psychology: chapter 6 part 1

10/8/13

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Memory, Pt. 1

PSYCH 100 Mara Breen

October 7, 2013

What is memory?

•  The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme

What is memory?

•  The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme – encoding, the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

– storage, the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me

–  retrieval, the process of bringing to mind informa9on that has been previously encoded and stored.

Encoding

•  Memories are constructed, not recorded, and encoding is the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. – elaboraGve encoding – visual imagery encoding – organizaGonal encoding – encoding of survival informaGon

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DEMO

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Is the word in capital letters?

BOOK

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Would the word fit the sentence: “I saw a _____ in the pond” ?

duck

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Does the word rhyme with BLUE?

safe

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Would the word fit the sentence: “The girl walked down the _____” ?

house

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Does the word rhyme with FREIGHT?

WEIGHT

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Is the word in small letters?

snow

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Would the word fit the sentence: “The _____ was reading a book” ?

STUDENT

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Does the word rhyme with TYPE?

color

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flower

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Would the word fit the sentence: “Last spring we saw a ____” ?

robin

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Does the word rhyme with SMALL?

HALL

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Is the word in small letters?

TREE

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Would the word fit the sentence: “My _____ is six feet tall” ?

TEXTBOOK

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Does the word rhyme with SAY?

day

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FOX

ElaboraGve Encoding

•  the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory

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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember

from the task a minute ago.

DUCK HOUSE

STUDENT ROBIN

TEXTBOOK

SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY

BOOK SNOW

FLOWER TREE FOX

Meaning Rhyme Letters

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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember

from the task a minute ago.

DUCK HOUSE

STUDENT ROBIN

TEXTBOOK

SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY

BOOK SNOW

FLOWER TREE FOX

Meaning Rhyme Letters

80% 50% 10%

ElaboraGve Encoding

•  the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory

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Visual Imagery Encoding

•  the process of storing new informa9on by conver9ng it into mental pictures

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Imagery (Bower & Winzenz, 1970)

Subjects either repeated word pairs or visualized them interacting

BOAT - TREE

Visual imagery encoding

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Interaction helps, bizarreness doesn’t

(Wollen, et al, 1972)

Noninteracting

Interacting

Nonbizarre Bizarre

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Method of Loci

• Think about a well-known path

• Associate items with landmarks along that path


Method of Loci

Visual imagery encoding OrganizaGonal Encoding

•  the process of categorizing informa9on according to the rela9onships among a series of items – No9cing rela9onships – Crea9ng categories – Conceptual groups

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Encoding of Survival InformaGon

•  Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)

Survival encoding:

Moving encoding:

Pleasant encoding:

rate the relevance of each word on a list to their situaGon

HORSE TENT APPLE

Encoding of Survival InformaGon

•  Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)

Remembering your grocery list by coming up with a recipe that features each item on it is an example of

1.  ElaboraGve encoding 2.  Visual imagery encoding 3.  OrganizaGonal encoding 4.  Encoding of Survival informaGon 5.  ExhausGve encoding

Storage

•  the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me

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Sensory memory

Very brief retenGon of sensory informaGon

Persistence of vision

Sparkler trails Frames of a movie

There’s not really a trail of light

MoGon looks conGnuous 36

Sensory memory

Sperling (1960) studied iconic memory

(visual sensory memory)

Flashed a grid of le_ers for 50 ms

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X

A

C

M

F

D

L

N

Z

T

B

P

Fixate on the cross

Report the letters that are flashed (as many as you can)

Demo: Whole report

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X

A

C

M

F

D

L

N

Z

T

B

P

After the flash, an arrow will appear before one row

Report the letters from that row

Demo: Partial report

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Sensory memory

Whole report: Subjects could report 4.5 le_ers (37%)

Par6al report: Subjects could report 3.3 le_ers (82%)

• Subjects could report that much regardless of which row was asked about

• How is that possible?

• They must have retained almost all of the grid, but very briefly

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Sensory memory

How long does iconic memory last?

Delayed par6al report method Varied the Gme between the le_ers disappearing and the cue telling which row to report

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Sensory memory

Longer delay means less informaGon retained

By 1 second, equal to Whole report method 42

Sensory memory

Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory

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5, 4, 1

9, 6, 2

5, 9, 3

Sensory memory Numbers heard from different locaGons

ParGal report: Repeat numbers from one locaGon

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Sensory memory

Same basic results as iconic memory, but echoic memory lasts longer (3-‐4 seconds)

Storage


Short-‐term memory

•  holds nonsensory informa9on for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

•  Is limited by: – HOW LONG? – HOW MUCH?

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Short-term memory

How long does informaGon stay in STM?

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

• Subjects hear three le_ers followed by a number

• Subjects immediately start counGng backward from that number by 3’s

• Aier a certain amount of Gme, experimenter stops the subject and asks for the three le_ers

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Short-term memory

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Memory was much worse aier longer delay

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Short-term memory

How much can STM hold?

Try to remember the numbers. How many digits can you remember before you start making mistakes?

2149 39678 649784 7382015 84261432 482392807 5852981637

People seem to be able to hold “7 plus or minus 2” units (Miller, 1956)

•  How do you keep informaGon in short-‐term memory longer? – Rehearsal: the process of keeping informa9on in short-‐term memory by mentally repea9ng it.

•  How do you increase the capacity of short-‐term memory? – Chunking: combining small pieces of informa9on into larger clusters or chunks.

Short-term memory

Short-term memory

Chunking

Subject S.F. increased his digit span from 7 to 79

Required 230 hours of training

Used running stats for chunking (he was a runner)

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19882010

•  ac9ve maintenance of informa9on in short-‐term storage

Working memory

Central executive

Phonological loop

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Storage


Long-‐term Memory

•  Holds memories for hours, days, weeks, or years…

•  (We’ll have much more to say about it on Monday)

psychology: chapter 6 part 1

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