psychology: the science - gordon state college powerpoints... · definitions structural functional...
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Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGYLO 1.1 Definition and goals
PSYCHOLOGY THENLO 1.2 Structuralism and functionalismLO 1.3 Gestalt, psychoanalysis…
PSYCHOLOGY NOWLO 1.4 Modern perspectives LO 1 6 Psychiatrists Psychologists
LO 1.12 Placebo/experimenter effectsLO 1.13 Conducting a real experiment
ETHICS & CRITICAL THINKINGLO 1.14 Ethical concerns LO 1.15 Critical thinkingLO 1.16 Applying critical thinking…
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LO 1.6 Psychiatrists, Psychologists…
PSYCHOLOGY THE SCIENCELO 1.7 Scientific method LO 1.8 Naturalistic/laboratory settingsLO 1.9 Case studies & surveysLO 1.10 Correlational techniquesLO 1.11 Experimental design
Psychology: The SciencePsychology: The SciencePsychology: The SciencePsychology: The Science
HYPOTHESIZEPERCEIVE
Scientific MethodScientific Method1.7 Why is psychology a science?
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FIVE STEPS
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
You mean you tell them what happened, even if it failed?
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Methods for DescribingMethods for Describing
• Naturalistic Observation– advantages &
disadvantages
1.8 How do psychologists use naturalistic and laboratory settings?
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• Laboratory Observation– advantages &
disadvantages
Methods for DescribingMethods for Describing
• Case Studies– advantages &
disadvantages
1.9 Case studies and surveys
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• Surveys– advantages &
disadvantages“Next question: I believe that life is a constant striving for balance, requiring frequent tradeoffs between morality and necessity, within a cyclic pattern of joyand sadness, forging a trail of bittersweet memories until one slips, inevitably, into the jaws of death. Agree or disagree?”
Finding Relationships: CorrelationFinding Relationships: Correlation
Variable –thi
1.10 Correlational Technique
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Variable 1 Variable 2Income EducationSmoking Health• Correlation – a measure
of the relationshipbetween two variables
anything that
changes or
varies
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Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation
+.70
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• Positive correlation –variables related in same direction
Show graph
Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation
-.70
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• Negative correlation –variables related in opposite direction
Show graph
Perfect Correlations and Non-CorrelationsPerfect Correlations and Non-Correlations
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If we found a perfect correlation between cigarette smoking and health, does this mean thatsmoking causes a decrease in health?
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Operational definitions• Independent and dependent variables
(e.g., type of dog and level of fear)• Experimental, control groups & random
ExperimentsExperiments1.11 Designing an experiment
Experimental, control groups & random assignment
RepresentativeSample
From Population To SampleFrom Population To Sample
70%
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Non-representativeSample
%
POPULATION
The ExperimentThe Experiment
• Placebo effect • Single-blind• Experimenter
effects & “double
1.12 Placebo and other experimental effects
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effects & double blinding”
• Quasi-experimental designs
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“Universities and colleges (where most psychological h i i d t) ll h thi itt
1.14 What are the ethical concerns when conducting research?
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research is carried out) usually have ethics committees, groups of psychologists or other professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants…”
-Page 35 (Ciccarelli & Meyer)
Ethics in Psychological ResearchEthics in Psychological Research
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Ethics in Animal ResearchEthics in Animal Research
• Animal research –answers questions we could never do with human research
• Focus is on avoiding
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unnecessary pain/suffering
• Animals used in approximately 7% of psychological studies
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Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
“Truths”
Evidence
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1.15 What are the basic principles of critical thinking
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Authorities
Open minds
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PseudopsychologiesPseudopsychologies
• Pseudopsychologies –unscientific systems explaining behaviors– Phrenology
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– Palmistry – Graphology
Astrology
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Lecture ActivitiesLecture Activities
Limits of Common Sense
With which of the following do you agree? Why?
“Birds of a feather flock together”“Opposites attract”Attraction
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“Opposites attract”
“Absence makes the heart grow fonder”“Out of sight, out of mind”Commitment
“Can’t teach an old dog new tricks”“Never too old to learn”Motivation
Correlation Research
1. Find a partner and develop a list of two numeric variables that you think would be associated (i.e., amount of sleep and GPA) and survey/observe at
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p ) yleast 10 people in class.
2. Graph your findings in a scatterplot.3. Discuss the findings with your partner and write
your conclusions.
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OPERATIONALIZING ROMANCE– Are you currently in love? How
do you know for sure? Get together with a few other
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together with a few other students and operationally define “being in love.” • In your group, discuss the
practical implications of operationalizing your feelings.
Applying Critical Thinking to Astrology
Are astrologer’s charts up-to-date? The basic astrological charts were designed over 3,000 years ago. The stars, planets,
1.16 How might critical thinking be applied to a real-world example?
y gand constellations are no longer in the same positions in the sky due to changes in the rotation of the Earth’s axis over long periods of time—over 24 degrees in just the last 2,000 years. So a Gemini is really a Cancer and will be a Leo in another 2,000 years.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
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• Photos used with permission under the Creative Commons “Attribution 2.0 Generic” license from the internet domain of www.flickr.com– Star Walker – username “Jon go”– Wreck – username “JennyHuang”– A week in Vienna: Angel – username “guldfisken”
• Tiger barb fish animation by Dave Sutton, developer of Seven Oaks Art
• Some royalty-free images adapted fromSome royalty free images adapted from www.clipart.com, an internet domain of Jupiterimages Corporation
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