psychology lecture slide

8/18/2019 psychology lecture slide

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Introduction to Psychology

Course title: Introduction to Psychology

Course code: Psy 101


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Objectives:

On completion of this lecture the students will

be able to understand how Psychology has

gained the status of a social science going

through different periods of history.


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Definition of Psychology

The word of psychology is derived from tworee! words "Psyche and #ogos$

Psyche means "%oul&%pirit&'ind$ and #ogos

means "(nowledge$ Psychology stands for the !nowledge of

mind&soul

Psychology is the science of mind and behavior


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Subject Matter of Psychology

%ub)ect 'atter of psychology is *+,+C

* stands for *ffect

, stands for+ ,ehavior -Overt and Covert

,ehavior

C stands for+ Cognition


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Historical background of Psychology

The roots of Psychology can be traced bac!

to some half million years. Primitive people

assumed that behavior was caused by the

presence of good and evil souls . People have been interested in the behavior

of other people throughout history so that

roots of psychology may be found in

philosophy/ religion/ and science.


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e can divide history period into two periods

Pre scientific period

Scientific period


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Pre scientific period

%ome of our modern ideas of mind came

from ancient reece. Term Psychology was

derived from the ree! word Psyche2 -soul

and logos2 -!nowledge. It eventually came tomean the "study of the mind$

Pre scientific period can be divided into three

sub periods .


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i) Greek period

ii) Middle ages

iii) Islamic period


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Greek period

%ome early ree! philosophers regarded Psyche asa substance. This substance was thought to controlthe body. %ome ree! philosophers are:

Hippocrates (430 B.C) ree! physician

3ippocrates thought that personality was made up offour temperaments and these temperaments wereinfluenced by the presence of "humors or fluids$ inthe body. The problem of interest to the early ree!philosophers was the relationship between "mind$and body.


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Greek period

Plato(4!"#34" B.C)

3e stressed the controlling influence of soul

or mind.

3e postulated the theory of mind bodydualism and held the view that as long as the

soul remains in the body/ the man is alive/

and when it leaves the body/ the man dies.


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Greek period

$ristotle-456+477 ,.C

8e)ected the Plato2s theory and suggested that mindis a function of the body itself )ust as vision is afunction of the eye.

3is concept of mind as a function of bodily processeswas an important step in the direction of ma!ingPsychology a science.

*ttention turned/ eventually/ from pure speculation

about the mind to the study of organism.


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Middle ages

Plotin%s(!0!"0)

3e was influenced by Plato and *ristotle2s thoughts.

3e tried to understand religious beliefs through

reasoning. St. $%g%stine(3&4#430)

,eing a Christian philosopher/ he believed that

human being is interaction of soul and body.


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Middle ages

3e was founder of introspective method.

3e thought that an individual can understand

his own inner feelings.


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Islaic Period

If the ideas of modern Psychologists about

mental health are assessed/ we come to

!now that these are based on the views of

Islamic philosophers and thin!ers. The 'uslim philosophers described the

principles of life in the light if 9uran and the

%unnah.


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Islaic Period

3ere a brief description of 'uslim

philosophers may be added into the history of

psychology.

$lk%ndi('03#'"3) 3e was a great *rab philosopher. 3e believed

that our souls have originated from od2s

soul. *ccording to him/ our real happiness

lies in the reason and spiritual life.


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Islaic Period

3e tried to combine religion and philosophy

as both see! reality philosophy focuses on

theoretical aspects whereas religion stresses

upon actions. $l# arai -5;0+


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od is immortal and above all human

thoughts. >arabi was influenced by the

teachings of Plato and *ristotle.

In#e#Sina -


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Only the 3uman mind possess reason and

intelligence. 3e said that physical illness

could be treated with medicine but mental

illness could be treated psychologically withreligion.

3e thought that body had no lin! with mind

body perishes but mind remains alive.


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Imam G*a+ali -10=5+1111

3e wrote a number of boo!s on religion.

*ccording to him those obsessed with love of

od and treading the right path do notcontact mental disorders. Therefore / he also

instructed people to follow the right path.


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3e said that / this world is a place of actionsand hard wor! and no body was allowed toremain idle in life. 3e viewed that man wasrecogni?ed by his actions.

3e stressed upon children2s education. 3esaid children2s capabilities must be assessedfor proper education. 3e thought that mental

diseases were caused by negative emotionalproblems and one should get rid of them.


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$llama Bin ,*ald%n -1447+160@

3e proposed the theories of social

psychology and eAplained human beliefs /

pre)udices / attitudes and other sub)ectmatters.

*ccording to him / religion influences human

mind and whole life.


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S*a* -ali lla* - 1;07+1;@4

3e wrote many boo!s and made a deep study of

human mind and behavior. 3e discovered the causes

of mental disorders and treated them .

*ccording to him conflict goes on between positive

and negative forces within human mind and healthy

personality develops only by stri!ing balance b&w the

two. If irrational ideas are in eAcess/ mental health is

affected.


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Scientific Period

This period may be divided into two sub

periods:

/. enaissance Period

>ollowing are the important figures of thisperiod:


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rancis Bacon -1=@6+1@67

3e was founder of modern science. 3e

separated science from religion and

philosophy. 3e proposed several theoriesupon education/ habits and human

personality.

3e emphasi?ed the importance of

observation instead of speculation.


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Descartes !"#$%&"%#'(:

3e thought organism as complicated

mechanism which could be activated by light/

sound and other stimuli.

*lthough he had a very inadeBuate conceptof the structures and functions of the nervous

system/ his study of the human organism

brought fresh insight to psychology.


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)ohn *ock !"%+,&"-'.(:

3e believed we were born with empty mind in

the world/ li!e blan! slates upon which all of

life2s eAperiences could be written .

Other influences on early psychology camefrom biology and physics.


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/harles Dar0in !"1'$&"11,(:

In his boo!$ The Origin of %pecies$ in 15=


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Herann 2on Helholt3 !"1,'&"1$.(

3e 'easured the speed of nerve impulse and

set forth a theory of color vision for our

perception and for musical tones.


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Paul 4roca !"1%'(

* >rench physician identified a part of the

brain -still called ",roca *rea$ wor!ing as

control centre for speech.


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5eber !"-$#&"1-1( :

*bout the middle of 1


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6echner !"1%%(:

3e loo!ed into mathematical connection

between the physical and psychological

changes.

>or the first time it had been demonstratedthat psychological phenomenon could be

Buantified and investigated with scientific

method.

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