psychosocial development in early childhood psychosocial development in early childhood chapter 11...
TRANSCRIPT
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Psychosocial Psychosocial Development In Development In Early ChildhoodEarly Childhood
Chapter 11Chapter 11
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GenderGender
• Gender Identity• Gender Differences
– Psychological and behavioral differences between males and females
– Most pronounced difference is aggression
– Overall IQ scores show no gender differences
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GenderGender
• Gender Differences– Females tend to do better at
verbal tasks (but not analogies), at mathematical computation, and at tasks requiring fine motor and perceptual skills
– Males excel in most spatial abilities and in abstract mathematical and scientific reasoning
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GenderGender
• Perspectives on Gender Development: Nature and Nurture– Gender roles: culturally influenced– Gender stereotypes
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GenderGender
– Socialization-Based Approach•Peer groups: a major influence on gender-
typing; boys more strongly influenced•Culture influences gender •In the U.S., television is major transmitter
of cultural attitudes toward gender•Children’s books transmit gender attitudes•Socializing agents mesh with biological
tendencies and cognitive understandings
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Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early Childhood Childhood
• Children engage in different types of play at different ages
• Children’s play is classified by its content and its social dimension– 3 levels are notable
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Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• Types of Play:– Functional play:
repetitive movements
– Constructive play: using objects or materials to make something
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Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early Childhood Childhood
• Types of Play:– Pretend play (aka: fantasy play,
dramatic play, or imaginative play) involves imaginary people or situations (symbolism)
– Formal games with rules: organized games with known procedures and penalties
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Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• How Gender Influences Play– The tendency toward sex
segregation in play appears universal across cultures
– Sex segregation increases in middle childhood
– Boys like active, forceful, more spontaneous play in large groups
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Play: The Business of Early Play: The Business of Early ChildhoodChildhood
• How Gender Influences Play– Girls prefer quieter, cooperative, and
more structured play with one or a few playmates
• How Culture Influences Play– The frequency of specific forms of play
differs across cultures; influenced by play environments reflecting cultural values
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ParentingParenting
• Forms of Discipline– Reinforcement and punishment:
external and internal– Corporal punishment: physical force– Power assertion: physical or verbal
enforcement of parental control– Inductive techniques: designed to
induce desirable behavior by reasoning
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ParentingParenting
• Forms of Discipline– Withdrawal of love: may include
ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child
– Induction is usually the most effective– Power assertion is the least effective– Psychological aggression: verbal
attacks causing psychological harm
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ParentingParenting
• Parenting Styles– Authoritarian: values control and
unquestioning obedience.– Permissive: values self-expression and
self-regulation.– Authoritative: values individuality but
also stresses social constraints.– Neglectful or uninvolved: focuses on
parents’ own needs rather than child’s
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ParentingParenting
• Parenting Styles– Are there ethnic group differences?– SES?– Is there truly a ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ way to
parent?– Recent research