 31.1%, and 33.3%
respectively, while Dongdaemun-
gu, Gangnam-gu, and Seongdong-
gu displayed highest donation
rates at 55.2%, 54.6%, and 50.7%
respectively.
By form of donations, donations
through automated response
systems (ARS) or cash offerings
were most frequent.
Donation rateSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
45.4% 45.8%
40.7% 37.8% 35.5%
46.9%
41.7%
Participation rate among Seoul citizens: Donations
Dongdaemun-gu
Gangnam-gu
Seongdong-gu
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 89
Through Automated
Response System
(ARS)
Cash Offering Electronic Billing System or
Online Transfer
Goods Points
27.7
24.4
23.5
21.1
25.5
23.0
12.3
12.6
10.0
8.2
13.2
13.3
5.6
4.8
3.2
2.8
6.4
6.6
5.5 6.3
5.7
4.2
9.4
8.6
5.9
4.8
Forms of donations by year Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
Donor participation rate by age group Donor participation rate by education level
Donor participation rate by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
33.3Nowon-gu
42.9Gangbuk-gu
37.3Eunpyeong-gu
35.3Seongbuk-gu
40.4Jongno-gu
35.3Seodaemun-gu
47.2
Jungnang-gu
46.7Dongdaemun-gu
55.2Jung-gu
47.0Mapo-gu
33.8
Gangseo-gu
31.1
Yangcheon-gu
36.4
Yeongdeungpo-gu
45.1Dongjak-gu
46.9Guro-gu
28.9
Geumcheon-gu
49.7
Gwanak-gu
46.8
Seocho-gu
41.0
Yongsan-gu
44.0
Seongdong-gu
50.7 Gwangjin-gu
34.8
Gangdong-gu
42.9
Songpa-gu
42.2Gangnam-gu
54.6
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
(%)
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
(%)
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and older
36.4%
29.7%
41.3% 38.6%
44.2%46.7%43.7%
57.8%
44.4%
37.5%
� 2010
� 2011
� 2012
� 2013
� 2014
� 2015
(Unit : %)
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
90 >> 91
Comfortable socialization with
individuals with disabilities, which
is the willingness to socialize
with disabled people, shows the
power to overcome prejudice
and discrimination towards such
individuals. Among the citizen of
Seoul, the degree of approval for
one’s own child socializing with
a child with a disability was 6.09
in 2015, a 0.05 decrease from the
previous year.
The approval rate for one's child
socializing with a child with a
disability increased at lower age
groups and higher education and
income levels. Among the 25
gus, Mapo-gu, Gangseo-gu, and
Gangnam-gu displayed the lowest
degree of approval at 5.74, 5.84, and
5.85 respectively, while Gangbuk-
gu, Dobong-gu, and Seongdong-
gu showed the highes degree of
approval at 6.38, 6.34, and 6.33
respectively.
Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government·The Seoul Institute,
by Year, Seoul Survey
Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child
6.09points (out of 10)
Gu with highest degree of approval in socializing with disabled child
6.38points (out of 10)
Gangbuk-gu
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
Degree of approval in socializing with disabled child by education level
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
points
(out of 10)
6.04 6.07 6.11 6.25
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Socializing with children with disabilities
Gangbuk-gu
Dobong-gu
Seongdong-gu
Maximum scale: 10
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
5.69 5.65 5.66 5.656.14 6.09
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 91
6.17
6.18
6.10
6.056.14
5.956.06
5.99 6.10 6.13
5.946.14
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 1-2
Million
KRW
Less than
1 M KRW
2-3
Million
KRW
3-4
Million
KRW
4-5
Million
KRW
More than
5 Million
KRW
60s
and Above
Degree of disability awareness by age group and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Degree of disability awareness by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
6.34Nowon-gu
6.01Gangbuk-gu
6.38Eunpyeong-gu
6.08Seongbuk-gu
6.26Jongno-gu
6.13Seodaemun-gu
6.05
Jungnang-gu
6.20Dongdaemun-gu
6.13Jung-gu
6.28Mapo-gu
5.74
Gangseo-gu
5.84
Yangcheon-gu
5.89
Yeongdeungpo-gu
6.22Dongjak-gu
6.22Guro-gu
5.94
Geumcheon-gu
5.96
Gwanak-gu
6.22
Seocho-gu
5.94
Yongsan-gu
6.19
Seongdong-gu
6.33 Gwangjin-gu
6.29
Gangdong-gu
6.12
Songpa-gu
6.11Gangnam-gu
5.85
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
92 >> 93
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
5.05 5.08 5.42 5.425.06 5.08
Maximum scale: 10
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
In 2026, the aging population in
Seoul will exceed 20% of the total
population. Due to this increase
in the aging population, the social
burden for supporting the elderly
will be an unavoidable reality.
However, the citizens of Seoul have
so far shown a lukewarm response
to the acceptance of such a reality.
The mean approval rate for an
increase in tax burden in order to
expand social welfare for the elderly
remains at 5.08 (out of 10), an
“average”level.
The negative attitudes towards
such a tax burden increase was
higher among lower age groups.
Resistance to such a tax burden
increase peaks amongst people in
their 20s and 30s. The higher the
education level, the more negative
the attitude was towards the tax
burden, and it received the highest
resistance among people with
a Master’s degree or higher. By
districts, Dobong-gu, Eunpyeung-
gu, and Jungnang-gu showed the
highest negativity towards such a
tax burden among the 25 gus, with
approval rates of 4.87, 4.87, and 4.94
respectively, while Yeongdeongpo-
gu, Seongdong-gu, and Seocho-gu
showed the highest approval rates
at 5.32, 5.28, and 5.24.
Average degree of willingness for increased tax burden
Average degree of willingness for increased tax burden
5.08points (out of 10)
6.00
5.00
4.00
points
(out of 10)
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: Tax burden increase due to more social welfare for the elderly
Yeongdeungpo-gu
Seongdong-gu
Seocho-gu
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 93
Degree of approval for increase tax burden for more elderly social welfare by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Degree of approval for increased tax burden by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
4.87Nowon-gu
5.01Gangbuk-gu
5.18Eunpyeong-gu
4.87Seongbuk-gu
5.06Jongno-gu
5.10Seodaemun-gu
5.22
Jungnang-gu
4.94Dongdaemun-gu
5.09Jung-gu
5.14Mapo-gu
4.98
Gangseo-gu
5.06
Yangcheon-gu
5.05
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.32Dongjak-gu
5.13Guro-gu
5.22
Geumcheon-gu
5.08
Gwanak-gu
5.00
Seocho-gu
5.24
Yongsan-gu
5.12
Seongdong-gu
5.28 Gwangjin-gu
5.16
Gangdong-gu
5.13
Songpa-gu
5.02Gangnam-gu
5.10
5.06
4.96 5.035.17
5.13
5.15
5.09
5.065.18
4.95
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and Above
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
6.276.11 6.18 6.17
5.99 5.95
94 >> 95
Degree of approval by education level
Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation
5.95points (out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10
5.905.95 5.96 5.95
Note: Scores out of 10
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,
by Year, Seoul Survey
S e o u l f e m a l e s ’ l a b o r f o r c e
participation rate has steadily
increased from 2000 to 2015,
leading to a decrease in the
difference compared to men,
from 25.8 percentage point in
2000 to 19.7 percentage point in
2015. However, the labor force
participation rate still displays a
nearly 20 percentage point gap
between males and females.
Nevertheless, the approval rating
for the improving the system in
order to enhance females’labor
force participation rate is steadily
decreasing. The degree of approval
reached its peak in 2010 at 6.27,
but it has since decreased to 5.95 in
2015.
Among the 25 gus, Gangnam-gu,
Yangcheon-gu, and Gangdong-
gu displayed the lowest approval
rates at 5.58, 5.74, and 5.79, while
Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, and
Seodaemun-gu showed the highest
scores at 6.20, 6.17, and 6.15.
Degree of the approval for the “need for more system reforms to invigorate female social participation”
6.00
5.90
5.80
5.70
5.60
5.50
points
(out of 10)
Approval rate among Seoul citizens: System reforms to empower female social participation
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
7.00
6.00
5.00
points
(out of 10)
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 95
Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation by age group and income levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Degree of approval of system reforms to empower female participation by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
6.20Nowon-gu
5.90Gangbuk-gu
6.02Eunpyeong-gu
6.17Seongbuk-gu
5.91Jongno-gu
5.83Seodaemun-gu
6.15
Jungnang-gu
5.88Dongdaemun-gu
5.91Jung-gu
6.09Mapo-gu
5.95
Gangseo-gu
5.95
Yangcheon-gu
5.74
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.87Dongjak-gu
6.13Guro-gu
6.07
Geumcheon-gu
5.91
Gwanak-gu
6.04
Seocho-gu
5.94
Yongsan-gu
5.97
Seongdong-gu
6.09 Gwangjin-gu
5.90
Gangdong-gu
5.79
Songpa-gu
5.97Gangnam-gu
5.58
6.01
5.93
5.956.01
6.03
5.89 5.98
5.80 5.95
5.99
5.835.93
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and Above
1-2
Million
KRW
Less than
1 M KRW
2-3
Million
KRW
3-4
Million
KRW
4-5
Million
KRW
More than
5 Million
KRW
96 >> 97
Average degree of trust in neighbors
5.51points (out of 10)
% of Respondents expressing trust in neighbors (2015)
39.6%
% of Respondents expressing no trust in neighbors (2015)
19.4%
approval rates at 5.58, 5.74, and
5.79, while Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-
gu, and Seodaemun-gu showed the
highest scores at 6.20, 6.17, and 6.15.
Trust, along with caring and
coexistence, is a major factor in
achieving social integration. In
Korean society, where the main
subjects of trust are family members,
other people, and the general
public, social trust and its expansion
are preconditions for social
integration and prerequisites for the
sustainability of such integration.
In 2015, Seoul citizens’degree of trust
in neighbors was 5.51 out of 10, 3.32
lower than trust in family (8.83). Only
39.6% of the respondents expressed
trust for their neighbors, with 40.9%
and 19.4% expressing “some trust”
and “no trust”respectively.
Among the 25 gus, Yeongdeongpo-
gu, Gangnam-gu, and Nowon-
gu displayed the lowest trust in
neighbors at 5.23, 5.27, and 5.28
respectively, and Gwangjin-gu, Jung-
gu, and Dobong-gu showed the
highest trust in neighbors at 5.81,
5.76, and 5.71 respectively.
Average degree of trust in neighbors Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute,
(Corresponding year) Seoul Survey
2011 2012 2013 20152014
5.81
5.55
5.36
5.515.54
Maximum scale: 106.00
5.80
5.60
5.40
5.20
5.00
points
(out of 10)
Trust in neighbors among Seoul citizens
39.6%
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 97
9.3%38.9%47.6%
16.1%38.9%45.0%
17.9%41.9%40.1%
23.8%37.3%38.9%
18.9%41.2%39.9%
Share of the degree of trust in neighbors by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Degree of trust in neighbors by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Degree of trust in neighbors by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Dobong-gu
5.71Nowon-gu
5.28Gangbuk-gu
5.67Eunpyeong-gu
5.57Seongbuk-gu
5.63Jongno-gu
5.56Seodaemun-gu
5.44
Jungnang-gu
5.61Dongdaemun-gu
5.62Jung-gu
5.76Mapo-gu
5.64
Gangseo-gu
5.66
Yangcheon-gu
5.38
Yeongdeungpo-gu
5.23Dongjak-gu
5.44Guro-gu
5.40
Geumcheon-gu
5.51
Gwanak-gu
5.59
Seocho-gu
5.29
Yongsan-gu
5.70
Seongdong-gu
5.50 Gwangjin-gu
5.81
Gangdong-gu
5.31
Songpa-gu
5.61Gangnam-gu
5.27
5.42
5.36 5.525.70
5.54
5.48
5.52
5.51
5.47
5.50
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10
� Great Deal
� Some
� None
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 19.4%40.9%39.6%
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and Above
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
98 >> 99
Confidence in public institutions (2015)
5.05points (out of 10)
Gu with highest confidence in public institutions (2015)
5.52points (out of 10)
Dobong-gu
The average degree of confidence
in public institutions by the citizens
of Seoul in 2015 was 5.05 out of 10,
a score that is 3.78 lower than for
family (8.83) and 0.46 lower than
for neighbors (5.51). The ratio of
citizens who had “great confidence”
in public institutions was 32.2%,
while “no confidence”and “some
confidence”received 28.9% and
38.9% of the responses.
Generational variation indicates a
decreasing trend in confidence in
public institutions from teenagers
to those in their 30s, followed by
an increasing trend beyond the
40s that finally peaks in those in
their 60s. By education level, a
decreasing trend is observed among
those with a middle-school degree
or Bachelor’s degree, followed by
an increasing trend in those with a
Master’s degree and above.
By districts, while Dongjak-gu, Jung-
gu, and Seocho-gu displayed the
lowest scores among the 25 gus at
4.73, 4.75, and 4.77 respectively,
Dobong-gu, Jungnang-gu, and
Gangbuk-gu showed the highest
scores at 5.52, 5.51, and 5.50.
Confidence in public institutions among Seoul citizens
Average degree of confidence in public institutionsSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
2010 2011 2012 2013 20152014
5.73
5.14 5.225.055.08
5.32
Maximum scale: 106.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
points
(out of 10)
Dobong-gu
Jungnang-gu
Gangbuk-gu
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 99
Degree of confidence in public institutions by guSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
15.2%44.7%41.7%
23.8%44.7%31.5%
22.9%44.7%32.4%
18.8%48.6%32.5%
28.5%38.7%32.8%
Dobong-gu
5.52Nowon-gu
4.95Gangbuk-gu
5.50Eunpyeong-gu
5.36Seongbuk-gu
5.08Jongno-gu
4.89Seodaemun-gu
5.22
Jungnang-gu
5.51Dongdaemun-gu
4.97Jung-gu
4.75Mapo-gu
5.24
Gangseo-gu
4.96
Yangcheon-gu
5.00
Yeongdeungpo-gu
4.99Dongjak-gu
4.73Guro-gu
5.02
Geumcheon-gu
5.03
Gwanak-gu
5.13
Seocho-gu
4.77
Yongsan-gu
4.98
Seongdong-gu
5.07 Gwangjin-gu
4.96
Gangdong-gu
4.78
Songpa-gu
4.95Gangnam-gu
4.96
Share of the degree of confidence in public institutions by yearSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, by Year, Seoul Survey
Degree of confidence in public institutions by age group and education levelSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
5.19
5.02 5.
25
5.17
4.98 5.
29
5.05
5.005.
22
4.83
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
points
(out of 10)
Maximum scale: 10 Maximum scale: 10
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 28.9%38.9%32.2%
Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
� Great Deal
� Some
� None
10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s
and Above
Middle
school
degree
and below
High
school
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree
and above
100>> 101
Major factors of discrimination (2015)
Highest score in social justice (2015)
4.98points (out of 10)
Opportunity for Higher Education
Young adults (aged 25 to 34)
in Seoul selected income and
education level as the major
contributors to discrimination.
Less economic affluence and lower
educational levels were believed to
cause more social discrimination.
Evaluation of social justice, especially
issues of equality, by young
adults in Seoul was very negative.
According to the data from the 2015
Seoul Survey, the opportunity for
higher education received a score
of 4.98 out of 10, and other areas,
especially tax policies, opportunity
for employment, income, etc., all
received low scores below 4.5.
Young adults in Seoul: Views on social justice
Lowest score in social justice (2015)
3.96points (out of 10)
Minority rights
4.98points
45.9%
Education Level
49.3%
Income Level
Opportunity for Higher Education
50%
30%
10%
5points
3points
1points
Opportunity for higher
education
Income level
Development in capital
regions and provinces
Education level
Occupation
Gender equality
Social welfare
Appearance
Development in urban
and rural areas
Gender
Income and
revenue
Age
Opportunity for work
and employment
Nationality
Tax policy
Region of origin
Minority rights
Religion
IV. Citizenship in Seoul>> 101
Note:
Top two factors combined
4.98
49.3
4.69
45.9
4.68
39.2
4.65
24.1
4.51
13.2
4.31
12.8
4.27
10.3
4.03
2.6
3.96
2.6
Factors of discrimination identified by young adults in SeoulSource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey
Evaluation on areas of social justice and equalitySource: Seoul Metropolitan Government · The Seoul Institute, 2015 Seoul Survey Maximum scale: 10
(Unit : out of 10)
(Unit : %)
━ Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors
the changes happening in Seoul
━ Seoul survey index system
━ Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data
━ Outcomes of Seoul survey
Seoul survey is a city index system that comprehensively monitors the changes happening in Seoul
Seoul Survey is a city index system that monitors urban development and changes in the lives
of citizens from a time-series approach. The index data are aggregated through administrative
materials, large-scale household surveys, and foreigner surveys. The survey introduces the
agenda of each social aspect and policy area using a policy impact analysis based on multi-
dimensional analysis of the constructed data.
● To discover a time-appropriate policy using a trend
analysis of changes in Seoul
● To improve citizens’ trust in the public sector
through effective and smooth communication
Application
● A measure that shows how Seoul is changing in
various fields such as household status, residence
and livelihood, generation and social strata,
economy, welfare, transportation, environment,
and values and awareness
Function
● 12 dimensions, 41 categories, and 208 indicators
● Each year, the indices’ data are built based on
approximately 46, 000 Seoul citizens, 2,500 Seoul-
residing foreigners, and administrative data
Composition
Seoul survey index system
Dimensions Categories Indices
Population • Seoul citizens
• Seoul-residing foreigners 14Economy • Economic base
• Business environment
• Human resources
• Living environment
26
Urban development and urban life
• Residential conditions
• Living conditions
• Educational conditions
• Financial conditions
21
Culture • Cultural activities
• promotion of cultural activities
• Cultural infrastructures
• Cultural markets
23
Tourism • Tourist resources
• Tourist industries
• Tourist services
• Holiday tourism and environment
10
Welfare • Positive discrimination
• Health
• Elderly social security 20
Women and family • Gender equality
• Healthy family
• Child rearing14
Environment • Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Natural environment
• Waste
• Environmental governance
19
Transportation • Transportation infra
• Transportation service
• Eco-friendly transportation21
Information and knowledge
• Transparency
• Information application and consumption 6Safety and disaster
• Disaster safety
• Everyday safety
• Transportation safety
• Response to disaster
17
Values and awareness
• Consumption and work
• Family norms
• Citizenship17
Survey for construction of Seoul survey index data
Survey targets Households in Seoul and
members of households
aged 15 or above
Sample size 20,000 households
The total population of
members of households
aged 15 or above (46,837
people in 2015)
Survey period October, every year
Survey method 1 : 1 Household visit
interview
Survey target Foreigners aged 20 or above
residing in Seoul who have stayed
in the country for at least 90 days
Sample size 2,500 people
Survey period October, every year
Survey method on-the-spot
*Survey conducted since 2007
*Sample size increased in 2009
(1,000 people � 2,500 people)
Seoul at a glance
Survey of Seoul citizens
Survey of foreigners residing in Seoul *
Outcomes of Seoul survey
1
3
2Creating a scientific basis for the government administration through comprehensive statistics for policy analysis
validation of policy effects by continuously developing policy indices and analyzing citizen satisfaction
Systematic analysis of the current state of
Seoul and changes in the lives of citizens
a time-series analysis of the changes in the city, in people’s quality of life,
values, and awareness.
Enhanced citizens’ trust and confidence in the government administration by sharing local government information
Sharing various types of information in relation to city policy through statistics webzine, raw data, and publication of reports, thereby enhancing citizens’ trust.
Editors
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Younghoon Choi (CIO of Seoul)
Jeongjoon Ahn (Director, Data & Statistics Division)
Sun-ah Hwang (Deputy director, Data & Statistics Division)
Yubok Won (Officer, Data & Statistics Division)
Seoul Institute
Miree Byun (Director, Global Future Research Center)
Minjin Park (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)
Jin-ah Kim (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)
Yoonseok Choi (Researcher, Global Future Research Center)
2016 Seoul Metropolitan Government (Not for sale)
(Produced by) Data & Statistics Division, Information System Planning Bureau
(Edited by) Global Future Research Center, The Seoul Institute
(Designed by) 霖design | [email protected]
(Printed by) Hyunmum Group
(Publication number) 51-6110000-001481-10
ISBN 979-11-5621-942-2 03310
Seoul at a Glance2016