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College of Education
School of Continuing and Distance Education 2015/2016 – 2016/2017
PSYC 222
Motivation and Emotions
Session 2 – THE EATING & HUNGER MOTIVATION
Lecturer: Mrs. Jennifer Sasu - Mensah, Psychology Department Contact Information: [email protected]
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The Eating & Hunger Motivation
Slide 2
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Session Overview
• People are motivated (driven towards the need) to at one point or the other in response to the hunger drive. Have you ever wondered why we get hungry? Does the motivation for hunger go beyond simple nourishment? Are there problems associated with eating? This session seeks to help us answer these questions .
• At the end of this session, it is expected that student will be able to:
i. Identify and explain the reasons why we get hungry ii. Differentiate between the factors that influence the hunger
drive iii. Identify and discuss the eating disorders iv. Identify and discuss the causes as well as management of the
eating disorders. Slide 3
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Session Outline
The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows:
• The Biological Basis of Hunger
• The Psychology of Hunger
• Eating Problems/Disorders
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUNGER
Topic One
Slide 5
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INTRODUCTION
Hunger is a powerful stimulus that sets us into looking for food. This is exemplified by the sayings of the following authorities:
• Jeane de la Fontaine--- A
hungry man has no ears. • Mahatma Gandhi--- Even god
can’t speak to a hungry man except in terms of bread
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HUNGER DRIVE
Why do people feel hungry?
• The motivation for hunger goes beyond simple nourishment
• There are basically two factors that influence/account for the feeling of hunger.
-Biological factors -Psychological factors However, one can not discuss the
factors that influence the feelings of hunger without talking about
Eating problems/Disorders
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUNGER •
Researchers used to believe that the feeling of hunger comes from the stomach
• Theory test (Refer to lecture slides) • They however found that central to the biological feelings
of hunger is the brain structure known as the hypothalamus
• Two areas of the hypothalamus controls hunger -Lateral Hypothalamus -Ventromedial hypothalamus
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Biological Basis of Hunger
• Lateral hypothalamus - Stimulation causes you to feel hunger
• Ventromedial hypothalamus -Stimulation makes one full
• If the hypothalamus is functioning normally, these two areas oppose each other and signal impulses to eat and to stop eating
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Biology of Hunger
• Various theories have been given that explain the biological basis of hunger. In this session, we will discuss four of such theories
1. Glucose theory
2. Insulin theory
3. Heat Production theory
4. Set Point Theory
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Biology of Hunger
Slide 11
Glucose theory
One biological explanation of hunger is that when one’s blood glucose level is low, the person becomes hungry and desires to eat.
After eating the food, the glucose level raises which in turn reduces the hunger drive.
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Biology of Hunger
As the glucose level diminishes then the hunger sets in and the person has to eat.
Research (Luckhardt & Carlson,1915; Bash,1939)
The glucose level is monitored by the hypothalamus (glucoreceptors). The hunger cycle is demonstrated in a diagram below.
Slide 12
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Biology of Hunger
• The Hunger Cycle
Slide 13
Eat Don’t Eat
↓Hunger
↑ Hunger ↓ Glucose
↑Glucose
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Biology of Hunger
The Insulin theory of hunger
• The level of insulin is highly correlated with the level of glucose. This theory says it is the level of insulin that determines one’s hunger level. Hence reduction leads to hunger whereas an increase will lead to feeling of satiation
Heat Production theory
• According this theory, a drop in body and blood temperature, as sensed by the brain cells leads to increased feelings of hunger
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Biology of Hunger
Set Point theory
• The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight
• When we drop below that weight, the hypothalamus tells us we should eat
• The hypothalamus tells us to stop eating when we reach the set point
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PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER
Topic Two
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Psychology of Hunger
Slide 17
Factors like the smell, taste, and visual clues can also influence eating habits.
The four primary tastes like sweet, sour, salty and bitter are encountered by everyone.
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Psychology of Hunger
People all over the world prefer the sweet and tasty ones like sugar and tasty food.
• A persons’ state of mind can also influence the preference for types of foods.
• For example, stressful events might call for snacks.
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Psychology of Hunger
Ecology of Eating
• The presence of others can either inhibit or help people to eat.
• In general, people tend to eat more in the company of others, especially friends or family members.
• Cultural preferences
Learning plays an important role in what we eat. Hence, the culture in which one finds him/herself can influence eating habits (Refer to lecture slides for examples)
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Psychology of Hunger
• Some of us eat even though our hypothalamus is not sending us any cues
• If you are motivated to eat by external cues such as stress, smell or just the fact that food is available then you are an external
• Those motivated to eat by internal cues like feelings of hunger, empty stomach are internals
• The points discussed above are considered as the psychological basis of hunger
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EATING PROBLEMS/DISORDERS
Topic Three
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Eating Problems/Disorders
Three main Problems;
1. Obesity
2. Anorexia Nervosa
3. Bulimia Nervosa
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Obesity
• Obesity is described as excess of body fat accounting for
25% of weight in a person.
• As far back as in 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) described obesity as a global epidemic.
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Obesity
• Obesity is measured as BMI (Body Mass Index) =
Weight (kg)/Height (m2)
• The norms for interpreting the values are;
< 18.5 = Underweight
18.5-24.9 = Normal
25-29.9 = Overweight
30+ =Obese
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Obesity
• Why obesity
• The disorder is caused mostly by a consumption of calories that are more than what the body needs, therefore the excess is stored as fat.
• Obesity could be caused by physiological state due to the following factors;
• Genetic factors
The following researches give some support to the genetic basis of hunger
Adopted versus natural children; identical versus fraternal twins (Stunkard et al., 1985, 1990;Carriere, 2003; Frayling et al., 2007)
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Obesity
• It is also believed that certain individuals inherit the potential to consume a lot of high calorie foods
• Other Factors • Age Slowing of metabolism rate • Malfunctions of the hypothalamus Lesions of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus produce
overeating • Internal- External theory of hunger and eating • Environmental -Those who live sedentary lives -Those who take fast foods.
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Obesity
• Psychological Factors
Eating in response to negative emotions
• Illness
Hormone problems (hypothyroidism), depression
• Medications
Steroids, antidepressants
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Problems of obesity
Once one is said to have obesity, there are a number of problems which may come along with the disorder
• Diabetes
• Heart problems
• Respiratory problems
• Cancer
• High cholesterol
• Pregnancy complications
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Management of Obesity
Obesity can be managed in the following ways:
• The person should eat low fatty diet of food
• The person should exercise on regular basis
• Psychotherapy
• Drugs
• Surgery to remove fat
• Bypass surgery
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Anorexia Nervosa
• This is an eating disorder common in girls or young women.
• About 95% of those affected are females.
• In this condition, the person becomes very fearful of gaining weight, ignores eating and becomes emaciated and might even starve to death.
Signs/Symptoms
Dieting despite being thin
Obsession with calories, fat grams, nutrition
Feeling fat despite being underweight
Compulsive exercising
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Anorexia Nervosa
Causes • Biological Causes Neurochemicals Low or high levels of certain neurochemicals can
cause this disorder Eg.,Low levels in norepinephrine, a neurochemical
for regulation of eating, high levels of cortisol • Learned Factors -Families that place emphasis on slenderness -Activities that require slenderness • Sociocultural variables • Some societies consider being slender as what is
acceptable especially for women
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Anorexia Nervosa
• Anorexia has a number of problems associated which include:
• Severe mood swings
• Lack of energy and weakness
• Dry yellowish skin, brittle nails
• Tooth decay, gum damage
• Reproductive problems
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Bulimia Nervosa
• This condition is common in young women
• It is characterized by binge eating followed by self – induced vomiting or use of laxatives.
• Such an individual may take ten balls of kenkey or 5 fried chickens all at one sitting and then purge them. This binge -purge episode may occur 2 – 14 times in a week.
• Frequent vomiting may lead to abdominal problems and dehydration.
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Bulimia Nervosa
Like anorexia nervosa, the condition is attributable to
• Genetic factors.
• Cultural and social pressures (Low weight)
• Other mental health problems (Common in people with Anxiety, OCD, personality disorders)
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Bulimia Nervosa
Problems associated with Bulimia
• Abdominal problems
• Bowel problems
• Dehydration
• Irregular periods
• Chemical imbalances leading to tiredness, weakness and kidney damage
• Poor skin and hair
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