psychology introduction
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGYSYSTEMATIC STUDY
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND
MENTAL PROCESSES
SYSTEMATIC STUDYINVOLVES SCIENTIFIC PROCEDURES SUCH AS:
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
PLAN AND DESIGN THE METHOD
IMPLEMENT THE METHOD
•GATHERING OF DATA•ANALYSIS OF THE DATA GATHERED•MAKING OF A CONCLUSION•PUBLISH THE RESULTS OF THE
STUDY
HUMAN BEHAVIORS
REFERS TO THE OVERT AND COVERT BEHAVIORS
OVERT BEHAVIORS – BEHAVIORS THAT CAN BE SEEN AND OBSERVABLE.
COVERT – BEHAVIORS THAT ARE HIDDEN
MENTAL PROCESSESTHINKINGANALYSIS
COMPREHENSIONDAYDREAMING
DREAMS
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGYDESCRIBE-tell what occurred
EXPLAIN-tells the whyPREDICT-under what conditions is the
behaviour/event likely to occurCONTROL-
how is the principle applied or what change in condition is necessary to prevent unwanted
occurrence or to bring about a desired outcome
DESCRIBEDESCRIBE THE
DIFFERENT WAYS THAT
ORGANISMS BEHAVE.
EXPLAINEXPLAIN HOW
ORGANISMS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN
SITUATIONS.
PREDICTPREDICT WHY
ORGANISMS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN SITUATION
CONTROLCONTROL
UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIORS
SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
FAMILIAR FEELING THAT THE WHOLE
WORLD IS WATCHING YOU.
DR. KENNETH SAVITSKY
PROFESSOR OF PSYCHOLOGY IN ONE OF
THE UNIVERSITIES IN UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
FIVE PIONEERING SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. STRUCTURALISMTHE STUDY OF THE MOST BASIC
ELEMENTS, PRIMARILY SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS THAT MAKE UP
OUR CONSCIOUS MENTAL EXPERIENCES.
WILHELM WUNDT
THE FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY
INTROSPECTIONGREATEST CONTRIBUTION OF
WUNDT. THIS IS A METHOD WHICH ASKS A PERSON TO VERBALIZE HIS THOUGHTS
AND FEELINGS WITHOUT ANY CENSORSHIP.
ACTIVITYFOR 5 MINUTES. WRITE DOWN ALL
THE THINGS THAT GO THROUGH YOUR MIND NOW. REMEMBER THAT YOU ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO CENSOR
ANYTHING. THEN, ANALYZE WHAT YOU HAVE WRITTEN
WILLIAM JAMESHE VIEWED MENTAL ACTIVITIES AS
HAVING DEVELOPED THROUGH AGES OF EVOLUTION BECAUSE OF
THEIR ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS SUCH AS HELPING HUMANS SURVIVE.
2. FUNCTIONALISMSTUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER
THAN THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, WAS
INTERESTED IN HOW MINDS ADAPT TO OUR CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT.
3. GESTALT APPROACHEMPHASIZES THAT PERCEPTION IS
MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS AND STUDIED HOW
SENATIONS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO MEANINGFUL PERCEPTUAL
EXPERIENCES.
1.MAX WERTHEIMER
2. WOLFGANG KOHLER
3. KURT KOFFKA
For example, a set of dots outlining the shape of a star is likely to be perceived as a star, not as a set of dots. We tend to complete the figure, make it the way it “should” be, finish it. Like we somehow manage to see this as a "B"...
4. BEHAVIORISM
EMPHASIZED THE OBJECTIVE, SCIENTIFIC
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS.
“GIVE ME A DOZEN HEALTHY INFANTS, WELL-FORMED AND MY OWN SPECIAL WORLD TO BRING
THEM UP IN AND I’LL GUARANTEE TO TAKE ONE AT RANDOM AND
TRAIN HIMTO BECOME ANY TYPE OF SPECIALIST I MIGHT SELECT-
DOCTOR, LAWYER, ARTIST, CRIMINAL….”.
JOHN B. WATSON
5. PSYCHOANALYSIS•BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES GREATLY INFLUENCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LATTER PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
SIGMUND FREUD
1. REFER TO “SPOTLIGHT EFFECT” AND LIST POSSIBLE BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED BY SOMEBODY WHO SUDDENLY TRIPS
ON A CHAIR WHILE HE/SHE IS INSIDE THE CANTEEN. LIST AT LEAST 5.2. CONTRAST THIS METHOD WITH THE
“INTROSPECTION EXERCISE” WHICH OF THE TWO IS EASIER TO
ACCOMPLISH? WHY?