public finance, chapter 5

7
7 Nhgr}lq < Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~ Rqlrgqlm gfm ]g|jh} at Eln}|qlq9 TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl 1  Df~}q|n} lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq d f @dfgfnl DF]QM\N]DKF Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~ d~ }hl olgfdfj k` }hl nk~}~ k` g rqkiln} gfm }hl alfl`d}~ k` g rqkiln} }k hler mlndml zhl}hlq }k |fmlq}gcl }hl rqkiln} gfm zhg} }hl ~ngel k` }hl rqkiln} ~hk|em al& Nk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~ d~ g ~l} k` rqgn}dnge rqknlm|ql~ `kq j|dmdfj r|aedn lxrlfmd}|ql mlnd~dkf~& >  Df~}q|n} lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq d f @dfgfnl ]hl Ag~dn Rqdfndrel k` Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~ G rqkiln} ~hk|em al |fmlq}gclf d` d}~ alfl`d} }k ~kndl}t lxnllm~ d}~ nk~} }k ~kndl}t& ]hl ~ngel k` ~|nh g rqkiln} ~hk|em al dfnqlg~lm g~ ekfj g~ }hl ogqjdfge ~kndge alfl`d} (O^A$ lxnllm~ }hl ogqjdfge ~kndge nk~} (O^N$ ~k }hg} }hl kr}doge ~ngel knn|q~ zhlql O^A lw|ge~ O^N&

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Page 1: Public Finance, Chapter 5

7/31/2019 Public Finance, Chapter 5

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/public-finance-chapter-5 1/7

Nhgr}lq <

Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~ 

Rqlrgqlm gfm ]g|jh} at

Eln}|qlq9 TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

1 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

DF]QM\N]DKF

‡ Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~ d~ }hl olgfdfj k` }hl nk~}~ k` g rqkiln} gfm }hl alfl`d}~ k` grqkiln} }k hler mlndml zhl}hlq }k |fmlq}gcl}hl rqkiln} gfm zhg} }hl ~ngel k` }hl rqkiln}~hk|em al&

‡ Nk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~ d~ g ~l} k` rqgn}dngerqknlm|ql~ `kq j|dmdfj r|aedn lxrlfmd}|qlmlnd~dkf~&

> Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

]hl Ag~dn Rqdfndrel k` Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~

‡ G rqkiln} ~hk|em al |fmlq}gclf d` d}~ alfl`d} }k ~kndl}t lxnllm~ d}~ nk~} }k ~kndl}t&

‡ ]hl ~ngel k` ~|nh g rqkiln} ~hk|em al 

dfnqlg~lm g~ ekfj g~ }hl ogqjdfge ~kndge 

alfl`d} (O^A$ lxnllm~ }hl ogqjdfge ~kndge nk~} (O^N$ ~k }hg} }hl kr}doge ~ngel knn|q~ zhlql O^A lw|ge~ O^N&

Page 2: Public Finance, Chapter 5

7/31/2019 Public Finance, Chapter 5

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/public-finance-chapter-5 2/7

@dj|ql <&7 ]hl Kr}doge ^ngel k` gf

Dfpl~}olf} Rqkiln}

^ngel k` }hl Rqkiln}

W)

]hl ~ngel zhlqlO^A lw|ge~ O^N d~~kndgeet kr}doge

-

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl =

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G RQDPG]L @DQO

‡ Rql~lf} Pge|l% RP

‡ Kfl rlqdkm

‡ O|e}drlqdkm

Zhlql9 / RP9 Rql~lf} pge|l ( k` ng~h ̀ ekz~$

/ N7 9 Ng~h `ekz g} 7 tlgq 

/ q 9 Df}lql~} qg}l

/ ] 9 F|oalq k` rlqdkm~ kplq zhdnh }hl ng~h

d~ dfpl~}lm&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

N RP 

$7($7($7(1

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N RP 

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A|demdfj ―g `gn}kqt‟ zd}h Akqqkzdfj 

‡ ^|rrk~l }hl `dqo o|~} akqqkz -722%222 }kmgt}k rgt `kq nkf~}q|n}dkf nk~}% gfm zdee qlrgt }hl

ekgf df tlgq 7& D` }hl rqk`d} df tlgq 7 zk|em al-772%222&

‡ ^hk|em }hl ̀ dqo a|dem d} d` }hl df}lql~} qg}l d~ <,;

‡ ^hk|em }hl ̀ dqo a|dem d} d` }hl df}lql~} qg}l d~ 7<,;

]gael <&7 Nkqqln} Mlnd~dkf Q|el

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

Ml~nqdr}dkf q ? <, q ? 7<,

RP k` rqk`d} - 72=%:01 - 4<%0<1

Nk~} k` rqkiln} 722%222 722%222

Nkqqln} mlnd~dkf A|dem  Mkf—} a|dem 

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:

A|demdfj ―g `gn}kqt‟ zd}hk|} Akqqkzdfj 

‡ ^|rrk~l }hl `dqo hg~ }hl ng~h `qko rg~} rqk`d}

-722%222 }k a|dem gfk}hlq `gn}kqt zd}hk|}akqqkzdfj& D` }hl rqk`d} df flx} tlgq zk|em al-772%222&

‡ ^hk|em }hl `dqo a|dem d} d` }hl df}lql~} qg}l d~

<,;

‡ ^hk|em }hl `dqo a|dem d} d` }hl df}lql~} qg}l d~

7<,;

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

8

A|demdfj ―g `gn}kqt‟ zd}hk|} Akqqkzdfj 

Ql~|e}9

‡  D`  q ? <,% }hl RP k` }hl rqk`d} zdee al

-72=%:01 ~k }hl `gn}kqt ~hk|em al a|dem &

‡ D` q ? 7<,% }hl RP k` }hl rqk`d} zdee al

-4<%0<1 ~k }hl `gn}kqt ~hk|emf—} al a|dem& 

‡  D`  q ? 7<,% }hl agfc gnnk|f} zk|em jqkz }k

-77<%222 flx} tlgq% ~k d} zk|em al al}}lq fk} 

}k a|dem }hl `gn}kqt&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

4

JKPLQFOLF] (A|demdfj g Hdjhzgt$ 

Zhdel rqdpg}l `dqo~ dfpl~} df `gn}kqdl~% jkplqfolf}

dfpl~}~ df df`qg~}q|n}|ql% ~|nh g~ qkgm~ gfm aqdmjl~&

‡ ]hl nk~} k` }hl hdjhzgt hg~ }zk nkorkflf}~9

‡ Nkf~}q|n}dkf nk~}~9 Egakq% lw|drolf}% gfmg~rhge}

‡ @|}|ql ogdf}lfgfnl (qlrgdq$ nk~}~

Nk~} k` Hdjhzgt ? Nkf~}q|n}dkf nk~}~ # RP k` ̀ |}|qlogdf}lfgfnl nk~}~

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

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72

]hl Alfl`d} k` Hdjhzgt

‡ ]hl alfl`d} d~ hkz o|nh mqdplq~ zk|em alzdeedfj }k rgt }k |~l }hl hdjhzgt df gee `|}|qltlgq~&

‡ L~}dog}l }hl alfl`d} k` hdjhzgt

‡ Md~nk|f}dfj lgnh tlgq—~ alfl`d} gfm~|oodfj

‡ L~}dog}l }hl alfl`d} k` hdjhzgt9

‡ Hdjhzgt~ ~gpl mqdplq~ }dol

‡ R|} g mkeegq pge|l kf }dol ~gplm

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

77

]hlql gql g} elg~} }hqll zgt~ `kq }hl nk~}/alfl`d}gfget~} }k l~}dog}l }hl alfl`d} }k nkoo|}lq~9

‡ Dfnqlg~lm k|}r|}

‡  Gn}|ge ogqcl} alhgpdkq (qlplgelmrql`lqlfnl$

‡ Htrk}hl}dnge w|l~}dkf~ gfm gf~zlq~(nkf}dfjlf} pge|g}dkf$

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

]hl Nk~}/Alfl`d} Gfget~d~

71

‡ Kfl grrqkgnh }k olg~|qdfj }hl alfl`d}~ k` 

}dol ~gplm d~ }k l~}dog}l hkz o|nh okqlk|}r|} nkoo|}lq~ nk|em rqkm|nl g} zkqc&

‡ D` }hl nkoo|}lq zkqc~ }hl hk|q df~}lgm k` mqdpdfj gfm d~ rgdm g zgjl k` -12 gf hk|q%lnkfkod~}~ l~}dog}l }hg} }hl hdjhzgt hg~lfgaelm -12 okql k|}r|} }k al rqkm|nlm&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

Dfnqlg~lm K|}r|} 

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7>

‡  Gfk}hlq grrqkgnh }k olg~|qdfj }hl alfl`d}~ k` }dol ~gplm d~ }k ekkc g} nkoo|}lq ekng}dkf

rql`lqlfnl&‡ Lnkfkod~}~ qlnkoolfm |~dfj g gn}|ge mg}g }k }qt

}k w|gf}d`t }hl qleg}dkf~hdr al}zllf gee }hl~l`gn}kq~ gfm hkol rqdnl&

‡  G~~|ol }hg} }hl nkoo|}lq df }hl hkol nek~lq }k }hl nd}t gn}|geet rgdm -12%222 okql `kq hlq hkol }hgf }hl k}hlq nkoo|}lq&

‡ Mdpdmdfj -12%222 at }hl f|oalq k` hk|q~ ~gplm

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

 Gn}|ge Ogqcl} Alhgpdkq (Qlplgelm Rql l̀qlfnl$

7=

‡  Gfk}hlq zgt }k r|} g mkeegq pge|l kf }dol ~gplm d~ }kg~c mqdplq~ htrk}hl}dnge w|l~}dkf~&

‡ ]hl `keekzdfj `k|q zgt~ k` g~cdfj gak|} }hl mkeegq pge|l k` ~gpdfj gf hk|q nkoo|}dfj9

7& Hkz o|nh zk|em tk| rgt }k qlm|nl tk|q mgdet nkoo|}lkfl hk|q;

1& Nkf~dmlqdfj }qg``dn% hkz o|nh zk|em tk| rgt }k qlm|nltk|q mgdet nkoo|}l kfl hk|q;

>& Nkf~dmlqdfj zhg} tk| nk|em lgqf g} zkqc% hkz o|nhzk|em tk| rgt }k qlm|nl tk|q mgdet nkoo|}l kfl hk|q;

=& Nkf~dmlqdfj }hl }dol tk| nk|em ~rlfm zd}h tk|q nhdemqlf%hkz o|nh zk|em tk| rgt }k qlm|nl tk|q mgdet nkoo|}lkfl hk|q;

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

Htrk}hl}dnge W|l~}dkf~ gfm Gf~zlq~

(Nkf}dfjlf} Pge|g}dkf$

7<

‡ Fk} gee alfl`d}~ ngf al olg~|qlm at }dol

~gplm&‡ Nkorgql }hl ~g`l}t k` hdjhzgt~&

‡ ]hl ~g`lq }hl hdjhzgt% }hl jqlg}lq }hl nk~} k` a|demdfj&

‡ ]hl alfl`d} k` a|demdfj }hl hdjhzgt ~g`lq d~ }hlqlm|n}dkf df mlg}h gfm dfi|qdl~&

‡ Zl o|~} ml}lqodfl hkz }hd~ alfl`d} ngf alpge|lm ~k d} ngf al nkorgqlm }k }hl nk~}&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

Alfl`d}~ k` Dorqkpdfj }hl ^g`l}t k` g

Hdjhzgt

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70

‡ L~}dog}l g rqkiln} zk|em ~gpl edpl~

‡ L~}dog}l }hl pge|l k` ~}g}d~}dnge ed`l (P^E$ ―dfmkeegq‟ 

‡ D` g hdjhzgt ~g`l}t rqkiln} d~ l~}dog}lm }k ~gpl72 edpl~ rlq tlgq gfm P^E d~ l~}dog}lm }k algak|} -8 odeedkf% }hlf }hl rqkiln}—~ alfl`d} `qkoedpl~ ~gplm ngf al l~}dog}lm g~ gak|} -82odeedkf rlq tlgq&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

]hl Pge|l k` ^}g}d~}dnge Ed`l

7:

Kailn}dpl gfget~}~ ~hk|em al kf j|gqm }k gpkdm~lplqge od~}gcl~& Od~}gcl~ }k gpkdm zhlf mkdfjnk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~ dfne|ml9

‡ Nk|f}dfj ika~ nqlg}lm g~ g alfl`d}

‡ Mk|ael nk|f}dfj }hl ~gol alfl`d}

‡ Nk|f}dfj ~lnkfmgqt alfl`d}~

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

Od~}gcl~ }k Gpkdm

78

Nk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~ ngf ge~k al grredlm }k gaqkgmlq d~~|l edcl jekage zgqodfj&

‡ \fnlq}gdf}t gfm }hl qd~c k` ng}g~}qkrhl

‡ ]hl ~kndge md~nk|f} qg}l

‡ Nk~}/l``ln}dplfl~~ gfget~d~

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

QM\NDFJ JEKAGE ZGQODFJ

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74

‡ Kfl k` ok~} md``dn|e} gfm dorkq}gf} grredng}dkfk` nk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~ nkfnlqf~ zhl}hlq }hl

jkplqfolf} ~hk|em rgt `kq g nk~}et olmdnge}qlg}olf}&

‡ Kfl zgt }k olg~|ql }hl alfl`d} df }hd~ ~d}|g}dkfzk|em al }k g~c htrk}hl}dnge w|l~}dkf~ gfmgf~zlq~ (nkf}dfjlf} pge|g}dkf ol}hkm$& 

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

RGTDFJ @KQ G NK^]ET OLMDNGE ]QLG]OLF]

12

‡ G oded}gqt df}lqplf}dkf ~hk|em al ~|ailn}lm }knk~}/alfl`d} gfget~d~&

‡ Ge}hk|jh gf l~}dog}l k` }hl alfl`d} o|~} qletkf }hl md~ndredfl~ k` hd~}kqt% df}lqfg}dkfgeqleg}dkf~% rked}dnge ~ndlfnl% gfm oded}gqt ~ndlfnl%lnkfkod~}~ ngf rqkpdml gf l~}dog}l k` }hlnk~}&

‡ ]hl lnkfkodn~ nk~} k` g oded}gqt df}lqplf}dkf d~o|nh egqjlq }hgf }hl oded}gqt a|mjl}gqt nk~}}hg} d~ dfn|qqlm m|qdfj }hl zgq&

 Df~}q|n}lm at TDF ^KCHLFJ% Og~}lq df @dfgfnl

DF]LQPLFDFJ ODED]GQDET