psychology of prejudice and discrimination
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Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination. Chapter 4-7 Review. Chapter 4-7 Review. Stereotype __________ is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind. application knowledge activation assessment. Chapter 4-7 Review. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Chapter 4-7 Review
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Stereotype __________ is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind.1. application2. knowledge3. activation4. assessment
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Stereotype __________ is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind.a. applicationb. knowledgec. Activationd. assessment
(p. 114)
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Chapter 4-7 Review
The first step in the stereotype application process is __________.
a. assessment of stereotype contentb. categorizing a person as a member of a
stereotyped groupc. prototyping a persond. activation of the stereotype
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Chapter 4-7 Review
The first step in the stereotype application process is __________.
a. assessment of stereotype contentb. categorizing a person as a member of a
stereotyped groupc. prototyping a persond. activation of the stereotype
(p. 115)
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Compared to nonprejudiced people, racially prejudiced people
a. are less likely to engage in ingroup overexclusion.
b. categorize people by race more quickly.c. make more categorization errors based on
others’ gender.d. are motivated to accurately classify other people
on the basis of race.
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Compared to nonprejudiced people, racially prejudiced people
a. are less likely to engage in ingroup overexclusion.
b. categorize people by race more quickly.c. make more categorization errors based on
others’ gender.d. are motivated to accurately classify other
people on the basis of race.pp. 117-118
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation?
a. Positive stereotypes are rarely activated.b. Priming does not result in stereotype activation.c. Stereotype activation is more likely when
perceivers are cognitively busy.d. Stereotype activation is more likely when people
see a prototypical group member.
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation?
a. Positive stereotypes are rarely activated.b. Priming does not result in stereotype activation.c. Stereotype activation is more likely when
perceivers are cognitively busy.d. Stereotype activation is more likely when
people see a prototypical group member. (pp. 120-122)
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Chapter 4-7 Review
Klaus is motivated to maintain a positive self-image and because of this tends to see others in a negative light. Doing so fulfills a __________ goal.
a. self-enhancement b. social adjustmentc. comprehensiond. ingroup overexclusion
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Chapter 4-7 ReviewKlaus is motivated to maintain a positive self-image
and because of this tends to see others in a negative light. Doing so fulfills a __________ goal.
a. self-enhancement b. social adjustmentc. comprehensiond. ingroup overexclusion
p. 127
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Chapter 4-7 ReviewWhich of the following is a social adjustment
motive?
a. the desire to avoid acting in a prejudiced manner
b. the need to understand why events happen
c. the need to see oneself in a positive light
d. the desire to follow the rules of behavior for a situation
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Chapter 4-7 ReviewWhich of the following is a social adjustment
motive?
a. the desire to avoid acting in a prejudiced manner
b. the need to understand why events happen
c. the need to see oneself in a positive light
d. the desire to follow the rules of behavior for a situation
p. 127
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In situations where a stereotype has been activated, which of the following is true about stereotype application?
a. Perceivers can more successfully control their non-verbal reactions than their verbal reactions.
b. Motivated perceivers can always inhibit stereotype application.
c. Stereotype application is always a conscious process.
d. Stereotype application is inhibited only when the perceiver is motivated to do so.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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In situations where a stereotype has been activated, which of the following is true about stereotype application?
a. Perceivers can more successfully control their non-verbal reactions than their verbal reactions.
b. Motivated perceivers can always inhibit stereotype application.
c. Stereotype application is always a conscious process.
d. Stereotype application is inhibited only when the perceiver is motivated to do so.
(p.130)
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Under what conditions are stereotypes likely to persist, even in the face of individuating information?
a. when new information about the other person confirms the perceiver’s original stereotypic beliefs
b. when the perceiver is motivated to be accuratec. when the other person’s behavior is clearly
stereotype disconfirmingd. when the perceiver has interacted with the other
person many times
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Under what conditions are stereotypes likely to persist, even in the face of individuating information?
a. when new information about the other person confirms the perceiver’s original stereotypic beliefs
b. when the perceiver is motivated to be accuratec. when the other person’s behavior is clearly
stereotype disconfirmingd. when the perceiver has interacted with the other
person many times(pp. 132-134)
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following is not a component of modern racism?
a. denial of continuing discriminationb. antagonism toward African Americans’
demandsc. overt expressions of prejudiced. resentment over “special favors” given to
African Americans
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following is not a component of modern racism?
a. denial of continuing discriminationb. antagonism toward African Americans’
demandsc. overt expressions of prejudiced. resentment over “special favors” given to
African Americanspp. 162-163
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following research findings illustrates the continuation of prejudice in today’s society?
a. Whites and Blacks are equally satisfied with how ethnic minorities are currently treated.
b. The majority of women in college have experienced sexist behavior.
c. Today’s Black college students often observe non-verbal discrimination, but rarely hear verbal expressions of prejudice.
d. The majority of Whites express a willingness to date a Black person.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following research findings illustrates the continuation of prejudice in today’s society?
a. Whites and Blacks are equally satisfied with how ethnic minorities are currently treated.
b. The majority of women in college have experienced sexist behavior.
c. Today’s Black college students often observe non-verbal discrimination, but rarely hear verbal expressions of prejudice.
d. The majority of Whites express a willingness to date a Black person.
• pp. 165-166
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• A key tenet of the theory of symbolic prejudice is that anti-Black prejudice is based on
a. the belief that Black people are inherently inferior to White people.
b. beliefs about Blacks as an abstract group rather than from direct experiences with Black people.
c. a feeling of indifference toward Black people.d. conflicting emotions about Black people.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• A key tenet of the theory of symbolic prejudice is that anti-Black prejudice is based on
a. the belief that Black people are inherently inferior to White people.
b. beliefs about Blacks as an abstract group rather than from direct experiences with Black people.
c. a feeling of indifference toward Black people.d. conflicting emotions about Black people.
p. 170
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• An individual who endorses the belief system of modern-symbolic prejudice is least likely to make which of the following statements?
a. If Blacks worked as hard as Whites and other minority groups, they could raise their standard of living.
b. Racial prejudice is a thing of the past.c. Blacks get a larger share of the economic pie than
they deserve.d. Government programs favoring Blacks and other
minorities are still needed to overcome race-based discrimination.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• An individual who endorses the belief system of modern-symbolic prejudice is least likely to make which of the following statements?
a. If Blacks worked as hard as Whites and other minority groups, they could raise their standard of living.
b. Racial prejudice is a thing of the past.c. Blacks get a larger share of the economic pie than
they deserve.d. Government programs favoring Blacks and
other minorities are still needed to overcome race-based discrimination.
pp. 171-172
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which emotion is most likely experienced by people with modern-symbolic prejudice when interacting with members of minority groups?
a. anxietyb. hatec. hostilityd. liking
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which emotion is most likely experienced by people with modern-symbolic prejudice when interacting with members of minority groups?
a. anxietyb. hatec. hostilityd. liking
p. 173
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• People with modern-symbolic prejudice a. believe that all races endorse traditional
American values.b. believe that government intervention is
necessary to ensure equality of outcomes.c. support affirmative action programs as a
remedy for past discrimination.d. have little personal knowledge of Black
people.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• People with modern-symbolic prejudice a. believe that all races endorse traditional
American values.b. believe that government intervention is
necessary to ensure equality of outcomes.c. support affirmative action programs as a
remedy for past discrimination.d. have little personal knowledge of Black
people.
pp. 175-176
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• _________ is the belief that government should ensure that everyone should receive an equal share of society’s resources.
a. Equality of opportunityb. Equality of outcomec. Group self-interestd. Group privilege
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• _________ is the belief that government should ensure that everyone should receive an equal share of society’s resources.
a. Equality of opportunityb. Equality of outcomec. Group self-interestd. Group privilege
p. 175
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• Theodor Adorno and his colleagues hypothesized that the Holocaust could be explained by large numbers of people
a. accepting that if they did not cooperate with the genocide, they too would be killed.
b. believing that biology is destiny and the races needed to be purified.
c. being engaged in unthinking acceptance of authority.
d. believing that intergroup conflict could not be otherwise resolved.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Theodor Adorno and his colleagues hypothesized that the Holocaust could be explained by large numbers of people
a. accepting that if they did not cooperate with the genocide, they too would be killed.
b. believing that biology is destiny and the races needed to be purified.
c. being engaged in unthinking acceptance of authority.
d. believing that intergroup conflict could not be otherwise resolved.
p. 210
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• Which of the following is not a pattern of thought characteristic of those with an authoritarian personality?
a. conventionalismb. projectivityc. flexibilityd. authoritarian submission
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following is not a pattern of thought characteristic of those with an authoritarian personality?
a. conventionalismb. projectivityc. flexibilityd. authoritarian submission
pp. 210-211
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• Which of the following is not a characteristic of people who are high in right-wing authoritarianism?
a. doing and thinking what authority figures tell one to do and think
b. desiring that one’s ingroup dominate and be superior to other groups
c. being aggressive toward people and groups condemned by authority figures
d. adhering to traditional values and social norms
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following is not a characteristic of people who are high in right-wing authoritarianism?
a. doing and thinking what authority figures tell one to do and think
b. desiring that one’s ingroup dominate and be superior to other groups
c. being aggressive toward people and groups condemned by authority figures
d. adhering to traditional values and social norms
p. 212
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• “What our country really needs is a strong, determined leader who will crush evil, and take us back to our true path.” This item represents the ________ component of right-wing authoritarianism.
a. stereotypyb. authoritarian submissionc. authoritarian aggressiond. conventionalism
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• “What our country really needs is a strong, determined leader who will crush evil, and take us back to our true path.” This item represents the ________ component of right-wing authoritarianism.
a. stereotypyb. authoritarian submissionc. authoritarian aggressiond. conventionalism p. 212
•
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• People high in social dominance orientation
a. are prejudiced against those who support the status quo.
b. are competitive and ruthless.c. reject a society’s legitimizing myths.d. believe there is enough for everyone.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• People high in social dominance orientation
a. are prejudiced against those who support the status quo.
b. are competitive and ruthless.c. reject a society’s legitimizing myths.d. believe there is enough for everyone.
pp. 216-217
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• _________ are sets of attitudes and beliefs that are used to justify one’s dominant position in society.
a. Authoritarian beliefsb. Social justice tenetsc. Self-enhancement mythsd. Legitimizing myths
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• _________ are sets of attitudes and beliefs that are used to justify one’s dominant position in society.
a. Authoritarian beliefsb. Social justice tenetsc. Self-enhancement mythsd. Legitimizing mythsp. 216
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• Which of the following would not be a legitimizing myth in social dominance theory?
a. Lesbians and gay men deserve equal employment opportunity.
b. Feminists undermine traditional American values.
c. Poor people are unintelligent.d. Blacks are lazy.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following would not be a legitimizing myth in social dominance theory?
a. Lesbians and gay men deserve equal employment opportunity.
b. Feminists undermine traditional American values.
c. Poor people are unintelligent.d. Blacks are lazy.
p. 216
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• Dr. Developmental presented an infant with a photo of a woman repeatedly until the infant got used to the photo. The researcher than simultaneously showed the infant the old photo and a photo of a new woman. Dr. Developmental could conclude that the infant can discriminate between the two photos if the infant
a. looks at both pictures for the same amount of time.b. refuses to look at either picture.c. looks at the old photo longer than the new photo.d. looks at the new photo longer than the old photo.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Dr. Developmental presented an infant with a photo of a woman repeatedly until the infant got used to the photo. The researcher than simultaneously showed the infant the old photo and a photo of a new woman. Dr. Developmental could conclude that the infant can discriminate between the two photos if the infant
a. looks at both pictures for the same amount of time.b. refuses to look at either picture.c. looks at the old photo longer than the new photo.d. looks at the new photo longer than the old
photo.• p. 264
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• By what age can most children correctly classify people as male or female?
a. two monthsb. six to 9 monthsc. one yeard. three years
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• By what age can most children correctly classify people as male or female?
a. two monthsb. six to 9 monthsc. one yeard. three years
p. 266
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• The finding that children are implicitly aware of social categories at an early age suggests that
a. the influence of parental socialization begins at a
very young age.b. the propensity to organize the social world in
meaningful ways is innate.c. the influence of parental socialization cannot be
meaningfully separated from innate influences on the propensity to develop such categories.
d. young infants who are exposed to the media are more likely to be implicitly aware of social categories than those who are not.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• The finding that children are implicitly aware of social categories at an early age suggests that
a. the influence of parental socialization begins at a
very young age.b. the propensity to organize the social world in
meaningful ways is innate.c. the influence of parental socialization cannot be
meaningfully separated from innate influences on the propensity to develop such categories.
d. young infants who are exposed to the media are more likely to be implicitly aware of social categories than those who are not.
p. 265
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• At what age do children begin to exhibit an attractiveness bias?
a. two monthsb. six to 9 monthsc. one yeard. two years
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• At what age do children begin to exhibit an attractiveness bias?
a. two monthsb. six to 9 monthsc. one yeard. two years
p. 26
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• Which factor most likely accounts for the reduction in other-sex prejudice that appears around high school age?
a. heterosexual interestb. tolerance-related teachingc. exposure to role-models that do not exhibit
this prejudiced. all of the above
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which factor most likely accounts for the reduction in other-sex prejudice that appears around high school age?
a. heterosexual interestb. tolerance-related teachingc. exposure to role-models that do not exhibit
this prejudiced. all of the above
p. 282
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• _________ occurs when an individual is rewarded for behaving in a certain way.
a. Indirect teachingb. Imitationc. Direct teachingd. Vicarious learning
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• _________ occurs when an individual is rewarded for behaving in a certain way.
a. Indirect teachingb. Imitationc. Direct teachingd. Vicarious learning
p. 282
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• Observational learning can occur
a. by imitating the attitudes of a live model.b. by being directly rewarded for one’s
behavior.c. through symbolic modeling, such as reading
a book.d. both a and c
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Observational learning can occur
a. by imitating the attitudes of a live model.b. by being directly rewarded for one’s
behavior.c. through symbolic modeling, such as reading
a book.d. both a and c
pp. 282-283
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Victor sees his friend being rewarded for playing with a child of another race. He later chooses to himself play with a child of another race. According to social learning theory, doing so reflects _________ learning.
a. symbolic b. direct c. vicarious d. process
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Victor sees his friend being rewarded for playing with a child of another race. He later chooses to himself play with a child of another race. According to social learning theory, doing so reflects _________ learning.
a. symbolic b. direct c. vicarious d. process
p. 283
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• Direct teaching of racial prejudice is most likely to come from
a. the media.b. hate group members.c. parents of any background.d. observing adults’ behavior.
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Direct teaching of racial prejudice is most likely to come from
a. the media.b. hate group members.c. parents of any background.d. observing adults’ behavior.
p. 283
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• Which of the following sources is least likely to teach indirectly about prejudice?
a. a toy commercialb. a children’s bookc. a hate group pamphletd. a school program
Chapter 4-7 Review
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• Which of the following sources is least likely to teach indirectly about prejudice?
a. a toy commercialb. a children’s bookc. a hate group pamphletd. a school program
p. 283
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• List two ways that the attitudes or behaviors of participants in the “Brown Eyes/Blue Eyes” exercise changed when they were deemed to be superior based on their eye color.
• Distinguish between explicit and implicit awareness of social categories. Give an example of each.
• Describe the habituation paradigm and explain how it informs us about infants’ implicit awareness of social categories.
• Describe the doll technique and describe one research finding based on that technique.
• Think about the research methods that ask children to choose between a person from one social group or another. Defend or refute the statement “Children who show a preference for one group also dislike the member(s) of the nonselected group.”
• What is a sociometric rating? Give an example.• Briefly explain how Black children’s racial attitude development
differs from that of White children.• Briefly describe two social learning processes that can lead to
the development of prejudice in children.• List two early childhood experiences that might lead to the
development of authoritarianism.
Chapter 4-7 Review Questions
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• List two reasons why interest in the authoritarian personality declined.• List and define two components of right-wing authoritarianism. Give an
example of a statement reflecting each component.• List two characteristics of people high in right-wing authoritarianism that
predispose them to prejudice.• Explain the importance of authority figures to the theory of right-wing
authoritarianism.• Describe the role of societal power in the theory of social dominance
orientation.• Define legitimizing myths and explain their importance to the theory of
social dominance orientation.• Briefly describe one way in which the concepts of right-wing
authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are different.• Name and define two components of empathy.• Explain the relationship between empathy and prejudice.• Describe one of the two ways that self-esteem might relate to prejudice.?• What is intergroup anxiety? List two concerns that result in intergroup
anxiety.• Name and describe two factors that can lead to intergroup anxiety.• Briefly describe two value positions that are related to prejudice. State
whether each facilitates or inhibits prejudice..• List two values that are associated with anti-gay prejudice.
Chapter 4-7 Review Questions
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• 1. Give two examples of how prejudice in the U.S. has changed over time.• 2. Support or refute the statement that America is becoming less
prejudiced.• 3. Explain why a researcher would use the bogus pipeline technique to
study prejudice.• 4. Describe two forms of day-to-day discrimination that have been
reported by Black college students.• 5. Describe two events in U.S. History that changed the norms that
supported Jim Crow racism.• 6. How do contemporary implicit prejudices different from old-fashioned
prejudice?• 7. Describe one of the propositions shared by theories of contemporary
prejudice.• 8. List three characteristics of modern-symbolic prejudice.• 9. Explain how socialization influences the development of modern-
symbolic prejudice.• 10. Distinguish between equality of outcome and equality of opportunity.
Why is this distinction important to understanding modern-symbolic prejudice?• 11. Explain the relationship between personal knowledge of Black people
and modern-symbolic prejudice.• 12. How do individuals with modern-symbolic prejudice view affirmative
action? How do they justify their viewpoint?• 13. Explain the relationship between cultural values and subtle prejudice.• 14. What distinguishes subtle prejudice from modern-symbolic prejudice?• 15. List two emotions commonly experienced by aversive racists.
Chapter 4-7 Review Questions
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• Define the concept of prototypicality and explain how it affects observer’s categorization of others.
• List and describe two processes that affect categorization.• Under what conditions is a perceiver likely to categorize based
on subcategories rather than basic social categories?• Define ingroup overexclusion and explain how individual
differences in prejudice affect the tendency to engage in this process.
• List two ways that prejudiced people differ from non-prejudiced people in the categorization process.
• Distinguish between automatic and motivated stereotype activation.
• Explain how cultural beliefs influence automatic stereotype activation.
• Explain how context influences whether a positive or a negative aspect of a stereotype becomes activated.
• Is categorization necessary for stereotype activation? Why or why not?
Chapter 4-7 Review Questions