Topic 6: Stages of Human Development

By Lawrence Kohlberg

The Importance of Morality in Human Development

Summarized from various sources

Lawrence Kohlberg

(October 25, 1927 January 19, 1987) Jewish American born in Bronxville, New York; professor at

the University of Chicago, as well as Harvard University. Specialized in research on moral education and reasoning,

he is best known for his theory of stages of moral development.

A close follower of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Kohlberg was one of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century.

Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg

The Stages

In a 1958 dissertation, Kohlberg wrote what are now known as Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

These stages explain the development of moral reasoning.

Created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago, the theory was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget and a fascination with children's reactions to moral dilemmas

Kohlbergs theory holds that moral reasoning, which is the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental constructive stages - each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last

JUSTICE! He determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span.

Moral Scenarios

Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas.

He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages.

Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) Childs level. (However, some adults act out of this level.) People at this level judge the morality of an action by its

direct consequences. solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. Person has not yet adopted or internalized society's

conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring

1. Punishment avoidance and Obedience orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)

2. Exchange of Favors: Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) (Paying for a benefit)

Level 2 (Conventional) typical of adolescents and adults. Those who reason in a conventional way judge the morality of

actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms

even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience.

Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however.

3. Good Boy/Good girl: Interpersonal accord and conformity

(Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude)

4. Law & Order: Authority and social-order maintaining orientation

(Law and order morality)

Level 3 (Post-Conventional) There is a growing realization that individuals are separate entities

from society, and that the individuals own perspective may take precedence over societys view; they may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.

These people live by their own abstract principles about right and wrongprinciples that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. Because of this levels nature of self before others, the behavior of post-conventional individuals, especially those at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.

5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles

(Principled conscience)

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