psychological research methods and...

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netw rksPsychological Research Methods and Statistics

Guided Reading Activity

Lesson 1 What Is Research?

Review Questions: Identifying Supporting Details

Directions: Read each main idea. Use your textbook to supply the details that support or explain each main idea.

Main Idea A: Because psychologists cannot study every member of a social group, they select a sample of the group to study and then generalize to the group as a whole.

1. Detail: A(n) __________________ sample of a group is one that includes all the di! erent types of people that are members of that group.

2. Detail: A large number of people that is not typical of the members of a group is a(n) __________________ sample.

3. Detail: A(n) __________________ sample consists of choosing people by chance, like drawing names from a hat.

4. Detail: A sample of a group that consists of deliberately selected members of various types of subgroups

is a(n) __________________ sample.

Main Idea B: Psychologists use a variety of methods to maximize the validity and accuracy of their research, depending on what they are studying.

1. Detail: A(n) __________________ study focuses in depth on a small number of subjects, while a(n)

__________________ study examines a large number of subjects for a limited purpose.

2. Detail: __________________ refers to studying the behavior of people or animals without being seen.

3. Detail: A survey is a common method of gathering data that often consists of __________________ and

__________________.

4. Detail: A(n) __________________ study looks at the same group of people over a period of time, while a(n)

__________________ study looks at people in di! erent age groups simultaneously.

5. Detail: If the more A increases the more B increases, they have a(n) __________________ correlation; if the

more A increases the more B decreases, they have a(n) __________________ correlation.

6. Detail: A(n) __________________ variable is one that an experimenter changes to observe its e! ect on

subjects; a(n) __________________ variable is one that an experimenter does not change, but changes as a result of the e! ect of the other variable.

7. Detail: In a psychological study, members of the __________________ group are exposed to changes but

members of the __________________ group are not.

Understanding Psychology 1

Program: Psychology WS

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Guided Reading Activity cont.

8. Detail: Ethical standards for the conduct of psychological tests have been set by the __________________.

9. Detail: To start a new research project on subjects, a psychologist must obtain __________________ from an ethics committee.

Summary and Reflection

Directions: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the questions below.

How have different research methods that have been developed increased the accuracy of tests? How have they decreased the possibility of reaching false conclusions or influencing the results?

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2 Understanding Psychology


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Guided Reading Activity

Lesson 2 Problems and Solutions in Research

Review Questions: Using Headings and Subheadings

Directions: Locate each heading below in your textbook. Then use the information under the correct heading and subheading to help you answer each question.

I. Avoiding a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A. What is a “self-fulfi lling prophecy” for a psychologist?

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B. How do people unconsciously make their expectations known to others through their behavior?

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C. What is the di! erence between a single-blind experiment and a double-blind experiment?

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II. The Placebo Effect

A. What is a placebo?

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B. Why does a placebo a! ect a participant’s behavior?

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III. The Milgram Experiment

A. What were the subjects in the Milgram experiment asked to do?

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B. What was the deception in the Milgram experiment?

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C. What did the results of the experiment imply?

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D. What did researchers at Swarthmore College believe had infl uenced the results of the experiment?

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E. What surprising fi ndings of the experiment suggested the researchers at Swarthmore College were wrong?

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2 Understanding Psychology


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Summary and Reflection

Directions: Summarize the main ideas of this lesson by answering the question below.

What types of deception might researchers use, and why do they use them?

___________________________________________________________________________________

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