BACKGROUND OF

PSYCHOLOGYOrigins and Beginnings

of Psychology

I. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS Their ideas about psychology were based from the writing

of the ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

They used two approaches to wit;

1. SPECULATION The motivational aspect of human behavior

2. EMPIRICAL METHODThrough observation. Further

sharpened by the empiricists of the 17th century

II. RENAISSANCE SCIENTISTS

Introduced the idea that observation could be further objectified through measurements

Objectified means, to present or regard as an object or to make

objective, external, or concrete

III. 19TH CENTURY GERMAN PSYCHOLOGISTS-PHYSICISTS

Used measurement techniques to study sensation, the foundation of scientific psychology

Sensation is the faculty to feel or perceive; physical

sensibility

IV. WILHELM WUNDT Opened his laboratory at Leipzig, Germany in 1879. The beginning

of psychological research Often considered as the “Father of Experimental Psychology” His students opened psychological laboratories at the major

universities in Europe and in the United States STRUCTURALISM

- His approach to the study of human behavior - It is concerned with identifying and studying the

elements that form the structure of consciousness CONSCIOUSNESS

- Special awareness or sensitivity or alertness to or concern for a particular issue or situation

V. WILLIAM JAMES

Developed a different approach in the study of behavior called Functionalism

FUNCTIONALISM–Emphasized the study of behavior as an integrated process

VI. GERMAN PSYCHOLOGISTS

Popularly known as the “ Gestalts”

Objected to the idea of studying behavior by analyzing the elements

Proposed that behavior shall be studied in terms of organization or form

VII. JOHN B. WATSON The man who did more than any other to

set the direction of modern experimental psychology

Expressed skepticism about studying any aspect of behavior that cannot be objectively observe

Proposed that psychologist should study the behavior of organism

This approach led to the movement called “Behaviorism”

VIII. SIGMUND FREUD Initiated the “ Psychoanalytic “

movement

It is another conceptual source of modern psychology

The concept entered the American psychology late but brings great impact on personality theory and methods of treating mental illness

SUBJECT MATTER OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

The following constitute the subject matter of modern

Psychology

- Individual Differences- Sensation-Perception- Motivation- Intelligence- Emotion- Innate Patterns- Learning- Thinking- Personality- Group Dynamics- Behavior Pathology

DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

STRUCTURALISM GESTALT SCHOOL

PURPOSIVISMASSOCIATIONISM

FREUDAN FACTIONS

BEHAVIORISM

SCHOOLS Of

PSYCHOLOGYFUNCTIONALISM PSYCHOASNALYTIC

NOTE PSYCHOLOGY

- A young and growing science

- Internal disputes often occur

- Psychologists have different ideas about

* What psychology should or should not include

* What it should emphasize

* What research methods are best

SCHOOL

- When a large number of psychologists strongly

support a certain view, it is established

- Began a revolt against the established order

- Each has historical background begins within 1879 and 1930 of its development

DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

SCHOOL PLACE OF ORIGIN ADVOCATESVIEWS and

PRACTICES

1. STRUCTURALISM

GermanyCenter of Study

1879

Wilhelm WundtE. B. Titchener

Thought of Psychology as the study of conscious experience Started with a premise that all complex substances could be analyzed through their component elements Held that elementary mental states form the structure of consciousness Sought to discover the psychological basis of various types of conscious experience Emphasis on the knowledge of body structures The method used are “Introspection” and “Experiment Introspection1. Contemplation of one's own thoughts, feelings, and sensations; self-examination2. Looking inward, so to speak, and describing one’s experiences

2. FUNCTIONALISM

University of ChicagoAmerica

1898

William JamesJames E. Angell

John Dewey

Paid little attention to conscious experience Focused on the operations or functions of conscious activity The total behavior and experience of an individual is studied, including the interest in the functions served by the things an individual doesRedefined psychology as “the study of man’s adjustments to his environment” The method used are “Introspection” and “Observation”

3. ASSOCIATIONISM

Greece(Europe)

Modern World

AristotleEdward Thorndike

John LockeThomas Hobbes

Concerned with the factors of learning such as remembering and thinking It starts with the philosophical concept that learning is the formation of bonds or connections in the nervous system Man is the greatest learner because he makes the greatest number of connections They proposed that everything around can be explained by association

4. BEHAVIORISM America1912

John WatsonE. L. Thorndike

A revolt against both Structuralism and Functionalism Turned to the study of overt behavior

- Observable by others, a social and explicit act

Rejected the study of conscious experience as a subject for scientific research defines psychology as “the science of behavior and not of consciousness” Emphasizes conditional reflexes of the elements of behavior Denies the existence of instinct or inborn tendencies, and insist on learned behavior

“Instinct” -An inborn pattern of

behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to

specific environmental stimuli

Studies animal behavior and emphasizes the objective method in observing responses it is psychology based upon “Stimulus-Response” connections Believes that there can be no response with out a stimuli

“Stimulus”- Any factor inside or outside, or anything which causes the

organism to react or response

5. GESTALT SCHOOL

Germany1912

Max WertheimerWolfgang Kohler

Kurt Koffka

Maintains that psychology should study the whole patterns of behavior or experience or the perception of organized configuration “ The whole is more than the sum of all its parts” is their fundamental principle They believed that the overall pattern of any experience which was stored is important to study than the specific elements which made it up With emphasis on the study of human behavior and perception

“Perception”-Recognition and interpretation of

sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory

Contributed much to the understanding of learning, memory, and problem solving Uses Introspection and observation

6. PSYCHANALYTIC SHOOL

Germany1912

Sigmund FreudAlfred Adler

Carl Jung

Insist on human desires and primitive impulses as the central factors of behavior They attributed inner conflicts on the individual to repression of desires which remain submerged in his subconsciousSUBCONSCIOUS

-The part of the mind below the level of conscious

perception- Postulated the existence of unconscious mental processes which influence the individual’s behavior in various indirect ways- He attempted to find the cause and cure of personality disorder- Stresses the role of motives and cravings, often hidden and repressed in the subconscious or unconscious mind- This repression results in abnormal behavior

- LIBIDO THEORY- (Freud assertion) The sex urges in the unconscious constitute the main human drive

- PSYCHOANALYSIS- Method of treatment emphasizes “ Free Association”- The patients freely associates his thoughts and experiences- This is done with the help of the psychiatrist and analyses the cause of his difficulty

7. FREUDAN FACTIONS

America1911-1912

Carl Jung People are either extroverts or Introverts Extrovert- person who is energized by being around other people. This is the opposite of an introvert who is energized by being alone Introvert- is a person who is energized by being alone and whose energy is drained by being around other people Founded the school called the “Analytical School”

Alfred Adler He believes that the prime mover of people is their desire for superiority

8. PURPOSIVISM Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina

Great Britain

William McDougall He believes that objects, movements, and behavior have a definite purpose Because of its emphasis on hormones in life, Purposivism was called “Hormic Psychology” HORMONES- A substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism Regard the human being not only as a unit but also as a purposive, striving organism They strongly opposed the mechanistic or behaviorist point of view

DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

STRUCTURALISMCenters on sensation

GESTALT SCHOOLCenters onPerception

PURPOSIVISMCenters on the

Purposive Activity

ASSOCIATIONISMCenters on the Learning and

Memory

FREUDAN FACTIONS• Characteristics

• Desire for Superiority

BEHAVIORISMCenters on Individual as

A Whole

SCHOOLS Of

PSYCHOLOGY

FUNCTIONALISMCenters on the

Function of Consciousness

PSYCHOASNALYTICCenters on

Desire

BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY

NOTE:

- The rebel against certain school in psychology continues since the 1900s. Contemporary educational psychologists tend to make use of the discoveries and ideas contributed by all the preceding schools of thoughts

- Psychologists realizes that the study of behavior was so broad that no single approach could be relied on to give the necessary answers to all the questions that were being raised

- Many psychologists stop identifying with the school or approach to psychology and began to define areas where many approaches could be used

- They no longer bore the names of schools but took on the names of sub-fields of psychology

- There are 45 divisions or major fields on the Directory of American Psychological Associations

COMMON BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY

General Psychology Explains principles of human behaviorComparative Psychology Human-Animal Psychology, Compared /DifferentiatedDevelopmental/Genetic Psychology

Aspects of growth and development

Child Psychology Post-natal starts with early adolescenceAdolescent Psychology From Puberty to later lifeSenescent Psychology Behavior of man in old ageConsumer Psychology Relationships between the buyer and the sellerAbnormal Psychology Etiology/ cause of personality defectsDynamic Psychology Personality Psychology, talents, skills, whole beingPsychiatry Treatment of mental diseasesBusiness Psychology Applied to business, employee and employers relationshipSocial Psychology Sociological relationship, group dynamics, opinions,

interestCognitive Psychology Related with the creation of artificial intelligence,

computer techForensic/Legal Psychology Law, reliability of witnesses and jury decisionsCommunity Psychology Psychological problem in the community, juvenile, crimes

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN PSYCHOLOGY

The field of psychology is so

varied that it offers a rich selection of professional

opportunities for individuals of

widely differing interests,

personalities and abilities

Kinds of work that psychologist can do

Clinical Psychology

Areas of Specialization

Counseling Psychology

Experimental andPhysiological Psychology

Educational and

School Psychology

Industrial andOrganizational

Psychology

SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY The study of human behavior is a broad area. It

encompasses the following field of studies

MEDICINE ECONOMICS SOCIOLOGY- Eye - Consumer’s -

Attitudes- Ear Behavior - Opinion- Brain - Employment - Propaganda

EDUCATION LAW POLITICAL SCIENCE- Guidance - Crimes - Voter’s Behavior Counseling - Witness - Governance- Student’s Credibility - Interest Groups Intelligence - Jury Decision

METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Six Well Known Methods of Psychological Research

When scientist

work, they use several methods of

relating variable to

predict, control, and understand

behavior

Introspection Method

Observation Method

- Uncontrolled or Informal- Naturalistic Observation- Controlled or Formal

Life History Method

- Day Book Method- Clinical Method- Biographical Method

Survey Method or

Group MethodExperimental

method

Statistical Method

STATISTICSThe science that deals with the collecting and handling of

numerical data and the making of inferences from such data

INFERENCEThe act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence

FACTOR ANALYSIS

A procedure using mathematical statistical analysis which enables the psychologist to study the various processes involved in performing complex tasks

AFTER GATHERING DATA- The psychologist classifies his facts in meaningful categories on the basis of similarity- Classifying facts is the first goal of understanding

- There are two kinds of classification; the:* QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION* QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION

TWO TYPES OF CLASSIFICATIONQUANTITATIVEClassification

QUALITATIVEClassification

Assigning of numbers or expressed in numerical terms

ScoresThe figures obtained from

measuring, which use to label quantitative categories

intuitionthinking aidsdisplay methodsClassification

Categories are determined on the basis of some characteristics which are present in different degrees and measurable on a mathematical scale

Example of classifying human beings are age, intelligence, emotional stability and reaction time

• THEORY

Statement of relationship between the organized facts about human behavior and the principles desired from it

• It can be modified or discarded if new data are observed A new theory is formulated which includes all relevant facts that are known

OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles and methods and the discovery of facts which find useful application in various aspects of everyday life

The Objectives

1. To understand human behavior

2. To predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment

3. To influence or alter the behavior of the individual or group in desirable ways so that the designed goal can be achieved

LEVELS OF INVESTIGATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHIATRIST vs. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHIATRIST A physician with a medical degree or M.D. specializes in psychological problems Qualified to prescribe drugs and other medical treatments They are psycho-analysts because they specializes in the use of psychoanalytic procedures Treat more serious disorders like psychotic behavior and mental illness

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Usually Ph. D. in Psychology, some have M.D. Major training and clinical experience is in Psychology Emphasis in behavior disorder Administer and evaluate psychological tests, thus facilitating diagnosis deals with less serious behavior disorder, non medical aspects of diagnosis and therapy Responsible for non psychotic behavior and problem of adjustment

VALUES OF PSYCHOLOGY1. As a science, it enables the individual to learn more

quickly and to choose a vocation more intelligently

2. It enables a person to understand that no two individuals are exactly alike

3. It enables one to resolve his own problems and to develop greater personal efficiency. Thus the person develops himself into a well integrated and happy individual

4. Psychology is applied to such fields as business, education, courtroom testimonies, politics and others

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