psychological therapies

Psychological Therapies

Jamo Manahan Trasporte.

EFFECTIVENESSDoes psychotherapy really work? 1950’sHans Eysenck— people who underwent psychotherapy did not recover at a higher rate than people who did not— passage of time could account for all recovery

EFFECTIVENESSProblems with Effectiveness— experimenter bias— inaccuracies of self-report information— placebo-effect expectations

Facts & Figures

— An estimated 75-90% of people feel that psychotherapy has helped them— The longer the person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement— Some psychotherapies are more effective for certain types of disorders

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCommon Factors Approach— focuses on factors common to successful outcomes from different forms of therapy

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCommon Factors ApproachTherapeutic Alliance — warm, caring, accepting relationship between client and therapist— characterized by empathy, mutual respect and understanding

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCommon Factors ApproachProtected Setting — space to release emotions and reveal private thoughts and concerns— should help understand why they feel the way they do and provide ways to feel better

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCommon Factors ApproachOpportunity for CatharsisLearning and Practice of New BehaviorPositive Experiences

EFFECTIVENESS

Cultural, Ethnic & Gender Concerns1. Culture-bound values2. Class-bound values3. Language4. Non-verbal communication

EFFECTIVENESS

Therapy in the Computer Age Cybertherapy— psychotherapy offered on the Internet— practiced by cybertherapists

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCybertherapyAdvantages— cheaper (even free) alternative— better accessibility— access to support groups online relative anonymity

EFFECTIVENESS

Effective PsychotherapyCybertherapyDisdvantages— common Internet dangers— no guarantee of credentials— therapist has no access to facial expressions, vocal tones, body language, etc.

EFFECTIVENESS

BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES

Categories1. Drug Therapies2. Shock Therapy3. Drug Treatments


Antipsychotic Drugs— used to treat psychotic symptoms— hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior

Psychopharmocology


Antipsychotic Drugs1. typical neuroleptics2. atypical neuroleptics3. partial dopamine agonists

neuroleptic- neuroleptique (French)- “to have an effect on neurons”

Psychopharmocology


Antianxiety Drugs— used to treat and calm anxiety reactions— typically minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines— Xanax, Atium, Valium

Psychopharmocology


Antimanic DrugsLithium— popular treatment before for bipolar disorder— evens out the highs and the lows— associated with weight gain

Anticonvulsant Drugs— also used for mania— normally used to treat seizure disorders— as effective in controlling mood swings

Psychopharmocology


Antidepressant DrugsMonamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)— blocks the activity of the enzyme, monamine oxidase— Marplan, Nardil, Parnate— side effects: weight gain, dizziness, constipation, dry mouth, sexual arousal, headache, drowsiness or insomnia

Psychopharmocology


Antidepressant DrugsTricyclic Antidepressants— molecular structure: three rings— increase the activity of serotonin and norepinephrine— Nopramin, Pertofrane, Tofranil, Elavil, Sinequan, Adapin— side effects: weight loss, skin rash, blurred vision, lowered blood pressure

Psychopharmocology


Antidepressant DrugsSelective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)— drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin — safer than the first two, fewer side effects— Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

Psychopharmocology


Electroconvulsive Therapy— used to treat severe depression— electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person’s head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion

Electroconvulsive Therapy


Psychosurgery— surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders— involves cutting into the brain to remove or destroy brain tissue

Psychosurgery


Psychosurgery1. Prefrontal Lobotomy2. Bilateral Anterior Cingulotomy

Psychosurgery


Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)— magnetic pulses applied to cortex— for PTSD and depression

Emerging Techniques


Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)— uses scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct currents to the brain— for PTSD and depression

Emerging Techniques


Deep Brain Stimulation— being evaluated as a treatment modality for depression and OCD

Emerging Techniques

VIRTUAL REALITIES

Virtual Realities— computer-based simulation of environments— can be used to treat phobias and PTSD— less risk— useful as a delivery system for exposure therapy

RADIO STATION

1987J-WAVE was incorporated on December 10, 1987.

1988It started test broadcasts on the FM band at 81.3 MHz beginning August 1, 1988. On October 1 of that year, it started transmission from Tokyo Tower. J-Wave was rated 27th nationwide at the time, and second in Tokyo. While other radio stations focused more on presentation, J-WAVE adopted a "more music less talk" format.

RADIO STATION

The station had a large fanbase because of its unusual programming style, playing music non-stop except for jingles and breaks for news, traffic and weather. The law in Japan at that time stipulated that programming had to be maximum 80% music, and minimum 20% talk and continuity.

J-WAVE coined the term "J-pop", which is only vaguely defined. However, as the years went by, the station lost influence. Sponsor after sponsor pulled their ads because of the growing irrelevance of the programming to what they were selling.

RADIO STATION

1995J-WAVE hired new personalities in an attempt to rejuvenate itself. Its term "J-POP" became synonymous with commercially palatable Japanese music from across the spectrum, except for traditional Japanese music. Specials started to air around this time, and the station took steps to attract a listener base desirable for higher ad revenues.

1997The format J-WAVE introduced to Japan, "more music less talk" almost disappeared during reorganization in early 1997, when DJ banter became more pronounced.

RADIO STATION

2003On October 1, 2003, J-WAVE moved its head office to the 33rd floor of the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower in Minato, Tokyo. 2012On April 23, 2012, J-WAVE moved its transmitting station at Tokyo Tower to the Tokyo Sky Tree with new transmission power of 7 kilowatts with an ERP of 57 kilowatts. Before the move, the transmission power was 10 kilowatts with an ERP of 44 kilowatts.

RADIO STATION

Tokyo Tower

RADIO STATION

Tokyo Skytree

RADIO STATION

JOAV-FM

City ofLicense Tokyo, Japan Power 7kW

Broadcast Area Greater Tokyo Area ERP 57,000 Watts

Branding 81.3 J-Wave Facility ID N/A

Slogan “The Best Music on the Planet”

Call Sign Meaning J(O)-wAVe FM

Frequency 81.3 MHz OwnerJ-Wave Inc. (owned by Credit Saison, Nippon Broadcasting System, Kyodo News, and other stakeholders)

First Air Date August 1, 1988 (as FM Japan) Webcast J-Wave on radiko

J-Wave on Ustream

Format J-Pop/CHR Website www.j-wave.co.jp

RADIO STATION

"The Best Music on the Planet“Jingles (1992-1995)

RADIO STATION

"The Best Music on the Planet“Jingles (2012)

RADIO STATION

"The Best Music on the Planet“Weather Report

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