public policy in brazil: system performance & outcomes
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Public Policy in Brazil: System Performance & Outcomes. Regional Differences Important in Brazil. Distributive & Redistributive Policy. Quantity Available resources usually depend of domestic extractive capability Example of OPEC countries Areas of human life touched by benefits Welfare - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Public Policy in Brazil: Public Policy in Brazil: System Performance & System Performance &
Outcomes Outcomes
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Regional Differences Important in Brazil
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Distributive & Distributive & Redistributive Policy Redistributive Policy
QuantityQuantity Available resources usually depend of Available resources usually depend of
domestic extractive capabilitydomestic extractive capability Example of OPEC countries Example of OPEC countries
Areas of human life touched by benefitsAreas of human life touched by benefits WelfareWelfare National security National security
Welfare state as a distributive ideology Welfare state as a distributive ideology
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Chart –object of Chart –object of expenditures Distexpenditures Dist
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Extractive PolicyExtractive Policy
Services (military duty, jury duty) Services (military duty, jury duty) Taxation (extractions that have Taxation (extractions that have
no immediate or direct benefit) no immediate or direct benefit) Borrowing Borrowing Issues of efficiency and equity Issues of efficiency and equity
are always associated with are always associated with making and implementing making and implementing extractive rules extractive rules
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Chart -central Gvt Chart -central Gvt Revenue Revenue
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Sources of ExtractionSources of Extraction
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Kinds of Public Policies: Kinds of Public Policies: Regulation Regulation
RegulationRegulation of human behavior of human behavior CompulsionCompulsion Inducements Inducements
Goal – obtain compliance for the extractive Goal – obtain compliance for the extractive and distributive policies of the state and distributive policies of the state
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Kinds of Public Policies: Kinds of Public Policies: SymbolicSymbolic
Symbolism Symbolism political speechespolitical speeches holidays rites holidays rites public monuments public monuments
Used by government Used by government to exhort citizens to to exhort citizens to desired forms of desired forms of conduct conduct
Brasilia – Brasilia – symbolizing power in symbolizing power in Century 21Century 21
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Where Democratic Brazil’s Where Democratic Brazil’s Policy Implementation Policy Implementation
Record is MixedRecord is Mixed Producing growthProducing growth Controlling inflationControlling inflation Enacting economic reformEnacting economic reform
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Economic Policy Economic Policy
The recordThe record Inflation following return to democracy Inflation following return to democracy Cardoso: Real PlanCardoso: Real Plan Deregulation of financial and labor marketsDeregulation of financial and labor markets Pension reformPension reform Extractive capacity diminished by corruption Extractive capacity diminished by corruption TaxesTaxes
Tax on the Circulation of Goods and ServicesTax on the Circulation of Goods and Services Single value-added taxSingle value-added tax
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Other “Mixed” RecordsOther “Mixed” Records
Education resources Education resources used for elite creation used for elite creation poor record of elementary school poor record of elementary school basic adult literacy improves slowly basic adult literacy improves slowly
Redistributing income and providing Redistributing income and providing basic social servicesbasic social services Minimal reduction in broad disparities Minimal reduction in broad disparities Patron-client relations prevail Patron-client relations prevail
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Where Democratic Brazil’s Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is Poor: Health Record is Poor: Health
1988 Constitution - 1988 Constitution - Heath Care Heath Care Universally MandatedUniversally Mandated Access to system is Access to system is
unevenuneven
Quality of health care Quality of health care in shantytowns is lowin shantytowns is low Poor Health Indicators Poor Health Indicators
AIDS ProgramAIDS Program
Poor area of Rio de Poor area of Rio de Janeiro controlled by Janeiro controlled by armed drug-dealersarmed drug-dealers
No established medical No established medical facilities facilities
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Where Democratic Brazil’s Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is PoorRecord is Poor
Street childrenStreet children estimates they number estimates they number
25,000 nation-wide25,000 nation-wide Vulnerable & exploited Vulnerable & exploited Favela children Favela children
recruited by drug recruited by drug gangs who given them gangs who given them weaponsweapons
meninos de rua
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Where Democratic Brazil’s Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is Poor; Housing Record is Poor; Housing
The National Housing Bank The National Housing Bank (Banco Nacional de (Banco Nacional de Habitação--BNH) Habitação--BNH)
well-to-do live in chic well-to-do live in chic neighborhoods, usually neighborhoods, usually centrally locatedcentrally located
The urban poor live in The urban poor live in favelas or distant housing favelas or distant housing projects, take long bus trips projects, take long bus trips to work, go to public schools.to work, go to public schools. Boa Viagem beach – Recife
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Luxury apartments in São Paulo right next to a favela
Individual pools
Tennis Courts
Another pool Another pool and patioand patio
•3 maids rooms3 maids rooms
•Waiting rooms for drivers in basementWaiting rooms for drivers in basement
•Special rooms for storing crystal, china Special rooms for storing crystal, china silver, ectsilver, ect
•Electric fences, video cameras, and Electric fences, video cameras, and private guardsprivate guards
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Class Divide Comparative Perspective
GINI Index of Inequality 0 = perfect equality and 1 = perfect inequality
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Crime, Drugs & Urban Poor
Crime rates high in urban shantytowns Warring cartels compete for influence in
the shantytowns Illicit drug trade (second only to USA) Militarization of policing
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Other Important Policy Challenges
Environment Deforestation
Amazon Basin Economic growth
vs. Rainforest preservation
Air & Water Pollution in cities
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Political CorruptionPolitical Corruption& Brazilian Public Opinion& Brazilian Public Opinion
Political Scandal 2005 During 2010
presidential campaign
Political Attitudes towards Corruption
How does corruption, and public attitudes toward corruption influence public policy?
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National Strategy of National Strategy of DefenseDefense
Modernization of Modernization of Armed Forces under Armed Forces under President Lula President Lula
Restructuring of Restructuring of Brazilian Defense Brazilian Defense IndustryIndustry
Troop requirements Troop requirements increasedincreased
Partner in Russian-Indian joint venture to produce fifth-generation fighter aircraft version of the Sukhoi fighter aircraft
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Reorganization of Reorganization of Armed ForcesArmed Forces
New Strategic New Strategic Guidelines to Guidelines to Each Military Each Military BranchBranch
Stresses flexibility Stresses flexibility and elasticity for and elasticity for ArmyArmy
Mandatory Mandatory military service military service
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South American Military South American Military Focus Focus
PERU
BRAZIL
ECUADOR
VENEZUELA
BOLIVIA
COLOMBIA
GUYANA
SURINAM
FRENCH GUIANA
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Brazil: Rising force in Brazil: Rising force in International AffairsInternational Affairs
Carving out a sphere of Carving out a sphere of influence in South influence in South America America MERCOSURMERCOSUR UNASUR UNASUR
Enhancing the influence Enhancing the influence of the BRICof the BRIC
Mediating with CubaMediating with Cuba Environmental Politics Environmental Politics Mastering peaceful Mastering peaceful
nuclear technology nuclear technology
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Explaining Policy Failures Explaining Policy Failures
Mixed elite supportMixed elite support Poorly designed programsPoorly designed programs Clientilism and regionalismClientilism and regionalism Little difference between policy Little difference between policy
success/failure of military and civilian success/failure of military and civilian regimesregimes
World market conditions World market conditions
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Going in the Right DirectionGoing in the Right Direction
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Prospects: Reasons for Prospects: Reasons for Optimism Optimism
Political: increasing stabilityPolitical: increasing stability Economic: meeting challengesEconomic: meeting challenges
Fiscal deficitsFiscal deficits Structural reformStructural reform International competitiveness of industry International competitiveness of industry
Growing confidence among Brazilians Growing confidence among Brazilians In 2005, 67 percent of Brazilians believed their children would In 2005, 67 percent of Brazilians believed their children would
live better than they had lived.live better than they had lived. 2012 World Cub2012 World Cub 2016 Olympics 2016 Olympics