psych 101 bhc 1 prologue to chapter 3 fritz and hitzig’s prussian war brain research on triagged...

Psych 101 BHC 1

Prologue to Chapter 3Prologue to Chapter 3

Fritz and Hitzig’s Prussian War brain research on triagged soldiers

Legal controversies surrounding “brain death”

The biological communications and control centers are central to an understanding of human behavior

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Nervous System: The biological control centerNervous System: The biological control center The nervous system is both a powerful

computer and a complex communications system. There are multiple inputs to the system The system conducts multiple internal

processes There are multiple internal and external

outputs

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The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Neurons: the basic units of the nervous system Parts of the neuron

Axon Dendrite Cell body or “soma”

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Neurons and synapseNeurons and synapse

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Neural transmission individual cells (neurons) transmit bioelectrical

energy along the length of the neuron electrolytes action potential resting potential

individual cells (neurons) transmit bioelectrical energy between neurons at the synapse

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Synaptic transmission chemical substances transmit neural messages

across synapses (small spaces between individual neurons)

receptor sites on dendrites transmitter sites on synaptic knob neural transmitters include acetylcholine,

serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, endorphins, enkephalins

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Divisions of the nervous systemDivisions of the nervous system

Divisions of the central nervous system The Brain The Spinal Cord

Divisions of the peripheral nervous system Somatic division of the peripheral nervous system Autonomic division of the peripheral ner. sys.

sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain Brain imaging techniques

non-invasive techniques include the EEG, CAT, PETT, and the MRI

EEG: Electroencephalograph CAT: Computerized Axial Tomography PETT: Positron Emission Transaxial

Tomography MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imagery

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CAT Scan in progressCAT Scan in progress

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MagneticMagneticResonanceResonanceImagingImaging(MRI)(MRI)through thethrough theskull lookingskull lookingat lower brainat lower brainand brainand brainstemstem

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain The hindbrain and midbrain: housekeeping and

reflex functions cerebellum: motor coordination and non-thoughtful

body movement and smooth movement brain stem: responsible for maintenance functions,

e.g., heart beat, breathing reticular activating system: in the brain stem,

regulates paying attention to new stimuli, waking, sleeping, and daydreaming

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Anterior View ofAnterior View ofBrainBrain

Psych 101 BHC 13Lateral View: Right HemisphereLateral View: Right Hemisphere

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain Forebrain: cognition, motivation, and action

Cerebral cortex: sensory, cognitive, and motor functions

Hemispheres of the cerebral cortex right and left hemispheres hemispheres connected by corpus callosum some hemispheric functions are shared; some very different

functions occur in each hemisphere

Roger Sperry’s split brain research

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain Lobes of the cerebral cortex

frontal lobes parietal lobes temporal lobes occipital lobes

Specialized “cortices” in each of the four lobes

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Psych 101 BHC 18Transverse Section: Looking RightTransverse Section: Looking Right

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Cross - section lookingCross - section lookingdown from the top ofdown from the top ofthe brainthe brain

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain The Limbic System (on top of the brain stem) and

emotion Hypothalamus

intimately involved in our motives and emotion instructs the pituitary gland (master gland) to release

hormones

Thalamus primaryily a switching station for incoming/outgoing neural

messages also involved in memory formation

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Limbic SystemLimbic System

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Structures and functions of the brainStructures and functions of the brain The brain is an interacting system

though many separate parts, these parts work together in intellectual and emotional processing

inputs, internal processes, and outputs identify the brain as a complex computer and communications system

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Exploded ViewExploded Viewof Brainof Brain

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Endocrine systemEndocrine system

The endocrine system entails chemical messengers of the body consisting of a number of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

The Pituitary Gland sometimes called the “master gland” helps to regulate the activity of the other

glands in the endocrine system

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The Adrenal Glands play an important role in emotional arousal,

metabolism, and sexualarousal/functioning located in the back on top of the kidneys

Islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas regulates blood sugar levels by means of secreting

both glucagon and insulin diabetes, hypoglycemia, and mood changes

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Gonads gonads produce sex cells (sperm, egg) and secrete

sex hormones male: testosterone and androgens female: estrogen and progesterone

Thyroid gland regulates metabolism and growth via hormone called

thyroxin located in the neck Cretinism and iodinized salts

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Parathyroid gland helps to control excitability of nervous system by

secreting parathormone similar to a “squelch” on a radio only this is in the

nervous system

Pineal gland located in the brain, secrets hormone called

melatonin, regulates sleep/wake cycles melatonin associated with prolonged life in rats

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Genetic influences on behaviorGenetic influences on behavior

What is inherited? the influence of genes and environment on behavior psychologists try to determine what are the genetic

and what are the environmental influences on behavior

evidence suggests schizophrenia, antisocial behavior, and manic depression may be of genetic origin

Implications of genetic behaviors?

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Biological mechanisms of inheritance: the genetic code inheritance operates through genes found in

the nuclei of human cells Genes and chromosomes

What is DNA? What is a gene? What is a chromosome?

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Segment of DNASegment of DNA

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Biological mechanisms of inheritance Dominant and recessive traits

dominant genes reveal their traits in the phenotype whenever the gene is present

recessive genes may or may not reveal their traits in the phenotype depending on whether there is a single or double recessive gene for a given trait

eye color, hair color, finger length, etc. are determined by dominant/recessive genes

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Biological mechanisms of inheritance Sex-linked genetic traits

operate according to what is and what is not present genetically on the 23rd chromosomal pair. In females this is the XX and, in males, the XY chromosomal pattern

males are more likely to have sex-linked genetic defects (1 in 20); females not (1 in 1000)

examples include hemophilia, male pattern baldness, muscular dystrophy, etc.

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Biological mechanisms of inheritance Polygenetic inheritance: many genes having

an effect on one single trait, e.g., intelligence Pleiotropic inheritance: one gene affecting

many traits, e.g., Down’s Syndrome Chromosomal abnormalities

e.g., Kleinfelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and XYY (supermale) syndrome

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Research on inheritance in humansResearch on inheritance in humans Studies of twins

monozygotic vs dizygotic twins and inheritance using different types of twins to determine genetic vs

environmental effects on behavior and traits

Adoption studies monozygotic twins separated at birth allow for

determination of environmental effects reveal genes have strong behavioral influences

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Research on inheritance in humansResearch on inheritance in humans Role of inheritance in personality and

abnormal behavior concordance studies show that about 80%

probability exists if one monozygotic twin develops schizophrenia that the other will also

both normal and abnormal aspects of personality are influenced by inheritance

e.g., alcoholism, drug abuse, risk-taking

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Applications of psychologyApplications of psychology

Alzheimer’s disease caused by severe atrophy of brain; results in slow but progressive loss of personality and intellectual functioning Acetylcholine deficiencies and Alzheimer’s

disease Neural transmission and disease processes

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Schizophrenia research Dopamine excesses and schizophrenia L-DOPA, Parkinson’s Disease, and

schizophrenia Excessive dopamine receptor sites in the

brain in some schizophrenic persons Pharmacology and mental illnesses

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Pharmacology, abnormal behavior, and the future of treatment of mental disorders within a century it is likely that there will be

very little abnormal behavior due to neurotransmitter/receptor aberations

pharmacological advancements suggest that moods, thoughts, and even learning can be influenced by various drugs

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Questions?Questions?

Any questions on chapter 3?

psych 101 bhc 1 prologue to chapter 3 fritz and hitzig’s prussian war brain research on triagged...

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