psychopathy & facial emotion detection timothy c. bates [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
PCL: The “gold standard”
• Psychopathy Checklist (PCL)• Hare, 1995
• Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R)• Hare, 1991.• see Hare, 1991, 1996; Hart, Har ,&Harpur, 1992).
• Uses clinical ratings based from a 2 hour semistructured interview combined with a review of file information.
PCL 2-factor structure
• Factor I• Grandiosity• Absence of guilt• Callousness
• Cleckley (1941/1982)
• Factor II• chronic antisocial and criminal lifestyle
• more akin to DSM ASPD
Self reports
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Psychopathic Deviate scale
• Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989),
• California Psychological Inventory Socialization scale
• (Gough, 1969)
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–II Antisocial• (Millon, 1987)
Problems with self report
• Moderate Factor II correlations (.3-.4)• Close to zero with Factor I
• Harpur, Hare, & Hakstian, 1989; Hart, Forth, & Hare, 1991.
Other problems
• A core element of psychopathy is impression management • Not apologizing, maximizing their own
reputation, silencing dissent and dissimulating
• Hare et al., 1989
• Why would they, then self-report psychopathic behavior?
PPI (Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996)
Eight Subscales
• Machiavellian Egocentricity (30 items) Narcissistic and ruthless attitudes in interpersonal functioning.• “I always look out for my own interests before
worrying about those of the other guy” • Social Potency(24 items) Perceived ability
to influence and manipulate others.• “Even when others are upset with me, I can
usually win them over with my charm”
PPI
• Coldheartedness (21items) Callousness, guiltlessness, and an absence of sentimentality.• “I have had ‘crushes’ on people that were so
intense that they were painful” [false]• Carefree Nonplanfulness (20 items)
Indifference in planning one’s actions.• “I often make the same errors in judgment
over and over again”
PPI• Fearlessness (19 items) Absence of
anticipatory anxiety concerning harm and the willingness to participate in risky activities.
• “Making a parachute jump would really frighten me” [false])
• Blame Externalization, (18 items) Blame others for one’s problems and to rationalize one’s own misbehavior.
• “I usually feel that people give me the credit I deserve” [false])
PPI
• Impulsive Nonconformity, (17 items) Reckless lack of concern regarding social mores.
• “I sometimes question authority figures ‘just for the hell of it’” [true])
• Stress Immunity, (11 items): Absence of marked reactions to anxiety-provoking events.
• “I can remain calm in situations that would make many other people panic”
PPI Validity Scales• Deviant Responding (10 items). Malingering,
careless responding, comprehension• “During the day, I generally see the world in color rather
than in black-and-white”• Unlikely Virtues (14 items). Socially desirable
impression management. • “I have always been completely fair to others”
• derived from Tellegen’s (1978) Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and measure
• Variable Response Inconsistency• Sum of the absolute differences between 40 item pairs
with high intercorrelations.
Validity
• Most self-report indexes of psychopathy fail to correlate with PCL or other diagnostic ratings
• PPI correlates with questionnaire, interview, and rating measures of Primary Psychopathy
• (Lilienfeld, 1990; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996).
• PPI & PCL-R factor 1 correlate > .45• (Poythress, Edens, & Lilienfeld, 1998; Lilienfeld et al., 1998)
Predicts
• Violence and recidivism • Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1996
• Poor passive-avoidance learning • withholding responses that lead to
punishment• Belmore & Quinsey, 1994; Newman & Kosson, 1986.
Lykken (1957)• Suggested that
• Psychopaths are deficient in fear• Everything else follows from that
• Predicts some unlikely things• Heroic people are psychopaths
• Ignores some likely things• You have not only to not fear punishment, but to desire the
activity - are we all simply restrained from evil by fear?• Reciprocity may exist
• I must not only not fear you, I must not empathize with your pain
Effortful Control• Raine
• Reduced prefrontal cortex in murderers• Damasio
• Infant Head injury can create sociopathy• Jensen-Campbell (2002)
• A & C related to reduced Stroop and Wisconsin • Bates (submitted)
• A & C related to frontal damage scales• Attentional network performance
• Lynam: Delinquency & IQ/Executive fn
Social information Processing
• Raine: reduced PFC volume in murderers
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Psychopathy & the Face
• We display emotions on our faces• Psychopaths have severe emotional
disturbances• Perhaps face processing will reflect
individual differences in psychopathic information processing?
While there appears to be a “face” area in the fusiform gyrus
Haxby,2002
Faces evoke a diverse range of systems
Haxby,2002
Morphs
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Fear is the key?
a) A great book by Alistair MacLean
b) A good movie by Michael Tuchner
c) A thing in which Psychopaths are deficient
d) All of the above
Psychopathy & FFM
Is psychopathy a normal trait? NEO weightings
Coefficient Std. Coeff. F-to-Remove
Intercept 296.472 296.472 137.343
A1Trust -.697 -.190 8.180
A5Modesty -.772 -.199 9.578
A6Tendermindedness -.662 -.150 5.094
C5Self-Discipline -1.460 -.400 45.098
E5Excitement Seeking 1.480 .325 30.112
N1Anxiety -1.918 -.435 36.317
N2Angry Hostility 1.446 .371 26.321
O2Aesthetics .703 .133 4.818
O4Actions .659 .161 7.093
NEO-PI R Regression graph
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100 150 200 250 300 350 400Fitted PPI
Dependent vs. FittedStep: 11
But no sig relationships to personality appear