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TRANSCRIPT
23
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn
elx 23erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþerOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
karGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUv nig\T§iBl rbs;vamkelIesdækic©km<úCa
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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 5
xøwmsarsegçb 9
CMBUk 1³ esckþIepþIm 15
1> eKalbMNgénkarsikSa 15
2> GVIeTACakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 15
3> ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<úCamanmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 16
4> ehtuEdleFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn_maRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
køayeTACabBaðaecaTmYy enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 17
CMBUk 2³ bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 21
1> FatupSMrbs;bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 21
2> FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ 23
3> FatupSMEpñksti - ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ 26
4> RkmRBhµTNÐfµI 28
CMBUk 3³ karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv énmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 31
1> karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
KWCabBaðaecaTmYy 31
2> karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ³
mUlehtu nigrebobRbRBwtþeTArbs;va 32
CMBUk 4³ erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGay
esdækic©km<úCaxatbg;Gs;rab;landuløar 39
CMBUk 5³ Gnusasn_ nigesckþIsnñidæan 45
]bsm<½n§ 1 viFIsaRsþénkarRsavRCav 51
]bsm<½n§ 2krNIsikSa 55
]bsm<½n§ 3 r)aykarN_)anmkBIbNþajpSayB½t’man 63
]bsm<½n§ 4 lT§plénkarGegát 65
]bsm<½n§ 5 karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab; énmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 69
]bsm<½n§ 6 karviPaKB½t’manEdlTTYl)anmkBIRksYgyutþiFm’ 83
]bsm<½n§ 7 esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæmRnþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl
sþIGMBIbTRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 87
matika
5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
r)aykarN_BiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn GMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbBaØtþic,ab;sþIGMBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkalrbs;km<úCaRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayGnuKN³
kmµaFikarBiessmYYy Edl)anbegáIteLIgedayRkumkargarEpñknItikmµ Bn§dar nigGPi)alkic©¥
énevTikaraCrdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCnEdlmanÉk]tþmKat Qn;eTsrdæmRnþIrdæmRnþIRksYgesdækic©
nighirBaØvtßú nigelak Bretton G. Sciaroni naykRKb;RKgRkumh‘un Sciaroni & Associates
EdlCatMNagEpñkÉkCn CashRbFan. smaCikGnuKN³kmµaFikarenH rYmmantMNagmkBI
RksYgyutþiFm’ shKmn_GaCIvkmµ nigkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ énsaCIvkmµ
hirBaØvtßúGnþrCati(IFCMPDF).
TaMgÉk]tþm Kat Qn; TaMgelak Sciaroni )anKaMRTy:ageBjTMhwg nig)anpþl;
karENnaMd¾manGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarerobcM
r)aykarN_enH.karbnþKaMRTrbs;Ék]tþmnigelakSciaroni)aneFVI[karerobcMr)aykarN_
enHbBa©b;eTA)anedayeCaKC½y.
r)aykarN_BiPakSa enH)aneFVIeLIg edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak; Ék]tþm
elakelakRsICaeRcIn.kñúgenaHÉk]tþmhuI esaPardæelxaFikarnigelakswg bBaØavuDÆ
RbFannaykdæankic©karRBHraCGaCJa mkBIRksYgyutþiFm’ )anCYysRmbs®mYlkargarrbs;
GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess eGay)ansmÖasn_CamYytulakar nigkñúgkarTTYl)annUvsßitiGMBI
krNIbNþwgmktulakarnanaenAkñúgextþcMnYnR)aM.elakeGg TUcRbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_
EpñkÉkCn énRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú )anedIrtYnaTIya:gsMxan;kñúgkarsRmbsRmYl
kargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenHCamYynwgRksYgyutþiFm’.
kBaØa esg h‘un mkBIRkumh‘un Sciaroni & Associates CatMNagEpñkÉkCn
)ancUlrYmy:agskmµ kñúgkic©RbCMuBiPakSaeTAelIesckþIRBagénr)aykarN_enH CamYyRksYg
yutþiFm’.
elakJames BrewEdl)ansRmbsRmÜlevTikaraCrdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCnrhUtdl;
ExFñÚqñaM2007enH)anCYysRmbsRmÜlkarBiPakSaCamYyEpñkÉkCntamry³karEckcay
esckþIRBag énr)aykarN_enHeTA[EpñkÉkCn nigsRmbsRmÜlkñúgkarTTYlRtLb;mkvij
nUvmtieyabl;BIEpñkÉkCn. GaCIvkrCaeRcIn)ancUlrYUmkñúgkargarenH edayshkarCamYy
RkumGñkRsavRCav tamry³karpþl;bTsmÖasn_edaypÞal; nigtamry³karsresreqøIytbnwg
kMrgsMNYrGegátnana.
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
6
elakeha sunafmRnþIGnuvtþn_KMeragrbs;IFC MPDFCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvrYmelI
karsikSa nigcgRkgr)aykarN_edaymankarENnaMBI elakRsI Trang Nguyen nig
elak Charles Schneider. elak Stuart Ford CaGñksresrr)aykarN_enH
edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgy:ageRcInBIelak Dugald Richards nigkBaØa Anita
Surewics.
elakRsI Ann Bishop )anCYyBinitü nigEks®mYlBaküeBcn_+kñúgr)aykarN_
enH. elak Kg; vNÑariT§ )anbkERbGtßbTCaPasaExµr edayman elak Tu XI elak
rs; exmra nigelak GuWg suPal½kS CaGñkCYyEksRmÜl. elak RsI Ka Kn§a
CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcMr)aykarN_kñúgkuMBÚüT½r. elakRsI tan; tUnI )anpþl;karKaMRT
xagEpñkrdæ)al.
9
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab;GMBIbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedayGñkc,ab;km<úCad¾l,IKWelak
kuy nammanenAkñúg]bsm<½n§TI5
xøwmsarsegçb
xøwmsarsegçb
esckþIepþIm
smaKmn_GaCIvkmµ)anbgðajkþI)armÖrbs;BYkeK GMBIbBaðaEdlmaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaP
elIesckþiITukcitþ énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal RtUv)aneRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUv eFVIeGaymankar
xatbg;dl;smaKmn_GaCIvikmµ nigesdækic©km<úCa. enA Exmkra qñaM 2006 Ék]tþm
Kat Qn; eTsrdæmRnþI rdæmRnþIRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú)anbegáItGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess
mYyedIm,IsikSaRsavRCavGMBIbBaðaTaMgLayTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþRBmTaMgecj
Gnusasn_nana sRmab;bkRsaybMPøW nigEklMGkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enH . r)aykarN_enH KWCa
lT§plkargarrbs;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiessenH nig)ancgRkgeLIgedaymankarRbmUl
B½t’manBIkarsmÖasn_CamYyGñkEdlBak;B½n§ BIB½t’manEdlmanCasaFarN³ nigBIkic©smÖasn_
CaeRcInCamYyGaCIvkmµ. kareRbIR)as; nigkarGnuvtþn_ minRtwmRtUvénc,ab;sþIGMBIkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ GaceFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCaxatbg;TunvinieyaK rab;landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM².
eKsgÇwmfa Gnusasn_EdlmanelIkeLIgkñúgr)aykarN_enH nwgrYmcMENkCYykat;bnßy
karxatbg;dl;esdækic©km<úCay:ageRcIn EdlbNþalmkBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþenH.
FatupSMénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ CabTelµIsRBhµTNÐ Edl)anEcgenAkñúgmaRtaTI 46 én
{bTbBaØtþi sþIBIRbB½n§tulakar c,ab;RBhµTNÐ nignItiviFIRBhµTNÐ sMrab;GnuvtþenARbeTskm<úCa
kñúgsm½ykalGnþrkal} ¬EdlbnþeTAenH ehAfa {c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal}¦. bTelµIsén
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacmanFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²cMnYnbI nigFatupSMsticMnYnmYy1.
FatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²man³
1> RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv
2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafa nwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvij b¤mYy
eRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;nig
3> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMRTBütamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg
b¤min)aneRbIvatameKaledAEdl)anRBmeRBogKña.
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
10
ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBIxus. vaminGac
CakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.
erOgkþIIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenARbeTskm<úCa
shKmn_GaCIvkmµmaneyabl;fa karbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKeRbI
edayminRtwmRtUv kñúgeBlmanvivaTGaCIvkmµ edIm,IbgçMmnusSeGaybg;R)ak;eTAGñkedImecaT.
BYkeKt¥ÚjEt¥rCaRbcaMfa tulakarmineGIeBIr GMBIFatunanaénc,ab;eT ehIy)ancat;TukvivaTkic©
snüasamBaز faCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. PaBsµúKsµaj nigkarEcgminc,as;las;én
c,ab;GacrYmcMENkbgá[manbBaða eFVIeGaytulakarcat;TukvivaTkic©snüasamBaز faCakrNI
rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eyagtamn½ybec©keTs vivaTkic©snüaPaKeRcIn minGackøayeTACa
karbþwgecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy eRBaHmanEtvivaTmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH Edlman
PaKImYyTukcitþRbKl;RTBüeGayPaKImYyeTotCafñÚrnwgkarsnüaRbKl;GVImYysgtbmkvij.
shKmn_GaCIvkmµ)anniyayfa CaerOy² karbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
RtUv)aneKeRbIeFVICa]bkrN_téføKña edIm,ICMrujeGaymankaredaHRsaybBa©b;vivaTBaNiC¢kmµ.
enAeBlEdlkarbþwgtamry³nItiviFIrdæb,evNIedIm,ITTYl)anR)ak;EdleKCMBak;mkvij manPaB
sµúKsµaj nigRtUvcMNayGs;eBleRcInenaH krNIRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )an
dak;sm<aFd¾sem,ImPøam²eTAelIcugecaT edIm,ICMrujeKeGayedaHRsay bBa©b;vivaTBaNiC¢kmµ
eRBaHeKEtgecjdIkaXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaTesÞIrEtRKb;rUbBIbTrMelaPelIsckþITukcitþ.
erOgEdl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHCnCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
CnEdlrgkarbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EtgEtRbQmmuxnwgsm<aFd¾FM
sem,Im. CnCab;ecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþesÞIrEtRKb;rUb RtUveKecjdIkaXMuxøÜn
eBalKW CnCab;ecaTEtgRtUveKcab;xøÜn nigdak;XMuxøÜn rhUtdl;RtUveKnaMxøÜneTACYbecARkm
esuIbGegát nigbBa¢ak;R)ab;karecaTRbkan;bzm BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. enHmann½yfa
CnCab;ecaTGacnwgRtUveKXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI)any:aggay. karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI Ca
RbPBFMCageKénkardak;sm<aFeTAelICnCab;ecaT.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_esÞIrEtTaMgGs;)anbBa¢ak;
fa karCab;XMukñúgBn§naKaredaysarEtvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ KWCaGVIEdleKcg;eKceGayput eTaHRtUv
cMNayGs;R)ak;b:unµank¾eday. kñúgeBlCab;XMu munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI CnCab;ecaTGacyl;RBmbg;
{R)ak;FanaxøÜn} edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnecjBIBn§naKar. TMhMTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvbg; GaRs½ynwgTMhMTwk
R)ak;énvivaT b:uEnþkñúgerOgkþIPaKeRcIn vamanTMhMBIrab;Ban; eTArab;muWnduløar. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_
PaKeRcInEføgfaeKeXIjlT§PaBtictYcNas;b¤KµanesaHEtmþgkñúgkarTTYl)an{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}
enaHmkvijeTaHCaerOgkþIecjCalT§ply:agNak¾eday.
xøwmsarsegçb
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
11
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
\T§iBlesdækic©mkelIRbeTskm<úCa
eKBi)aknwgvas;eGay)anCak;lak; nUv\T§iBlrbs;erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaP
esckþITukcitþ eTAelIRbeTskm<úCaNas; eRBaHKµanmeFüa)ayNaGac):an;sµancMnYnerOgkþI
minRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþEdl)anekIteLIgkñúgmYyqñaM²)aneLIy. k¾b:uEnþ B½t’man
EdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enH )anbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþI
TukcitþeRcInmanTMhMtUc² EtCabBaðaecaTd¾sMxan;cMeBaHshKmn_GaCIvkmµ. eKeXIjmanéfø
cMNaybIbYnRbePT Cab;Tak;TgnwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUv énbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþTaMgenH.
éføcMNayCak;EsþgbMput KWéføcMNaypÞal; eBalKWéføQñÜlemFavI nigéføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar.
tamB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBI Gñkpþl;smÖasn_ nigBIkarGegátbgðaj[eXIjfa éføcMNay
kñúgerOgkþInImYy² manTMhMcab;BIrab;Ban; dl;rab;muWnduløar. RbePTbnÞab;énéføcMNay
KWkarxatbg;kñúgGaCIvkmµ. RbePTFMCageKénéføcMNayEdlCab;Tak;TgnwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUv
énbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþenHKWkarxatbg;»kasvinieyaK.enHKWCaR)ak;EdleKGacnwgykmk
vinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ebIsinCaeKKµankar)armÖGMBIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénbTrMelaPesckþI
TukcitþTaMgenaHeT.karxatbg;»kasvinieyaKsRmab;Rkumh‘un nigbuKÁlÉkCn EdleyIg)an
GegátsMrab;r)aykarN_enH mancMnYnelIsBI 5landuløar kñúgmYyqñaM. karbkRsaybMPøWGMBI
maRtaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nigkarEklMGkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enH Gacman\T§iBly:agFM
edIm,IbegáInkareCOTukcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaKnigpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;esdækic©km<úCaTaMgmUl.
esckþIsegçbénGnusasn_rbs;r)aykarN_
edayEp¥kelIkarsikSaGMBImaRtasþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkal
kic©smÖasn_lMGitCamYyGaCIvkmµcMnYn18nigGñkBak;B½n§sMxan;²nigGñkEdl)aneqøIytbnwg
karGegátcMnYn11nak;GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess)anelIkeLIgCaGnusasn_dUcxageRkam³
1> Gnum½tesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
2 epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIFatupSMsþIBI karTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñk
déTTTYlxusRtUvnigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
k>ecjesckþIENnaMrYmfµImYyEdltRmUveGayecARkmecjsalRkmTak;Tg
nwgkrNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ BiPakSay:agc,as;las;BIPsþútagEdl
KaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
x>pþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;ecARkmGMBIFatupSMnanaénkarrMelaPelIesckþI
Tukcitþ CaBiess kar)anRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñkdéTTTYlxusRtUv nig
ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs
xøwmsarsegçb
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
12
K>e)aHBum<pSaysalRkmTaMgGs;énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
3> sRmbsRmYlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sgÁmsIuvil nigbNþaj
pSayB½t’manTaMgLay edIm,IBinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_kþIrMelaPelIesckþI
Tukcitþ
4> begáItynþkarsRmab;karraykarN_CaGnamikBIbuKÁliktulakarb¤nKr)alNa
EdlTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar
5> kat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIedayecjesckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarmYy
EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;las;GMBIkrNIEdlRtUveRbIkarXMuxøÚnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI.
15
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1>eKalbMNgénkarsikSa
shKmn_GaCIvkmµenAkm<úCamankar)armÖCaeRcIn GMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRta
sþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nig\T§iBlGviC¢manrbs;vaeTAelIshKmn_GaCIvkmµ nig
esdækic©km<úCa. cab;taMgBIqñaM 1999 mk enAeBlEdlraCrdæaPi)al)anbegáItevTika
rdæaPi)al-EpñkÉkCn edIm,IbMpuskarsnÞnaKña rvagEpñkÉkCn nigrdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn)an
cab;epþImelIkeLIg GMBIkareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvnUvmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ tamry³
RkumkargarEpñknItikmµBn§darnigGPi)alkic© (LTGGWG) EdlbegáIteLIgedayevTikaenH.
eqøIytbeTAnwgkar)armÖ EdlEpñkÉkCn)anelIkeLIgenH Ék]tþm Kat Qn; eTsrdæm®nþI
nigCardæm®nþIRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú edaymankar]btßmÖBIkmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn
tMbn;TenøemKgÁénsaCIvkmµhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati(IFCMPDF))anbegáItGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess
mYy énRkumkargarEpñknItikmµ Bn§dar nigGPi)alkic©l¥ edIm,IsikSabBaðaTaMgLayBak;Bn§½
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
2>FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ
fVIebIPasaénmaRta 46 manPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgkþI eKeXIjmanFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²
énbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþcMnYnbIKW³
1> RTBü¬rYmTaMgRTBüGrUbI¦RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYl
xusRtUv
2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvijb¤mYy
eRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;nig
3> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMRTBütamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg
b¤min)aneRbIvatameKaledAEdl)anRBmeRBogKña.
eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIFatupSMnImYy² dUcxageRkam. karBiPakSaenH minEmnCakarviPaK
bec©keTsEpñkc,ab;eT. pÞúyeTAvij karBiPakSaenHepþateTAelIFatupSMsMxan;²énbTelµIsEt
bu:eNÑaHehIyeKBnül;bkRsayvatamrebobmYyEdlc,as;las;nigGacyl;)any:aggay.
GñkGaneKaledArbs;eyIgKW shKmn_GaCIvkmµ Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
r)aykarN_enH min)anBiPakSasMNYrEpñkc,ab;Bi)ak²CabgÁÜrmYycMnYn EdlGacelceLIg
enAkñúgerOgkþImYycMnYntUcenaHeT. karviPaKbec©keTsc,ab;EbbenH RtUv)aneFVIeLIg nig
pSBVpSayrYcehIyedayelakkuy namEdlCaemFavIsBa¢atikm<úCad¾l,ImYyrUbehIyeyIg
)anbBa©ÚlkarviPaKenH eTAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 5 sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTaMgLayNa Edlcg;
TTYl)anB½t’mankan;EtlMGiteTAeTot.
2>1 RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv
FatupSMsMPar³TImYyKW RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYl
xusRtUv. ktþaFatupSMsMPar³ caM)ac;TImYyenHmanenAkñúgPasafa {RTBü R)ak;kas TMnij
b¤ÉksarNamYyEdlmanb¤EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic©b¤karedaHbnÞúkEdleKRbKl;eGaymkxøÜn
kñúglkçN³CakarCYl Cakardak;dMkl;Tuk CaGaNtþi CakareGayx©IeRbI b¤CaR)ak;kéRm
sRmab;kargarman b¤KµanR)ak;ebovtS >>>}. PasaenHsµúKsµaj b:uEnþ enAkñúgerOgkþICaeRcIn
{RTBü R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar NamYyEdlman b¤EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic© b¤karedaHbnÞúk}
GacniyayeLIgvijy:agsamBaØfaCa{RTBü}.
EpñkbnþénXøaenHbBa¢ak;fa RTBüenaHRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaT
{CakarCYl Cakardak;dMkl;Tuk CaGaNtþi CakareGayx©IeRbI b¤CaR)ak;kéRmsRmab;kargar
manb¤KµanR)ak;ebovtS>>>}.PasaenHTMngCamincaM)ac;eLIy.va)anBiBN’nakic©snüaxusKña
CMBUk 2
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
24
cMnYnR)aMmYyRbePTEdleKGacbegáIteLIgtamry³karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéTTTYlxusRtUv.
kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéT TMngCanwgniyaydl;TRmg;NamYy
énkic©snüaTaMgR)aMmYyEbb tamry³karkat;yl; b¤mYyedayCak;lak;. kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn
bBaðasMxan;KW etIeK)anRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTb¤Gt; minEmnRbePTkic©snüaEdleK
)anbegáIteLIgrvagCnCab;ecaTnigm©as;RTBüeLIy.ehtudUecñHehIykarniyayGMBIFatupSMén
bTelµIsenH kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn eKGacnwgniyayeLIgvijfa³ RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;
eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv.11
2>2 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;
RTBüvij b¤mYyeRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYy EdleK)ankMNt;
Cak;lak;
FatupSMenHbgáb;enAkñúgPasafa {>>>eday)ansnüafasgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤
eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy >>>}. c,as;Nas;fa FatupSMenHGaRs½ynwgGtßiPaB
énFatupSMTImYy. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþ RbKl;RTBüeGayTTYlxusRtUv munnwg
eKGacsnüafa {sgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy.} Pasa
enHBiBN’naGMBITegVIbIy:ag EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafa nwgeFVIcMeBaHRTBüenaH. TImYy
CnCab;ecaTGacsnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHvij.karN_enHBiBN’naBIsßanPaBEdlCnCab;ecaT
)anx©Irbs;GVImYy dUcCa rfynþ ehIy)ansnüafanwgRbKl;rbs;enaHsgeTAm©as;vij. CnCab;
ecaTkan;kab;RTBüedayRsbc,ab; eRBaHm©as;RTBü )anRbKl;vaeTAeGayrUbeKedaysµ½RKcitþ
b:uEnþeK)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;rbs;enaHfa nwgRbKl;sgvij. RbkarenH)ankMhitsiT§irbs;eK
elIRTBüenaH. eKminGaclk;va b¤RbKl;vaCabnþeGayeTAnrNaeTot)aneT. eKRtUvEtRbKl;
RTBüenaHsgm©as;vij.
Baküfa {esñIRbKl;eGayeKvij} niyaysMedAsßanPaB EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneK
TukcitþRbKl;RTBüeGay Et)ansnüapþl;»kaseGaym©as;RTBü TTYl)anRTBüenaHvij
muneBl EdlCnCab;ecaTcat;EcgkarGVImYyelIRTBüenaH. ]TahrN_ CnCab;ecaTGacCYl
eRKOgcRkksikmµmYyeRKOg sRmab;ry³eBlbIqñaM. m©as;RTBü nigCnCab;ecaT)anRBmeRBog
Kñafa m©as;RTBümansiT§iTijeRKOgcRkenaHvij kñúgtémømYyEdl)anRBmeRBogKña enAeBlcb;
ry³eBlkMNt;bIqñaMenaH.ebIsinCam©as;RTBümincg;TijykeRKOgcRkenaHvijeTeTIbCnCab;
ecaTmansiT§ilk;vaeTAeGayGñkEdlh‘anéføx<s;CageK. enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdleKarBtam
11GacmanerOgkþImYycMnYnEdlCaGtßiPaBénbTelµIssþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþBitCaGaRs½yelIRbePT
NamYyénkic©snüaEdl)anbegáIteLIgrvagCnCab;ecaTnigm©as;RTBüEmn.enHCaRbFanbTd¾lM)akmYy
nigmanlkçN³bec©keTsehIybBaØvnkm<úCa)anviPaKrYcehIy.Ca]TahrN_GtßbTrbs;elakkuy nam
eRkamcMNgeCIgfa{karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ}¬EdleyIg)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúg]bsm<½n§5¦)anBiPakSa
BIbBaðaenHy:agli¥tl¥n;.
CMBUk 2
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
25
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
RbB½n§c,ab;Gg;eKøs (Common law) eKGacBiBN’nakrNIenH faCakarGacyk)an
RTBüEdlCakmµvtßúén {siT§iman»kasTijmuneK}. cMNucsMxan;enaHKW CnCab;ecaT)an
snüacMeBaHm©as;RTBüfaeKkMhitsiT§irbs;eKkñúgkarcat;EcgelIRTBüenaH.eKminGaclk;RTBü
enaH)antamcitþedaymin)anesñIpþl;vaeTAeGaym©as;rbs;vijmuneKenaHeT.
EbbEpnTIbI EdlFatupSMenHRtUvbMeBjKW tamry³karsnüafanwgeRbIR)as;RTBü
enaH tamkarRBmeRBogKña. CafµImþgTot cMNucsMxan;enATIenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaH
m©as;rbs;fa Tb;sáat;xøÜnÉgmineGaycat;TukRTBüenaH dUcCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. krNICaKMrUKW
krNInieyaCitmñak; EdlRtUv)annieyaCkTukcitþRbKl;R)ak;eGaykan; sRmab;bMeBjeKaledA
kMNt;mYy. ]TahrN_ nieyaCitenaHRtUv)annieyaCk RbKl;R)ak;eGayykeTAdak;epJIenA
FnaKar eBalKW)anTTYlRTBüsRmab;eRbIR)as;tamkarkMNt;mYy. eKkan;kab;vaRsbc,ab;
b:uEnþeKkan;kab;vasRmab;EteKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Etb:ueNÑaH KWykR)ak;enaHeTAFnaKar
ehIydak;epJIvaenATIenaH. eK)aneFVIkarsnüay:agCak;lak; b¤tamkarkat;yl; ehIyRbkar
enaH)ankMhitlT§PaBrbs;eK mineGaycat;TukR)ak;enaH faCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. cMNucsMxan;
sRmab;EpñkTaMgbIénFatupSMenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;RTBü Edldak;kMhit
dl;siT§irbs;eK kñúgkarcat;EcgkarelIRTBüenaH. karrMelaPedayectnaelIkarsnüaenH
KWCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
2>3 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at; b¤éKbnøMRTBüeK
FatupSMenHekIteLIg enAeBlEdlCnCab;ecaTeføaHeFøay min)aneFVItamkarsnüa
Tak;TgnwgRTBü. vaekItecjBIPasafa {CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;¬RTBü¦ eFVIeGay
xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;>>>} RTBü12
. RbkarenHTak;Tg
nwgkareføaHeFøay eKarBmin)antamkarsnüakñúgFatupSMTIBIr. ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaT)ansnüa
sgRTBüvij enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgsgvavij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa esñIRbKl;eGayvij
enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgesñIRbKl;vaeGayvij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa nwgeRbIR)as;vasRmab;
eKaledAkMNt;NamYyenaH eKRtUvEtxMRbwgeRbIR)as;vaeGayRtUvtameKaledAenaH.karéKbnøM
GacekIteLIgtamviFICaeRcIn b:uEnþrUbPaBTUeTAbMputGacCakarbMpøajRTBü karlk;RTBüeTA
eGayCnTIbI karrkSavaTuk nigbdiesFminRBmRbKl;eGayvij b¤mYyeRbIvatameKaledA
epSg²eTot EdlxusBIeKaledAeRKagTukdUcEdl)anRBmeRBogKña. Ca]TahrN_ karéKbnøM
12Baküfa{m©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;}RtUveKeRbIenAkñúgc,ab;enHCaCMnYseGayBaküfa
{m©as;RTBü}EdlgayRsYleRbICagenHedIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;fakarrMelaPescelIkþITukcitþGacRbRBwtþ
elICnNamñak;EdlCaGñkkan;kab;RTBüenaHedayRsbc,ab;eTaHbIGñkenaHminEmnCam©as;BitR)akdk¾eday.
kñúgkrNICaeRcInPaBxusKñaenHminmann½yGVIeTBIeRBaHGñkEdlRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv
KWCam©as;BitR)akd.
CMBUk 2
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
26
RTBüGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlnrNamñak;)anx©Im:UtUBImitþPkþi rYclk;m:UtUenaHeTAeGaybuKÁl
TIbI. dUcKñaenH vaGacekIteLIg kñúgsßanPaBEdlnieyaCitmñak;)anTTYlR)ak; sRmab;ykeTA
TijeRKOgeRbIR)as;sRmab;kariyal½y EteKEbrCaykR)ak;enaHeTAcak;El,gPñal;)al;Tat;
eTAvij. kñúgkrNITaMgBIrenH skmµPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT)anTb;sáat;BYkeK mineGayeFVItam
karsnüa)aneLIy.
FatupSMenH k¾tRmUveGaymankarxUcxatdl;m©as;RTBüsm,tiþpgEdr. karEdl
CnCab;ecaT)aneføaHeFøay min)anbMeBjtamkic©snüa vaminRKb;RKan;eT. pÞúyeTAvij
kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtekItecjBIkaréKbnøM b¤karcat;EcgelIRTBü pÞúyBIplRbeyaCn_
rbs;m©as;RTBüenaH. mü:ageTot kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtmanlkçN³fa m©as;rbs;minGacTTYl
RTBü)anmkvijeLIy. Ca]TahrN_ ebIsinCa®sþImñak;)anCYlrfynþmYy sRmab;ry³eBl
mYys)þah_ ehIy)ansgvavijyWtCagkarsnüamYyéf¶ enaHKat;min)anéKbnøMykrfynþ
enaHeT. vaCakarBitfa Kat;minGacbMeBjtamlkçxNÐkMNt;d¾Cak;lak;énkarsnüa)anEmn
b:uEnþskmµPaBrbs;Kat;min)aneFVIeGayxUcplRbeyaCn_;m©as;RTBü edaysarrfynþenaHeT.
®sþIenaH GacRtUvbg;éføCYlrfynþ mYyéf¶EfmeTot b:uEnþeyagtamGtßn½y énmaRta 46
Kat;min)an{éKbnøMb¤bM)at;eGayxUcRbeyaCn_}elIrfynþenaHeT.k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHbursmñak;Edl
CYlRtak;T½rsRmab;ry³eBlmYys)þah_edIm,IdwkdIenAkñúgPUmikrrbs;Kat;ehIy)anlk;Rtak;T½r
enaH eTAeGayPaKITIbI BitCa)anéKbnøMRtak;T½renaHEmn eRBaHm©as;RTBüminGacTTYl)anRtak;
T½renaHBICnCab;ecaTmkvijeLIy.
3>FatupSMEpñksti-ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
Cnmñak;GacCab;eTasedaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþebICnenaHminEmnRtUv
RbRBwtþRtwmEtGMeBICasMPar³ dUc)anBiBN’naxagelIenHeT eKRtUvEteFVIGMeBIenaHedayectna
eTotpg. vaCakarminRKb;RKan;eT ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaTRbRBwtþEtGMeBICasMPar³TaMgLayEdl
BiBN’naxagelI.eKGacbgðajBIsßanPaBenHedayeRbI]TahrN_gay²BIrdUcteTA³
bursmñak;x©IR)ak;500duløarBIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat;edIm,IykeTAdaMeBat.Kat;)ansnüafa
nwgykR)ak;enaHeTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)ansnüafanwgsgR)ak;enaHvij
kñúgry³eBl R)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pleBat)an. Kat;)andaMeBat b:uEnþ
maneRKaHraMgs¶Üty:agGaRkk;bNþaleGayeBatrbs;Kat;gab;Gs;.Kat;minGaceFVIGVIedIm,I
Tb;sáat;sßanPaBenaH)aneLIy.Kat;minGacsgR)ak;dl;GñkCitxagrbs;Kat;vij)aneT.
bursmñak;x©IR)ak; 500 duløar BIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat; edayR)ab;eKfa Kat;manbMNgeRbIva
edIm,IdaMeBat. Kat;)ansnüafanwgykR)ak;enaH eTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)an
•
•
CMBUk 2
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
27
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
snüafa nwgsgR)ak;enaHvij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pl
eBat)an. b:uEnþ Kat;KµanbMNgdaMeBatBitR)akdeLIy. Kat;EbrCamanbMNgykR)ak;
enaH ehIypøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBj. enAeBlEdlKat;eTAx©IR)ak;eK Kat;)andwgxøÜnÉgfa
Kat;minRbugsgR)ak;enaH eTAeGayGñkCitxagKat;vij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeTotenaH
eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©I)anR)ak;Kat;)anpøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBjnigeKcxøÜn)at;.
eKeXIjc,as;Nas;fa eKminKYrcat;TukmnusSTaMgBIrnak;enHdUcKñaeT. bursmñak;Ca
CnelµIs Ébursmñak;eTot CaCnrgeRKaHedayCYbnwgsMNagGaRkk;. b:uEnþbursTaMgBIrnak;
)anRbRBwtþFatupSMsMPar³énbTelµIsrMelaPesckþITukcitþdUcKña. bursTaMgBIrnak;RtUv)aneKTuk
citþRbKl;RTBümYycMnYneGay. TaMgBIrnak; )ansnüafa nwgsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij.
kñúgkrNITaMgBIrmanehtukarN_mYyekIteLIgcMeBaHRTBüenaHEdlraraMgmineGayeKGacsgva
eTAm©as;edImvij)an.
RbkarxusKñaKW ectnarbs;bursTaMgBIrnak;. burskñúg]TahrN_TImYy KµanbMNgeKc
evsBIkarsgbMNuleT.Kat;)andaMeBatnigxMeFVIGVI²RKb;y:agedIm,IbMeBjkrNIykic©rbs;Kat;
eGay)an. k¾b:uEnþ eRKaHraMgs¶Üt)ansmøab;pldMNaMrbs;Kat; ehIyenaHminEmnCakMhusrbs;
Kat;pÞal;eT.burskñúg]TahrN_TIBIrmanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs.Kat;)ankuhkGñkCitxagKat;
GMBImUlehtuénkarcg;x©IR)ak; ehIyenAeBlEdlKat;ykR)ak;enaH Kat;KµanbMNgsgvavij
eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©IR)ak;)anKat;eKcxøÜnedayykR)ak;enaHeTACamYy.enHCaskçIPaB
d¾RKb;RKan;EdlbgðajfaKat;manbMNgRbRBwtþbTelµIs.
ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBI
xus.vaminGacCakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.RbkarenHmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;tamry³kar
eRbIBakü{éKbnøM}enAkñúgGtßbTénmaRta46.éKbnøMmann½yfaykGVImYyEtk¾mann½ypgEdrfa
karykenaHRbRBwtþeTAtampøÚvxusb¤edayTuc©rit.rdæmRnIþRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl
)aneFVIkarsnñidæandUcKñaenHEdrenAkñúg {esckþIENnaMrYm} fµI²enHrbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 8 ExsIha
qñaM2005 sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. fVIebIkEnøgxøHkñúgGtßbTénesckþIENnaMrYmenH
manPaBRcbUkRcbl;kþI esckIþENnaMenHkt;sMKal;fa CnCab;ecaTRtUvEtman {bMNgGaRkk;}
b¤RtUv{ekgRbv½Ba©b¤éKbnøM}ykRTBüEdleK)anTukcitþRbKl;eGay.enAkñúgkarsmÖasn_mYy
CamYyRBHraCGaCJaGmtulakarraCFanIPñMeBjmñak; elak)anepþateTAelIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs
faCaFatupSMd¾sMxan;mYyedIm,IGacseRmcfaetIRtUvdak;b¤minRtUvdak;bNþwgRBhµTNÐ.tulakar
kMBUlk¾)anTTYlsÁal;Edrfa ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsKWCaFatupSMmYyénbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ ehIy
CMBUk 2
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
28
enAkñúgqñaM 2002 eK)anedaHElg®sþImñak;BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH edaysarmUlehtufa Kµan
PsþútagbBa¢ak;ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsenaH.13
4>RkmRBhµTNÐfµI
c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalnwgRtUvCMnYsedayRkmRBhµTNÐfµIkñúgqñaM2007.maRta46
nwgRtUvQb;eRbI ehIymaRtafµIsþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ nwgcUlmkCMnYs. maRtafµIsþIBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ¬edaysnµtfavaminrgkarpøas;bþÚrNamYymuneBlRbkaseGayeRbI
enHeT¦nwgmanPaBgayyl;CagmaRtaEdlmannaeBlbc©úb,nñenH³
karrMelaPesckþITukcitþekIteLIg enAeBlEdleyagtambuernicä½yénGñkÉeTot Cnmñak;
)anéKbnøMmUlniFi RTBümantémø b¤RTBüNamYy EdleK)anRbKl;eGayTTYlxusRtUv
ehIyCnenaH)anyl;RBmTTYlvtßúenaH eTAtamlkçxNÐénkarsgvij RbKl;eGayvij
b¤eRbIR)as;vatamrebobkMNt;mYy.
maRtafµIEdlEcgBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nwgminxusKñaxøaMg BImaRtaEdlsßitenA
CaFrmansBVéf¶enHb:unµaneT. vabnþepþateTAelIFatupSMsMPar³TaMgbIdUcKña nigbBa©ÚlFatu
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dUcEdl)anbkRsaymaRta 46. ]TahrN_ maRtaénc,ab;RBhµTNÐfµI Elgmanniyaydl;
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déTb¤kareyageTAelIedImecaTEdlCam©as;CaGñkmanRTBüb¤CaGñkkan;kab;RTBüeTotehIy.
karpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH pþl;RbeyaCn_eRcIn nigeFVIeGayc,ab;enHmanPaBgayyl; niggayGnuvtþ
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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elIesckþITukcitþ. CaTUeTA karRsavRCavEdlGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess )anyl;RsbCamYy
CMhrrbs;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
eKeXIjfabBaðaecaTrbs;karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanTMhMtUc
b:uEnþCabBaðaFMsRmab;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ. fVIebIsßitiBMumanlkçN³CatMNagkþI sßitiTaMgenaHqøúH
bBa©aMgBIRbePTénbBaða nigéføcMNayBak;B½n§nwgerOgkþIénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. kñúgsßiti
enaH minRtwmEtmancMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþd¾eRcIn enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjeT b:uEnþ
Tinñn½ysßitik¾)ancg¥úlbgðajfakarbþwgecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anbegáItsm<aF
d¾FMeTAelICnCab;ecaTedaysareKGacXMuxøÜnCnCab;ecaTmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI)any:aggay.14
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ebIeyagtamGgÁehtufa erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mancMnYnRbmaNCitBak;kNþal
éncMnYnerOgkþIecarkmµnigkarbgárbYssñam.
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29¬eBalKW94°¦.
edImecaTenAkñúgerOgkþIcMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNamerOgkþIsrubcMnYn 36 enAkñúgTinñn½yBIbNþaj
pSayB½t’man)anTamTarsMNgCMgWcitþelIsBI100000duløarGaemrik.
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ehIy)anbBa¢a {tulakarextþ-Rkug nigkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJaTaMgGs; eGayykcitþTukdak;
nigykeKalKMnitTaMgLayEdlmanEcgenAkñúg maRta 46 mkKitBicarNa.} CaBiess
esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;c,as;fa PaBxusKñarvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjmkBIkar
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eGay)anc,as;GMBITMhMénbBaðakþIeKeXIjc,as;faTaMgraCrdæaPi)alTaMgshKmn_GaCIvkmµ)an
TTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;énbBaðaecaTenHnigfavaCH\T§iBlGviC¢manmkelIesdækic©km<úCa.
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vivaTkic©snüa nigvivaTrdæb,evNIepSg²eTotEdleKKYredaHRsayeTAtam nItiviFIénc,ab;
rdæb,evNICaCagtamc,ab;RBhµTNÐ.
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elIsBIenH esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa eKminKYreRbIRbkarTaMgLay
rbs;bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAkñúgkrNIerOgkþIEdlKµanFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIs
rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.
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k¾eday edayKitrYmTaMgkarsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij karxkxanenaH minEmnCa
GMeBIéKbnøMykb¤karlYcykEdlCakmµvtßúénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.16
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ minEmnsuT§EtRtUveKGnuvtþedayRtwmRtUv nigRsbeTAtam
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RTBüRtUvEt)aneKRbKl;[CnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
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cMnYntUcb:ueNÑaH EdlkñúgenaHPaKImYyTukcitþRbKl;GVImYy ehIyPaKImYyeTotRtUvRbKl;vasg
mkvij. kic©snüa lk; Tij TMnijEdlCaTRmg;TUeTAbMputénkic©snüa minGackøayeTACa
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIyeRBaHkñúgenaHKµanPaKINamYy)anTukcitþRbKl;RTBüxøÜneGay
PaKImYyeTotTTYlxusRtUvehIyRTBüenaHRtUvEtRbKl;sgmkm©as;edImvijenaHeLIy.
eTaHbImankic©snüaCab;Tak;TgnwgkarRbKl;RTBüBitEmnkþI kareføaHeFøayrbs;PaKI
mYy kñúgkarbMeBjcitþPaKImçageTot k¾enAEtminGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaTbTRBhµTNÐ
CasV½yRbvtþi)aneLIy. braC½yénkic©snüamYy GacbgáeGaymankarbwþgTamTarCm¶Wcitþ
tamnitiviFIrdæb,evNI bu:EnþminGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaT BIbTrMelaPelIesckIþTukcitþeT
luHNaEtmanPsþútagbBa¢ak;fa karmin)anbMeBjtamkic©snüaekIteLIgedaysarbMNgTuc©rit
rbs;CnCab;ecaT. braC½yénGaCIvkmµ b¤karxatbg;RTBüEtmYymux minEmnCaPsþútagpÞal;
énectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐeLIy.RtUvEtmanPsþútagfaCnCab;ecaT)anTTYlykRTBü
enaHedaycitþb:unb:glYcb¤éKbnøM.l.
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k¾mankarTTYlsÁal;BIsMNak;bBaØav½nþc,ab;km<úCaEdr.kñúgcMeNamenaHelakkuy nam )ansresrvKÁmYy
TaMgmUlénGtßbTsþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedIm,IBnül;BIehtufakarxkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©kic©snüab¤
karcrcakic©snüaminEmnCakrNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedaysV½yRbvtþienaHeLIy¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§5¦.
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EdlkarBarmnusSenAkñúgkþIEbbenH. krNIsikSa 4 nig 5 Ep¥kelIesckþIseRmcrbs;tulakar
enAkñúgerOgkþIBak;B½n§nwgbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
krNIsikSa 1 nig 3 KWCa]TahrN_énrebobEdlvivaTkic©snüasamBaز )ankøay
eTACabNþwgTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ18
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edayxøÜnÉgenAeBlcb;ry³eBlenaH.karbþwgecaTTMngCaekIteLIgedaysarEtedImecaTman
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cMnYn)anbgðajfa eKGacsUk):an;RBHraCGaCJa eGayebIkerOgkþIRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ RbqaMgTl;nwgédKU b¤KURbECgGaCIvkmµNamñak;)an. Gñkpþl;smÖasmñak;EdlCa
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buKÁlenAkñúgerOgr:avTaMgenHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚredIm,IbiT)aMgGtþsBaØaNBitrbs;GñkcUlrYm.
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19pÞúyBIB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIGñkpþl;smÖasn_nigmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’mansmaCikTaMgLayén
GgÁecARkm)anEføgfaGRtaénkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ{mankMritTabEmnETn}.
BYkeK)aneGayeyabl;falT§plTaMgLaykñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIKuNPaBén
sarB½t’manenAkm<úCa.
CMBUk 3
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
36
EdlnaMeTAdl;karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI. ry³eBlEdlmnusSTaMgLayRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMu
CMrHkþIERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg.eyagtammUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manGñkxøHRtUvCab;XMu
munkarCMnMuCMrHkþIGs;rab;ExÉGñkxøHeTotEdlGacedaHRsaybg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn)anRtUvCab;XMuEt
kñúgrvagBIrbIéf¶b:ueNÑaH.
karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI CaRbPBFMCageKénkardak;sm<aF eTAelICnCab;ecaT.
GñkCMnYjTaMgLayEdl)anpþl;smÖasn_ )anyl;RsbKñafa karCab;XMukñúgBn§naKar edaysar
EtvivaTBaNiC¢kmµ KWCaGVIEdleKcg;eKceGayput eTaHRtUvcMNayGs;b:unµank¾eday. enAkñúg
krNIsikSa 1 KWedaysarkaremIleXIjfa xøÜnRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIrab;s)þah_ b¤rab;Ex
enHehIyEdl)anCMrujeGayelakksuxcitþbg;R)ak;Gs;40/000duløaedIm,I)anenAeRkAXMu.
dUcKñaenHEdr enAkñúgkrNIsikSa 3 karKMramcab;xøÜn nigXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI )anraraMgmin
eGaybuKÁlikRkumh‘unhcUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeTaHbIkñúgdMeNIreTscrN_k¾minh‘anmkEdr.
GñkeqøIyGegátcMnYnR)aMmYykñúgcMNamR)aMbI)anniyayfaBYkeK{)armÖxøaMgNas;}GMBIyfaPUt
faRtUvCab;XMuxøÜnmYyry³ enAkñúgBn§naKaredaysarerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. Gñkpþl;
smÖasn_ nigGñkeqøIyGegátPaKeRcIn k¾)anyl;RsbKñaEdrfa BYkeK)armÖxøaMgNas;GMBI
karxatbg;R)ak;b¤GaCIvkmµnigkar)at;bg;kitþiysEdlGacnwgekIteLIg.
eRkayBIRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrH CnCab;ecaTmansiT§ibþwgtv:a eTAecARkmesIubGegát
sMueGayeKedaHElgxøÜn. ebIsinCabNþwgtv:aenaH RtUveKbdiesF CnCab;ecaTmansiT§ibþwg
saTukçGMBIkarseRmcenaH eTAtulakar]T§rN_. k¾b:uEnþ dMeNIrkarenHGacmandMeNIryWt
nigKµankarFanafaCnCab;ecaTnwgRtUveKedaHElgenaHeLIy.cenøaHeBlenaHCnCab;ecaTRtUv
enACab;XMuCabnþ.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYn)ancg¥úlbgðajfaeKGacbg;R)ak;edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnBI
karXMuxøÜnmunCMnMuCMrHkþI)an.eKGacehAR)ak;EdleKbg;enaHfaCa{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}b:uEnþtamkarBit
vaCaéføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar edIm,IeGay)anrYcxøÜnBIkarXMuxøÜn. eKmansMNagticNas;kñúgkar
TTYl)anR)ak;enaHmkvij eTaHbICaCnCab;ecaTQñHkþI edayRtUveKelIkElgBIkarecaTRbkan;
k¾eday.
Gñkpþl;smÖasn_PaKeRcIn)anyl;RsbKñafacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvcMNayedIm,I)anrYc
BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI manTMhMxus²Kña edayGaRs½yeTAtamcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlCakmµvtßú
énbNþwg. kalNaedImecaTbþwgTamTarkan;EteRcIn enaHcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlcaM)ac;RtUvbg;edIm,I
)anrYcxøÜnBIBn§naKark¾kan;EteRcInEdr.Gñkpþl;smÖasmñak;)anEføgfa eKRtUvcayGs;y:agtic
20000duløa.enAkñúgkrNIsikSa1elakk)anbg;R)ak;eGayeKGs;40000duløab¤esµI
nwgBak;kNþalénTwkR)ak; EdleKecaTfaKat;)anéKbnøM. erOgkþIcMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNamerOgkþI
CMBUk 3
20Ca]TahrN_®sIþenAkñúgGgÁehtu4BitCa)anecjputBIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIeRkayBI)anbþwgtv:aCabnþbnÞab;
rhUtdl;tulakarkMBUl.Kat;)anCab;XMumunkarCMnMuCMrHGs;ry³eBl8ExkñúgeBldMeNIrkarbNþwgsaTukçenaH.
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
37
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
36 enAkñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’man EdlRsg;ecjBIbNþasarB½t’mankm<úCa
sMNgCMgWcitþEdlGñkedImecaT)anbþwgTamTar manelIsBI 100 000 duløa. ebIsinCaman
karbg;R)ak;FanaxøÜnecjeRkAkarXMuxøÜn R)ak;FanaxøÜnenAkñúgerOgkþInImYy² mancMnYndl;eTA
rab;muWnduløa.Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYn)ancg¥úlbgðajfaenAeBlEdleK)anbg;{R)ak;FanaxøÜn}
rYcehIybNþwgecaTRbkan;TaMgLayRtUvedImecaTdkElgbþwgvijb¤mYyRtUvecARkmbdiesFmin
cat;karb¤mYyskmµPaBTaMgLayTak;TgnwgerOgkþIRtUvbBa©b;Etmþg.
Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgLay)ancg¥úlbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþPaKeRcIn RtUveKbBa©b;tamry³karbg;R)ak;tamrUbPaBepSg² munmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI
eRBaHmanmnusSticNas; Edlcg;RbfuynwgeRKaHfñak; edayRtUveKrkeXIjfaxøÜnmaneTas
nigRtUveKkat;eTaseGayCab;Bn§naKar. karN_enHGacbkRsay PaBcMELkCak;EsþgmYy
énB½t’manEdleKRbmUlBIsarB½t’mankm<úCaTaMgLayeBalKWeKeXIjmanbNþwgGMBIkarrMelaP
esckþITukçcitþy:ageRcIn elIsBIcMnYnkþIEdleK)anCMnMuCMrH. fVIebImanmUlehtuCaeRcInTak;Tg
nwg)atuPUtenHedayrYmmanTaMgFmµCatiKµanlkçN³CatMNagrbs;sMNakpgEdreKk¾eXIjman
PaBRtUvKñaCamYynwgsMdIrbs;Gñk pþl;smÖasn_TaMgLayfa erOgkþITak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþPaKeRcInEtgRtUveKedaHRsaybBa©b;munkarCMnMuCMrHkþI.
K> RbB½n§yutiþFm’GaceFVIkar)anl¥
enAeBlEdlCaerOy²eKeXIjfamaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKGnuvtþ
xuseKk¾eXIjEdrfa erOgkþITaMgLayEdlCab;Tak;TgnwgRbCaBlrdæRkIRk ehIybBaðaluymin
cUlmkBak;B½n§eTenaH erOgkþIenaH )anRbRBwtþeTAFmµtaCagenH. Ca]TahrN_ krNIsikSaTI
2 KWCa]TahrN_BIrebobEdlRbB½n§enHRtUveFVIkar. erOgkþI)ancab;epþImecjdMeNIry:agGaRkk;
edayGñkRsI T RtUveKbþwgecaTedayminRtwmRtUv BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eK)anTukcitþ
RbKl;RTBüeGayKat; ehIyKat;)ansnüafasgvij EtKat;BitCaminGacsgvij)anEmn.
k¾b:uEnþ Kat;)an)at;ExSkenaHedayGectna. Kat;min)anykvaeTAbBa©aM lk; b¤bdiesFmin
TTYlsÁal;faKat;)anx©IBIeKeLIy. edayehtuenH Kat;KµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs EdlcaM)ac;
sRmab;karecaTRbkan;BIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeLIy. Kat;RtUveKcab;XMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH
kþIGs;ry³eBlBIrEx EdlCakarN_mYyminsmfacaM)ac;eLIy. k¾b:uEnþ emFavIrbs;Kat;man
lT§PaBFanaKat;eGayenAeRkAXMuedaymin)ac;bg;R)ak;eGaytulakareLIy.emFavIrbs;Kat;
)anCECkEvkEjkCamYytulakar RbkbedayeCaKC½yfa GgÁehtuénerOgkþIenHbgðajfa
GñkRsI T KµanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐNamYyeT. ecARkmesIubGegát)anyl;RBm
tamnig)anrMsayerOgkþIenaH.eRkayBI)ancab;epþImy:agGaRkk;eKseRmc)anlT§plRtwmRtUv
edayGñkRsITmin)anbg;R)ak;QñÜl{minpøÚvkar}NamYyeLIy.
CMBUk 3
39
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
eKminGacTTYl)anCasaFarN³ nUvB½t’mansßitiénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT
ehIykarN_enHeFVIeGayeKCYbkarlM)ak kñúgkarKNnacMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
Edl)anekItmankñúgmYyqñaM² enAkm<úCa. eyagtamTinñn½yEdlRksYgyutþiFm’)anpþl;CUn
GnuKN³kmµaFikarBiesssRmab;erobcMr)aykarN_enHeKeXIjfacMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþkñúgmYyqñaM²Gacmanrab;ry¬sUmemIltarag1]bsm½<n§6¦21
.KµanmeFüa)ayNa
mYyGac):an;sµaneGay)anCak;lak;fa kñúgcMeNamerOgkþITaMgenaH manb:unµanPaKryCaerOgkþI
minRtwmRtUvenaHeT.GñkeqøIyGegátR)aMbYnnak;kñúgcMeNamdb;nak;)anniyayGMBIPaBjwkjab;
énbNþwgBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ RtUveKbþwgedayminRtwmRtUv faekItman {mþgmáal}
{Cajwkjy} b¤{esÞIrEtCanic©kal} ehIyGñkpþl;smÖasn_PaKeRcIn )anyl;RsbKñafa erOgkþI
minRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ KWCabBaðaecaTTUeTA. b:uEnþ edaysarkarGegát
nigkarsmÖasn_TaMgenaH KµanlkçN³CatMNageT enaHkarrkeXIjenHminGacniyaycMeBaH
RKb;erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)aneLIy. eTaHy:agNak¾eday vaBitCaKYreGayPJak;ep¥Il
xøHEdrcMeBaHtYelxfa 8/2° énerOgkþITaMgGs;enAPñMeBj CaerOgkIþBak;B½n§nwgkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ.eKeXIjfaerOgkþIecarkmµb¤bgárbYssñamedayectnamanRbmaNCaBak;kNþal
énerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ ¬sUmemIltarag 2 én]bsm<½n§ 6¦. CabBa©b; B½t’man
EdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enHbgðajfabBaðaenHmanTMhMtUcEtmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH
shKmn_ GaCIvkmµ eTaHbICaeyIgKµanmeFüa)aysRmab;):an;sµaneGay)anCak;lak; GMBIcMnYn
erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdleK)anbþwgkñúgmYyqñaM²k¾eday.
B½t’manEdleyIg)anRbmUlsRmab;r)aykarN_enH KµanlkçN³CatMNageT. kar
Gegát nigsmÖasn_TaMgenH TMngCasuT§Etel¥óg edaysarbBaðaeRCIserIsxøÜnÉgkñúgcMeNam
GñkeqøIytb. edayehtuenH KµanmeFüa)ayNamYy sRmab;eFVIcMeNalecjBIlT§plén
karsmÖasn_ b¤Gegát eTArktYelxTUeTAmYysIþBI\T§iBlrbs;erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmk
elIesdækic©km<úCaeT.k¾b:uEnþkarrkeXIjTaMgenHGacCYy)anBIry:ag.TImYyvaGacCYykMNt;
erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGayesdækic©km<úCa xatbg;Gs;rab;landuløar
CMBUk 4
21kñúgmYyqñaM²tulakarraCFanIPñMeBjTTYlerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCamFümcMnYnCag200krNIb:uEnþ
eKeXIjfaPñMeBjCaRbPBFMCageKénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAkmçúCa.
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
40
RbePTénéføcMNay EdlCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
ehIyTIBIr eKGaceRbIvaedIm,I):an;sµanéføcMNaysRmab;buKÁl nigRkumh‘unTaMgLay EdleyIg
)ansmÖasb¤)anGegát.
eKeXIjfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ GacCH\T§iBlmkelI
esdækic©km<úCa tamrebobepSg²mYycMnYn. karcMNayCak;EsþgCageK KWkarcMNaypÞal;
EdlrYmmanéføQñÜlemFavI éføcMNayeRkApøÚvkar EdlCab;Tak;TgnwgkarRtUveKbþwgBIbTrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ. erOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmYycMnYnRtUveKbegáIteLIg edIm,ITTYl)an
éføcMNaypÞal;TaMgenaH. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mñak;)anniyayfa éføcMNayticbMputEdlRtUvbg;
edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnecjmkenAeRkAXMuKW 20000 duløa ÉGñkpþl;smÖasn_mYycMnYneTotniyayfa
éføcMNayenHmancMnYneRcInEtvaGaRs½yelITwkR)ak;EdleK)anbþwgTamTareGaysg.enAkñúg
krNIsRmab;sikSa1elakk)ancMNayGs;40000duløa edIm,I)anrYcxøÜnenAeRkAXMunig
20000 duløaeTot eTAelIéføQñÜlemFavI. GñkeqøIyGegátdb;nak; )aneqøIyÉkPaBKñafa
éføcMNaybNþalmkBIRtUveKbþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþsßitenAcenøaHBI5000eTA50000
duløa. fVIebIeKminGacKNnaéføcMNayCamFüm sRmab;erOgkIþminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþenAkm<úCa eGay)anCak;lak;ecjBITinñn½yenH)ankþI skçIPaBCakardMNalt²Kña
bgðajfaéføcMNaykñúgerOgkþInImYy²GacmanTMhMBIrab;Ban;eTArab;mWunduløa.
RbePTbnÞab;énéføcMNay KWkarxat;bg;GaCIvkmµ EdlbNþalmkBIRtUveKbþwgBI
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eBalKWkarxatbg;GaCIvkmµ edayRtUvcMNayeBlevlaenAkñúg
Bn§naKar nigkarxUckitþiys.l. CafµImþgeTot eKminGackMNt;TMhMCak;lak;énTwkR)ak;enH
)aneT. karGegátmin)ansYreGayGñkeqøIyEbgEckdac;BIKña nUvéføcMNaypÞal; éføtulakar
nigkarcMNayeRkApøÚvkarepSg² nigkarxatbg;karrksIu EdlbNþalmkBImaneKbþwgeT
ehIyKµanGñkpþl;smÖasn_Namñak;cg;kMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;énkarxatbg;kñúgkarrksIueGayelIs
BIkarniyayfavamanTMhM{eRcInNas;}eLIy.
éføcMNayRbePTTIbITak;TgnwgkarKMramdak;BakübNþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
emFavImYycMnYnEdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy )ant¥ÚjEt¥rfa emFavIepSg²eTot EtgEtKMram
dEdl² fanwgdak;BakübNþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAeBlEdleKTamTarR)ak;kñúg
karcrcaKña nigenAeBlmanvivaTkic©snüa. eKyl;fa TaMgenHKWCakarKMrambMbiTmat;edIm,Icab;
GñkTTYlkarKMramenaHdak;Bn§naKar ebIsinCaeKminRBmbg;R)ak;eGay. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_
TaMgLay)anniyayfa esÞIrEtCanic©kal eKKµanmUldæanGVIsRmab;bþwgBIbTrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþeT b:uEnþerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþ CakrNIEdlekIteLIgCaTUeTA Edl
CYnkalvasmlµmnwgeFVIeGayGtifiCnrbs;eKsuxcitþbg;R)ak;eGayGñkedImecaTedIm,IEtecos
vageGayputBIhaniP½yfaeKCab;Bak;B½n§nwgerOgkþIEbbenH.eKminGackMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl
eK)ancMNaykñúgmYyqñaM²edaysarEtkarKMramTaMgenaH)aneT.
CMBUk 4
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
41
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
RbePTcugeRkayénkarcMNay ehIyRbEhlCaRbePTFMCageKbg¥s; KWkarxatbg;
»kasvinieyaK. RbePTenH RKbelITMnak;TMngGaCIvkmµ EdleKGacnwgeFVIeTA)an ebIkMuEt
P½yxøacRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. GñkCMnYjesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdleyIg)an
smÖas )ancg¥úlbgðajfa BYkeK)anbdiesF»kasvinieyaKEdleK)anCYb edaysarEtP½y
xøackarecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. emFavIGaCIvkmµ nigTIRbwkSaGaCIvkmµesÞIrEt
TaMgGs; )anraykarN_fa eK)anpþl;eyabl;dl;GtifiCnrbs;BYkeK eGayeRCIserIsédKU
GaCIvkmµedayRbugRby½tñ eRBaHEtkarbþwgminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþTaMgenaH. kñúg
cMeNamcemøIyénkarGegátTaMgdb;¬sUmemIl]bsm<½n§4¦mancemøIybIbgðajfaBYkeK)an
bdiesF»kasvinieyaK{Cajwkjy}ÉbIeTotniyayfa{CaerOy²}nigbIepSgTotniyayfa
{mþgmáal}.manGñkeqøIyGegátEtmñak;b:ueNÑaHEdl)anraykarN_faeKminEdlbdiesF»kas
vinieyaKNamYyedaysarEthaniP½yénkarRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.
eKminGacTajrktYelxTUeTA énkarxatbg;»kasvinieyaKTaMgLay enAkm<úCa
ecjBIlT§plénkarGegát nigsmÖasn_Edl)aneFVIenHeT. b:uEnþ karsrubTwkR)ak;EdlGñk
eqøIyGegátcMnYnR)aMBIrnak; )anraykarN_tbeTAnwgsMNYrfa {etI»kasvinieyaKnanaEdl
elak-Gñk )anbdiesFedaysarhaniP½yénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mantémøb:unµan?
)anbgðajBIlMdab;énkarxatbg;karvinieyaK sRmab;buKÁlTaMgR)aMBIrnak;Edl)aneqøIyGegát
enHfava manTMhMcenøaHBI 3lan eTA 12/1lan duløa. eK)anbUksrublT§plTaMgenaH
enAkñúgtaragxageRkam.eK)ansYrGñkpþl;smÖasn_nUvsMNYrdEdlenHehIyTMhMTwkR)ak;srub
énkare)aHbg;ecal»kasvinieyaKmancMnYnelIsBI5landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM².srubcUlKñaeTA
tYelxenH tageGaykarxatbg;»kasvinieyaK kñúgcMeNammnusS nigRkumh‘uncMnYnticCag
12.eTaHbICamnusSnigRkumh‘unTaMgenaHGactageGayRkumGñkEdlbdiesF»kasGaCIvkmµ
eRcInCageK karrkeXIjnanaenAEtbgðajfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
eFVIeGaykm<úCaxatbg;karvinieyaKGs;CaeRcInlannigGacdl;rab;siblanduløarkñúgmYyqñaM².
CMBUk 4
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
42
etIelak-Gñkyl;fa RtUvcMNay Gs;b:unµankñúgkrNIEdlRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ?
etIelak-GñkFøab;)anbdiesF »kasvinieyaK edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ jwkjab;y:agNa?
etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk Føab;)anbdiesF edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ mantémøb:unµan?
1 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa
2 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa
3 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; KµancemøIy
4 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy
5 5000-50000duløa minEdlesaH KµancemøIy
6 ticCag5000duløa mþgmáal ticCag50000duløa
7 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa
8 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy
9 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa
10 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 500000-1landuløa
11 KµancemøIy KµancemøIy ticCa500000duløa
srub = 3 000 000 - 12 100 000 duløa
B½t’manenAkñúgtaragenHTTYl)anmkBIkarGegátKµanPaBécdnüénGaCIvkmµkm<úCa.
karxatbg;»kasvinieyaK edaysarerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelI esckþITukcitþ
CMBUk 4
45
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
Gnusasn_
kat;bnßykarGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUvnUverOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
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sRmab;kat;bnßy \T§iBlénerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eRkABIenH
karGegát)ansYrGñkeqøIyGegátGMBIkMENTRmg;mYycMnYnEdlKYrman.karGegátk¾manTukcenøaH
cMhTMenrBIrkEnøgEdr sRmab;eGayGñkeqøIyGacsresrGnusasn_pÞal;rbs;eK ehIyGñkeqøIy
mYycMnYnBitCa)ansresrGnusasn_nanacUlEmn.eK)anvaytémøelIeyabl;nigkarBiPakSa
TaMgenaH edayeyagtamB½t’manTaMgLayEdleKRbmUl)ansRmab;r)aykarN_enH ehIyeK
TTYl)anlT§plCaGnusasn_nana sRmab;kat;bnßy\T§iBlénerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaP
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Gnum½tesckIþRBagc,ab;enH eGay)anqab;tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an edayrkSaBaküeBcn_tam
TRmg;EdlmannaeBlbc©úb,nñenH.
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cab;GarmµN_eTAelI FatupSMsþIBIkarTukcitþRbKl;GVImYy nigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ.
enAkñúgerOgkþIEdleKecaTedayminRtwmRtUv PaKeRcIn CnCab;ecaTminRtUv)an edImecaTTukcitþ
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CMBUk 5
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46
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TTYlxusRtUv nigBIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarkMNt;
nigkareCosvagerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ.
ecjesckþIENnaMrYmfµImYy EdltRmUveGayecARkmecjsalRkmTak;Tgnwg
krNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ BiPakSay:agc,as;las;BIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;
FatupSMnImYy² énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkar sþIBIrebobsresreyabl;rbs;tulakar GacCYyeGay
manPaBRtwmRtUv nigtmøaPaBkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH)an RBmTaMgCYyFanafa
m®nþItulakarTaMgLay nwgelIkykFatupSM énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐnImYy² mkedaHRsay
edayELkBIKña nigy:agRtwmRtUv munnwgrkeXIjfamaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarEbbenH RtUvEtbBa©ak;fa salRkmnImYy²rbs;tulakar RtUvman
karBiPakSaedayELk²BIKña GMBIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ.
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fñak;x<s;pgEdr.
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kñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþgayeFVIeGayeKyl;RcLMehIykarbNþúHbNþalbEnßm
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mYyeGayeKnigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsehIyKYrpþl;karbNþúHbNþalenaHP¢ab;CamYynwgkarecj
esckþIENnaMrYmfµIdUc)anelIkeLIgxagelI.
CMBUk 5
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
47
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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kare)aHBum<pSaysalRkménerOgkþIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacCYyeGayeKepþat
karcab;GarmµN_eTAelIFatupSM sþIBIkarRbKl;GVImYyGayeKTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþ
bTelµIseRBaHvaGnuBaØateGayeKGacBinitüBic©½yelIkarTajehtuplEdlenABIeRkaykarecj
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karlM)akkñúgkartamBinitüemIlfa etIFatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐman Psþútag
c,as;las;Edrb¤eT.
sRmbsRmYlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sgÁmsIuvil nigbNþaj
pSayB½t’manTaMgLay edIm,IBinitüBic½©y elIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
Gnusasn_enH ekItecjBIeyabl;rbs;Gñkpþl;smÖasn_ cMeBaHesckþIENnaMrYmsþIBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdlecjrYmKñaedayrdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl
kalBIEx sIha 2005. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_mñak; EdlCaemFavIsBa¢atikm<úCa )anniyayfa
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ditdl;Cagmun elIerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nwgGacmanRbeyaCn_eRcIn. manviFICaeRcIn
sRmab;eFVIeGayseRmckargarenH)an kñúgenaH mankartamdanditdl;CagmunedayRksYg
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bNþajpSayB½t’manTaMgLay k¾GacedIrtYmYypgEdr kñúgkarrMelceGayeXIj nignaMeGay
saFarNCncab;GarmµN_ cMeBaHerOgkþIIminRtwmRtUvTaMgLayEdlGacekItman. eKeXIjman
tRmUvkareGaymankic©shkarKñaRbesIrCagmun rvagEpñkÉkCn sgÁmsIuvil bNþajpSay
B½t’mannigraCrdæaPi)aledIm,IeFVIkic©karenH.
edayTTYlsÁal;nUvtRmUvkartamXøaMemIlerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAéf¶TI 2
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nigRBHraCGaCJaTaMgLay edaybBa¢ak;fa eKminTan;GnuvtþmaRtaénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
)anRtwmRtUveTnigfacab;BIeBlenHteTAeKRtUvEtCUndMNwgdl;RksYgyutþiFm’GMBIerOgkþIrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþEdleKbþwgecaTeTAelIvinieyaKinTaMgLay.
CMBUk 5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
48
begáItynþkarsRmab;karraykarN_CaGnamik BIbuKÁliktulakar b¤nKr)al
NaEdlTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar
CaTUeTA Gnusasn_enHTak;TgnwgKMnitsþIBIkartamXøaMemIlditdl;Cagmun elIerOgkþI
rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. Gñkkan;GMNacTaMgLay RbEhlCaminsUvTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar
eToteT ebIsinCaeKdwgfa CnCab;ecaTGacraykarN_BIBYkeK dl;nrNamñak;EdlGacnwgmk
GegátemIledayeyagtamesckþIraykarN_enaH.edayehtuenHvaGacnwgmanRbeyaCn_Nas;
ebIsinCamanynþkarGnamik nigÉkraCü sRmab;eGaybuKÁl b¤Rkumh‘unTaMgLay raykarN_
GMBIGñkkan;GMNacEdlRbRBwtþminRtwmRtUv. cMNucd¾c,as;mYyecjBIkarraykarN_enHKW drab
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krNIerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvNamYydl;nrNamñak;eT.
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karCMnMuCMrHkþI
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munCMnMuCMrHkþI enAkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ GacCYyEklMGsßanPaBeGay)anl¥RbesIr
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karKMramXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI KWCaRbPBénkardak;sm<aFeGayGaCIvkrbg;R)ak; enAkñúgerOg
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karkat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI Gacnwgkat;bnßy\T§iBlGaRkk;énkarbþwgecaTmin
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etICnCab;ecaTGacrt;eKcxøÜn b¤eT. ]TahrN_ GñkTaMgLayEdlmansm<½n§y:ageRcInCamYy
nwgRbeTskm<úCa ¬RKYsarpÞal;xøÜn RTBüsm,tþi GaCIvkmµ.l.¦ GacelIkElgecj)an
BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI kñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. edaysnµtfa CnCab;ecaT
Gacrt;eKcxøÜn esckþIENnaMkargarenaHKYrEtkMNt; GMBIlkçxNÐEdleKGacGnuvtþkarFanaxøÜn
enAeRkAXMu)an nigkMNt;rebobKNnacMnYnTwkR)ak;sRmab;FanaxøÜnnaH RBmTaMgynþkarsRmab;
eGayCnCab;ecaTGacTTYl)anR)ak;FanaxøÜnrbs;eKmkvij.
CMBUk 5
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
49
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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CMBUk 5
51
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karsmÖasn_CamYymCÄdæanBak;B½n§
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karBinitüemIlB½t’manTak;TgnwgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþEdleKGac
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karGegátmtieyabl;rbs;GaCIvkmµ.
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RBhµTNÐ TIRbwkSaGaCIvkmµ Gñkts‘UmtixagsiT§imnusS GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigsmaCikén
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kþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ emFavIEdlFøab;karBarCnCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nig
GaCIvkrTaMgLayEdlRBYy)armÖBIrebobEdleKGnuvtþmaRtaénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ.
3>karBinitüemIlB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIRksYgyutþiFm’
RksYgyutþiFm’)anpþl;CUnKN³kmµaFikarBiess nUvTinñn½ysßitiGMBIcMnYnsrubénerOg
kþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. eK)ansegçbB½t’manTaMgenaH enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 4. RksYgBitCa
xitxMpþl;B½t’man sRmab;karRsavRCavenHeTAtamlT§PaB k¾b:uEnþ eRkABITinñn½yEdleK)an
pþl;eGayRksYg)anrkSaTuknUvB½t’manmYycMnYneTot.bc©úb,nñenHtulakarmin)ane)aHBum<pSay
nUvsalRkmseRmcénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeTehIyeKk¾minGacTTYl)anCasaFarN³
EdrnUvB½t’man GMBIcMnYnerOgkþIénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ EdleK)anbþwgkñúgmYyqñaM²
PaBjwkjab;énkarXMuxøÜnmuneBlCMnMuCMrHkþI PaKryénerOgkþIEdlnaMeGaymankardak;eTas
ry³eBlmFüménkarkat;eTaseGayCab;Bn§naKarb¤TMhMTwkR)ak;mFüménkarsgCMgWcitþ.
•
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)ancUlrYm.
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saFarN³kþI RkumGñkRsavRCav)anBinitüemIly:agl¥itl¥n; elIsarB½t’mankm<úCaFM²mYycMnYn
kñúgry³eBlCag 4 qñaM edIm,IRbmUlcgRkgr)aykarN_GMBIerOgkþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
rbs;bNþajpSayB½t’manTaMgenaH.sarB½t’manEdleyIg)anBinitüemIlenaHKW³The Phnom
Penh Post, The Business Press, The Mirror, Development WeeklynigrsµIkm<úCa.
eyIg)anRsavRCavrkB½t’manenH enAkñúgsarB½t’mannImYy² sRmab;ry³eBlBI qñaM 2002
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sMeNIsMuenaHeT. TIbBa©b; eK)anTMlak;ecalkarecaTRbkan;bTRBhµTNÐ ehIyGñkRsI T
nigGñkRsIK)anedaHRsayerOgkþIrdæb,evNIenaHenAeRkAtulakar.
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sMNUmBrrbs;Gñkpþl;smÖasn_TaMgenaH.
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Kat;. tulakarkMBUl k¾)ansþab;esckþIraykarN_BIecARkmraykarN_ nigsþab;Gnusasn_rbs;
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elakEkvtamEmnb:uEnþeKKYredaHElgGñkRsIQuneGayenAeRkAkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI
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raCFanIPñMeBjvijedIm,IGacCMnMuCMrHeTAtamGgÁehturbs;va.
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Tl;nwgQunéNsYr¬kþIRBhµTNÐelx62cuHéf¶4ExkBaØaqñaM2001/salRkmelx4
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kUnesaresaH.bnÞab;mkelakb‘un)anlk;m:asIunePøIgenaHeTAeGayPaKITIbI.
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tulakar)ankat;eTaselak eGayCab;Bn§naKarry³eBlmYyqñaM nigsalRkmBüÜreTasBIrqñaM
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m:asIunePøIg.
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xugePOTl;nwgelakb‘unRs‘un¬sMNMuÉksarRBhµTNÐelx47cuHéf¶TI25ExmkraqñaM
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63
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34
erOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 33
PaKryénerOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 97%
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34
erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 32
PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 94%
kaviPaKTinñn½yBIbNþajpSayB½t’man
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜn munmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manelIkarXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 31
erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 29
PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 94%
r)aykarN_)anmkBIbNþajpSayB½t’man
]bsm<½n§ 3]bs
m<½n§ 3
65
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kaviPaKlT§plénkarGegát
sMNYrTI 1³ etItulakarvinicä½yeTasBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’b¤eT?
RtwmRtUvCanic© 0
RtwmRtUv 0
eBlxøHRtwmRtUv 5
minEdlRtWmRtUveT 6
cemøIysrub 11
sMNYrTI 2³ etIbNwþgRBhµTNÐminRtwmRtUv énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeLIg jwkjybu:NÑa ?
esIÞrEtCanic©kal 2
jwkjy 4
mþgmáal 3
minEdlesaH 1
cemøIysrub 10
sMNYrTI 3³ etIkarsUk)a:n;Gacb:HBal;dl;lT§plénerOgkIþrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )anEdr b¤eT?
b:HBal;esIÞrEtCanic©kal 8
b:HBal;Cajwkjy 3
b:HBal;mþgmáal 0
minEdlb:HBal;esaH 0
cemøIysrub 11
lT§plénkarGegát
]bsm<½n§ 4]bs
m<½n§ 4
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
66
sMNYrTI 4³ etIhaniyP½yxageRkamenH CH\TæiBldl;elak-Gñkb:uNÑaEdr?
)at;bg;R)ak; )at;bg;ekri_þeQµaH Cab;Bn§naKar
CH\TæiBlxøaMg 8 7 6
CH\TæiBl 2 1 0
CH\TæiBltictYc 0 0 1
Gt;CH\TæiBlGVIesaH 0 1 1
cemøIysrub 10 9 8
sMNYrTI 5³ etIelak-GñkKitfa RtUvcMNayR)ak;Gs;b:unµanenAeBlRtUveKbwþgecaTBI bTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþþ?
ticCag5000duløa 1
cenøaHBI5000duløa–50000duløa 9
cenøaHBI50000duløa–150000duløa 0
cenøaHBI150000duløa–500000duløa 0
eRcInCag500000duløa 0
cemøIysrub 10
sMNYrTI 6³ etIelak-Gñk bdiesF»kasvinieyaK edaysarEthaniP½yénkarbþwg ecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelI esckþITukcitþ jwkjab;bu:NÑa?
jwkjab;Nas; 3
jwkjab; 3
mþgmáal 3
minFøab; 1
cemøIysrub 10
]bsm<½n§ 4
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
67
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
sMNYrTI 7³ etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk)anbdiesF edaysarEthaniP½yén karbþwgecaTBIbTelIµs rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mantémøKitCaTwkR)ak; bu:nµanEdr?
eRcInCag50000duløa 2
cenøaHBI50000duløa–250000duløa 0
cenøaHBI250000duløa–500000duløa 2
cenøaHBI500000duløa–1000000duløa 1
cenøaHBI1landuløa–5landuløa 2
eRcInCag5landuløa 0
cemøIysrub 7
sMNYrTI 8³ cMeBaHTsSn³pÞal;rbs;elak-Gñk etIkarpøas;bþÚrxageRkamenH GacCYyEkERbsßanPaB eGay)anl¥ RbesIreLIg kñúgkMritNaEdr?
hVwkhVWn nig
bMBak;bMb:n
bEnßm
dl;nKr)al
hVwkhVWnnig
bMBak;bMb:n
bEnßm
dl;ecARkm
kat;bnßy
karXMuxøÜn
munkarCMnuM
CMrHkIþ
lubbM)at;ecal
eTasCab;Bn§
FnaKarsRmab;
erOgkþIrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ
begáIttulakar
BaNiC¢kmµBiess
mYysRmab;edaH
RsayerOgkþIrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ
RbesIrxøaMg 5 6 4 1 6
RbesIrmFüm 2 2 2 2 2
RbesIr 1 1 3 2 1
minRbesIrGIVeT 1 0 0 3 0
cemøIysrub 9 9 9 8 9
]bsm<½n§
4
69
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
k>esckþIepþIm
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþKWCabTelµIsmYy kñúgbNþabTelµIsCaeRcIneTotRbqaMgnwg
RTBüsm,tþi. bTelµIsRbqaMgnwgRTBüsm,tþiEdleKdwgCaTUeTAKWkarlYc. lkçN³sMxan;én
karlYcKW Tak;TgnwgkardkhUtykrbs;BIGñkNamñak; EdlsßitenAkñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;CnenaH
edIm,I[CnenaH)at;bg;GMNackan;kab;rbs;enaHCaGciéRnþy_.karxusKñaénbTrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþBIkarlYcKWfaenAkñúgkarlYcCnelµIsminmankarkan;kab;edayRsbc,ab;eTcMENkÉenA
kñúgbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCnelµIsmankarkan;kab;rbs;Rsbc,ab;CaeRsc edaymankar
RBmeRBogBIm©as;eTotpg. CnelµIsrMelaPelIkarRBmeRBogenH edaybnøMdkhUtykRTBü
rbs;m©as;mkeFVICarbs;xøÜn b¤CenøósRTBüenaHeTA[GñkNamñak;eTot. ebIniyayCaPasa
samBaØbTrMelaPTaMgBIrenHKWRsedogKñaedaysareKalbMNgénGMeBIRbRBwtþmandUcKñaKWeFVI[
m©as;)at;bg;sm,tþirbs;xøÜn.
edaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanBakü{rMelaP}nig{Tukcitþ}enAkñúgCIvit
Cak;EsþgeKEtgEtyl;fa karEdlkUnbMNuleFVI[m©as;bMNul {xkcitþ} b¤{)at;bg;karTukcitþ}
edaysarkarmin)anbMeBjtambMNgcitþBIsMNak;kUnbMNulcMeBaHm©as;bMNulKWkarsgbMNul
tamkarsnüadUecñHm©as;bMNulEtgEtecaTkUnbMNulfa)an{rMelaPesckþITukcitþ}.niyay[
gayyl; krNIEbbenHCakarrMelaPelIkarsnüa minEmnelIesckþITukcitþeT. bTrMelaP
esckþITukcitþRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgkarlYc.
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
edayelak kuy nam
karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab; énmaRtasþIGMBI karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
]bsm<½n§ 5]bs
m<½n§ 5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
70
x>viPaKGMBIrcnasm<½n§XøaRbeyaK nigs½BÞenAkñúgmaRta 46 sþIBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobrvagmaRta408énRkmRBhµTNÐcas;rbs;RbeTs)araMgnigmaRta
46sþIBIkarrMelaPelITMnukcitþkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalrbs;ExµreKGacsnñidæan)anfac,ab;Exµr
sþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ RtUv)ancmøgBIc,ab;)araMgenHesÞIrEtTaMgGs;. karenHBitCadUecñH
eRBaHfac,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalenHRtUv)anRBagedayGñkCMnajkar)araMgEdrenAkñúgqñaM1992.
EtenAqñaM 1994 )araMg)anGnum½tRkmRBhµTNÐfµI ehIy\LÚvenHGñkCMnajkarc,ab;)araMgk¾
)anmkCYyRBagRkmRBhµTNÐ[ExµrmþgeTot. ebIeyIgemIlGtßbTRBagénRkmRBhµTNÐExµr
maRta404 ¬sþIBIkarrMelaPelITMnukcitþ¦ eyIgeXIjfamþgenHeTot eyIg)ancmøgBImaRtafµI
314-1rbs;)araMgsþIBIbTelµIsdUcKñaenH.
karbkERbBIGtßbTBIPasabreTs mkCaPasaExµrEtgEtmanbBaða taMgBIvaküs½BÞ
(vocabulary) rhUtdl;vaküsm<½n§ (syntax). ]TahrN_ enAkñúgmaRta 46 énc,ab;RBhµTNÐ
Gnþrkal Bakü)araMg représenter RtUv)anERbmkCaPasaExµrfa {tMNag} EdlBakükñúgn½y
énc,ab;enH eKKYrERbfa {bgðaj} vijeTIbsmRsbnwgGtßn½yrbs;vaBaküxøHeTot dUcCa
possesseurnig détenteur CaedImKWCaBaküBi)aknwgrkBaküExµrmkdak; eRBaHvaRsedog²Kña.
mü:agvijeTot eyIgeXIjeTotfa edaysarExµreyIgmineRbIek,ós1 kMhuskñúgkarvayGkSr
edaymin)andkXøaeFVI[ eKGanRcLMn½yrbs;Xøa dUcmanbgðajenAxageRkam. edaysar
karbkERb nigvaküsm<½n§manbBaðaxøHpg karRKan;EtGanGtßbTc,ab; edaymin)anyl;dl;
eKalbMNgnigsµartIrbs;c,ab;GaceFVI[eyIgyl;c,ab;enaHxusR)ascakq¶ayBIn½yBitR)akd
rbs;va.
sUmGanmaRta46énc,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalmanesckþIdUcteTAenHEdleyIgcmøg[
RtUvTaMgRsugtamlkçN³énkarsresredIm³
1EteTaHCay:agNakþIxJúM)aneXIjmankareRbIek,ósCaerOy²enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIExµrqñaM1959.¬sUmemIlCa
]TarhrN_Rtg;cab;BImaRta366eLIgeTA¦.
]bsm<½n§ 5
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
71
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
eyIgsegáteXIjfa karmin)andkXøab¤karmineRbIGaytni)at (preposition) edIm,I
bMEbk[dac;rvag {Gñkkan;kab;} nig{RTBüsm,tþi} Gac[GñkGanyl;RcLMfa karéKbnøM
b¤karéKbM)at; eFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_ m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi.2
karBitmaRtaenHcg;niyayGMBIkaréKbnøMnUvRTBüsm,tþi R)ak;kasTMnijb¤Éksar¬EdlEcg
GMBIkatBVkic© b¤EdlmanEcgBIkaredaHbnÞúk¦ KWminEmnéKbnøMGñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþieT.
cMeBaHGñkEdlRtUvéKbnøMenaHKWm©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;.Bakü{m©as;kmµsiT§i}
esµInwgBakü)araMgfa propriétaire EdlCaGñkmankmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;edIm,IeRbIR)as; TTYlpl
cat;Ecg ¬dUcCalk; eFVIGMeNayCaedIm¦. eyagtamlMdab;BaküEdleRbIkñúgGtßbTCaPasa
)araMgBakü{m©as;TIkEnøg}RbEhlCaERbmkBIBakü)araMgpossesseursnigBakü{Gñkkan;kab;}
ERbmkBI détenteur eRBaHkñúgGtßbT)araMgeKdak;tamlMdab; propriétaires, possesseurs
nig détenteurs. BaküTaMgBIrenH ebIERbCaBaküsamBaØesÞIrEtmann½yfakan;kab;dUcKña
b:uEnþmansßanPaBKtiyutþxusKñaxøH.3m©as;kmµsiT§imandUcCam©as;rfynþEdlmanlixitkmµsiT§i
RtwmRtUv. Possesseurs mandUcCaGñkEdlmanrfynþ EtminTan;)ancuHbBa¢IkmµsiT§i b¤ePaKIdI
cMENkÉdétenteursmandUcCaGñkCYlpÞHeKenAGñkTTYlvtßúEdleKdMkl;TukCamYyb¤GñkTTYl
rbs;eKTuklk;CaedIm. edIm,IPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH cab;BIcMNucenHeTA
ebIGñkGaneXIjBakü{m©as;rbs;}b¤{m©as;vtßúBaküenHsMedAdl;mnusSRbePTNamYyénRbePT
TaMgbIKWpropriétaires,possesseursnigdétenteurs.
tmkeTotsYrfa etIeKRbKl;[tamrebobNa?. cemøIy eyIgeXIjfa RTBüsm,tþi
R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar RtUv)anRbKl;mk[GñkEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITuk
citþCarebobCYl[Carebobdak;tMkl;TukCaGaNtþiCakar[x©IRbKl;[edIm,IbMeBjkargarGVI
mYy¬EdlCnenaHeFVIykkMérkþIb¤minykkMérkþI¦.
cugbMput CnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTRtUvRbKl;[m©as;eKvij b¤faRtUveRbIR)as;va[RtUvtam
eKaledAEdlm©as;cg;[eRbI.kñúgenHEdreyIgeXIjmanBakü{eFVICatMNag}.eyIgnwgBinitü
enAxageRkayfaetIBaküenHmann½ydUcemþc.
edIm,I[gayyl;eKKYrbMEbkXøaepSg²enAkñúgmaRta46tamrebobdUcteTAenH
2BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.
eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeT
b:uEnþGñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.
3BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.
eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeTb:uEnþ
GñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.
]bsm<½n§
5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
72
1> CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤
Gñkkan;kab;nUv³
k> RTBüsm,tþi
x> R)ak;kas
K> TMnijb¤
X> RKb;ÉksarEdlmanb¤Ecg
X1>katBVkic©b¤
X2>karedaHbnÞúk
2> EdleKRbKl;[mkxøÜn
k> kñúglkçN³Ca³
k1> karCYl
k2> kardMkl;Tuk
k3> GaNtþi
k4>kar[x©IeRbI
x> edIm,IkargarmanebovtSb¤KµanebovtS
3>EdlRtUvRbKl;[eKvij b¤eFVICatMNag4b¤sMrab;eRbIR)as;b¤CamuxkarmankMNt;
4> RtUvmaneTasmCÄwmBIbTrMelaPelITMnukcitþ ehIyRtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;KukBI 1qñaM eTA
5qñaM.
tamkarbMEbkGtßbTénmaRta 46 enHeyIgeXIjfa maRtaenHmanrcnasm<½n§
dUcteTAenH³
1> GMeBIéKbnøM b¤ bM)at; nigbc©½yénGMeBIenH ¬karxUcxatRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;vtßúRtUv
rgedaysarGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¦
2> vtßúb¤kmµvtßúénGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¬dUcCaRTBüsm,tþiR)ak;kas.l.¦
3> karpÞúkpþak;vtßú b¤kmµvtßúenHenACamYynwgCnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIGMeBIéKbnøM b¤bM)at;
RBmTaMglkçx½NÐnigeKalbMNgénkarpÞúkpþak;enH ¬dUcCa pÞúkpþak;CaebobCYl[
CakardMkl;Cakar[x©ICaedIm¦
4> lkçx½NÐmYyEdlbBa¢ak;fam©as;vtßúb¤kmµvtßúminmanbMNge)aHbg;kmµsiT§i b¤ pl
RbeyaCn_elIvtßú b¤kmµvtßúrbs;xøÜn edaykMNt;fa RtUvEtRbKl; b¤bgðajvtßúenaH
mkxøÜnvijtameBlkMNt;Camunb¤tamkarcg;)anb¤cg;eXIjrbs;BIsMNak;m©as;
5> EpñkcugeRkayKWkarkMNt;kMriteTasdl;CnEdléKbnøMb¤bM)at;vtßúenaH.
4BaküenHKYrdak;fa{bgðajeLIgvij}.
]bsm<½n§ 5
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
73
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
K>FatupSMénbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
K>1 FatupSMsMPar³
FatupSMxagGMeBIKWsMedAdl;karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;.karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;enHnwgekIt
maneLIgenAeBlNaEdlm©as;vtßú ElgGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜnelIvtßúenaH bnÞab;BIkarRbRBwtþ
e)akbnøMBIsMNak;GñkEdleK)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúenaHenACamYy.
karéKbnøM b¤karbM)at;enAkñúgbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mankarxusKñaBIkarlYc
Rtg;RbkarEdlfa enAkñúgkarlYc m©as;vtßúmin)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúCamYyGñklYceT. cMENkÉenAkñúg
bTelµIselIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ m©as;vtßú)anTukdak;vtßúCamYyCnCab;ecaT tamry³
karRBmeRBogKñamYy. karRBmeRBogenHbegáIt)anCakic©snüamYy dUcCakic©snüaCYlrfynþ
[GtifiCnmñak;eTAdwkTMnijCaedIm. kic©snüaenH)anbegáItTMnak;TMngmYyrvagm©as;rbs; nig
GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs; EdlGñkTTYlrbs;mankrNIykic©cMbgmYyehAfa {krNIykic©bMeBj
TMnukcitþ} EdlPasaGg;eKøsehAfa “fiduciary duty” . GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs;RtUvbMeBj
krNIykic©rkSasuT§citþrbs;xøÜnkarCaTITukcitþrbs;GñkRbKl;nigPaBeTogRtg;minevocevrcMeBaH
GñkRbKl;. karéKbnøM b¤ karbM)at; nwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlNaGñkEdlTTYlTukdak;vtßú)an
elµIselIkrNIykic©enH.
dUecñH kalNaeKniyayGMBIbTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ cMNucmundMbUgbg¥s;EdlRtUv
ecaTsYrenaHKWfa etIGñkTaMgBIr)anbegáItTMnak;TMngkic©snüaEdrb¤eT. enAkñúgmaRtaén
bTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ eK)anerobrab;kic©snüa b¤TMnak;TMngcMnYn 5 KW kic©snüaCYl
kic©snüadak;dMkl;Tuk GaNtþi kic©snüa [x©IeRbI nigkic©snüakargar.5 karEdleyIgmindak;
GaNtþiCakic©snüaenATIenH BIeRBaHGaNtþienHGacekIteLIgBIkic©snüab¤ BIGMNactulakarb¤
GMNacc,ab;.eyIgnwgBiPakSabBaðaenHenAEpñkxageRkayeTot.
K>2 FatupSMxagpøÚvsti
dUcKñanwgbTelµIsRBhµTNÐdéTeTotEdrbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþtRmUv[manectna
edIm,IRbRBwtþkaréKbM)at;.ectnaenHKWCaectnabnøM(fraudulentintent).ectnabnøMGacsnñidæan
ecjBIkarminesµaHRtg;cMeBaHGñkRbKl;. ]TahrN_ CagmasEdlTTYlPar³eFVIExSk ehIy
EbrCakat;ykduMmasxøH rYcehIybBa©Úlelah³epSgedIm,IbRgÁb;Tm¶n;edImvij. ebICagmasKµan
ehtuplGVIBnül; eRkABIcg;ykduMmasxøHeFVICarbs;xøÜneTenaH enAeBlenHGsuT§citþBitCa)an
ekIteLIg.
pÞúyeTAvij bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþminGacekIteLIg)aneT ebIeKminGac
bgðajfaCnCab;ecaTmanectnabnøM.]TahrN_ elakcan; enAPñMeBjTTYlR)ak;BImitþP½Rkþ
5RkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgfµInigesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐfµIrbs;Exµrmin)anrayBIRbePTénkic©snüaEdlCakmµvtßúénc,ab;sþIBI
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.
]bsm<½n§
5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
74
rbs;xøÜnKWelakvasna enAextþ)at;dMbgedIm,ITukbg;éføsala[kUnelakvasna eron
enAPñMeBjedayelakvasnayl;RBm[elakcan;kat;ykR)ak;5PaKryedIm,IeRbIR)as;
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]bsm<½n§ 7
kariyal½yenAhaNUy 63 Ly Thai To St., 3rd floor
Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: (84 4) 824 7892 Fax: (84 4) 824 7898
kariyal½yenATIRkughUCImIj Somerset Chancellor Court
21-23 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai St. 3rd floorDist.1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: (84 8) 823 5266Fax: (84 8) 823 5271
kariyal½yenAPñMeBj70 Norodom Blvd., Sangkat Chey Chumnas
Phnom Penh, P.O Box 1115, CambodiaTel: (855 23) 210 922 Fax: (855 23) 215 157
kariyal½yenAevogc½nÞ 90 Phonexay Rd, P.O Box 9690
Vientiane, Lao P.D.R.Tel: (856 21) 450 017-9
Fax: (856 21) 450 020
www.mpdf.org
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