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CEU1

98

PlumbingFixtures

Continuing Education from theAmerican Society of Plumbing Engineers

April 2013

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It has been said that without plumbing xtures, there would

be no indoor plumbing. Each xture is designed or a specicunction to maintain public health and sanitation, such asdischarging potable water or carrying away waste. Some o

the numerous plumbing xtures used in plumbing systemsare water closets and urinals, showerheads, aucets, drinkingountains, bidets, foor drains, and emergency eyewashes.

Fixtures are connected to the plumbing system pipingby dierent types o ttings that also help regulate fow or

perorm some other unction to ensure that the xture andthe entire system work properly.

Fixture MaterialsThe surace o a plumbing xture must be smooth, im-

pervious, and easily cleanable to maintain a high level osanitation. Common plumbing xture materials include theollowing.

V CnThis is a unique material that is specially suited to plumb-ing xtures. Unlike other ceramic materials, vitreous chinadoes not absorb water because it is not porous. Vitreous

china plumbing xture suraces are glazed, which providesan appealing nish that is easily cleaned. Vitreous china is

also an extremely strong material. Because vitreous chinais nonporous, it has a very high shrinkage rate when red

in a kiln, which accounts or the slight dierences among

otherwise identical plumbing xtures.Nnv CnNonvitreous china is a porous ceramic that requires glazing

to prevent water absorption. The advantage o nonvitreouschina is its low shrinkage rate, which allows the xture to

be more ornately designed.

enm C inThe base o enameled cast iron xtures is a high-grade castiron. The exposed suraces have an enameled coating, which

is used to the cast iron, resulting in a hard, glossy, opaque,and acid-resistant surace. Enameled cast iron plumbingxtures are heavy, strong, ductile, and long-lasting.

Pcn enm sPorcelain enamel is a substantially vitreous or glossy inor-ganic coating that is bonded to sheet steel by usion to create

this material.

sn sA variety o stainless steels is used to produce plumbingxtures, including 316, 304, 302, 301, 202, 201, and 430.

One o the key ingredients in stainless steel is nickel, and a

higher nickel content tends to produce a superior nish

the stainless steel. Types 302 and 304 have 8 percent nickand Type 316 has 10 percent nickel.

PcPlastic is a generic category or a variety o synthetic mateals used in plumbing xtures. The various plastic materi

used to produce plumbing xtures include acrylonitrbutadiene styrene (ABS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), g

coated berglass-reinorced plastic, acrylic, cultured marbcast-lled berglass, polyester, cast-lled acrylic, gel-coat

plastic, cultured marble acrylic, and acrylic polymer. Plastused in plumbing xtures are subject to numerous tests to termine their quality, including ignition (torch) test, cigare

burn test, stain-resistance test, and chemical-resistance te

GTempered glass xtures can be ornately designed and a

ound in numerous designs and colors.

spnThis material is used predominantly in the manuacturelaundry trays and service sinks. Soapstone is steatite, wh

is extremely heavy and very durable.

tzzThis composite material consists o marble, quartz, graniglass, or other suitable chips sprinkled or poured with

cementitious chemical or combination binder. It is curground, and polished to a smooth nish to produce a u

ormly textured surace.

aCCessibilitySeveral ederal and plumbing industry codes and standar

require certain plumbing xtures to be accessible to peowith disabilities. The ederal guidelines are theAmerica

with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards or Accessible DesigAccessibility standards also are ound in American Natio

Standards Institute (ANSI)/International Code Council (ICA117.1: Accessible and Usable Buildings and FacilitiMore inormation about accessibility requirements can

ound inPlumbing Engineering Design Handbook, Volu1, Chapter 6.

aPPliCable staNdardsPlumbing xtures are regulated by nationally develop

consensus standards, which speciy materials, xture desigand testing requirements. While standards or plumbixtures are considered voluntary, the requirements becom

mandatory when they are reerenced in plumbing codes. M

Reprinted rom Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook, Volume 4. 2012, American Society o Plumbing Engineers.

Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the material presented in the corresponding continuing educatio

article. Using inormation rom other materials may result in a wrong answer.

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xture manuacturers enlist a third-party testing laboratory

to certiy their products as being in conormance with theapplicable standard.

Table 1-1 identies the most common consensus standardsregulating plumbing xtures. A complete list o standards

can be ound in Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook,Volume 1, Chapter 2.

leed aNd PluMbiNG Fixtures

The LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental De-sign) program is put orth by the U.S. Green Building Council

(USGBC) to provide a benchmark or the design o energy-and water-ecient buildings. Ecient plumbing systems

can earn a building points in several categories, includingirrigation, wastewater treatment, and water use reduction,by including water-ecient xtures. For instance, at least

one LEED point can be obtained simply by speciying dual-fush water closets (not recommended or public spaces),

high-eciency toilets (1.28 gallons per fush [gp] or less),high-eciency urinals (0.5 gp or less), and low-fow aucets

(0.5 gallon per minute [gpm] or public spaces and 0.38 gpmor non-public spaces). For current inormation on the LEED

program, visit the USGBC website at usgbc.org or turn toChapter 14 o this volume or more inormation on greenbuilding in general.

Water ClosetsPassage o the Energy Policy Act o 1992 by the U.S. gover

ment changed the way water closets (WCs) were designThe act imposed a maximum fushing rate o 1.6 gp, whwas a signicant decrease in the amount o water used

fush a toilet. Prior to the rst enactment o water consertion in the late 1970s, water closets typically fushed betwe

5 and 7 gallons o water. Now, ultra-low-fow WCs, whfush as little as 0.4 gp, and dual-fush models are availab

Dual-fush WCs give the user the option to fush the ull gallons or solid waste or one-third less or liquid waste.

With the modication in water fush volume, the styleeach manuacturers water closets changed, and the ormterminology or identiying water closets no longer t. Wa

closets previously were categorized as blowout, siphon jwashout, reverse trap, and washdown. O these styles, t

only two commonly in use now are siphon jet and blowo(see Figure 1-1). In the siphon jet, a jet o water is direct

through the trapway to quickly ll the bowl and start tsiphonic action immediately upon fushing. The blowooperates via a high-velocity direct jet action.

Water closets are urther categorized as the ollowing

Closecoupled:Atwo-piecexturecomprisedofasepartank and bowl (see Figure 1-2A)

Onepiece:Thetankandthebowlaremoldedasonepi(see Figure 1-2B)

Flushometer:Abowlwithaspudconnectionthatreceithe connection rom a fushometer valve (see Figu1-2C).Flushometer water closets also are reerred totop spud or back spud bowls depending on the lotion o the connection or the fushometer valve.

Water closets are fushed via one o the ollowing metho

Inagravityush,usedwithtank-typewaterclosets,t

water is not under pressure and fushes by gravity. Withaushometertank,thewaterisstoredinapress

ized vessel and fushed under a pressure ranging betwe25 and 35 pounds per square inch (psi).

Aushometervalveusesthewatersupplylinepressuto fush the water closet. Because o the demand oast, large-volume fush, the water supply pipe mustlarger in diameter than that or gravity or fushometank fushes. Flushometer water closets require 358psi static pressure and 25 gpm to operate properly.

Another distinction used to identiy a water closet is manner o mounting and connection. The common metho

are as ollows: Aoor-mountedwaterclosetsitsontheoorandco

nects directly to the piping through the foor.

Floor-mounted,back-outletwaterclosetssitontheoyet connect to the piping through the wall (see Figu1-3). The advantage o this model is that foor penettions are reduced.

Awall-hungwaterclosetissupportedbyawallhangand never comes in contact with the foor (see Figu1-4). This model is advantageous rom a maintenan

Table 1-1 Plumbing Fixture Standards

Plumbing Fixture Applicable Standard Fixture Material

Water closet

ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous china

ANSI Z124.4 Plastic

Urinal


ANSI Z124.9 Plastic

Lavatory

ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast iron

ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous chinaANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless steel

ANSI/ASME A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steel

ANSI/ASME A112.19.9 Nonvitreous china

ANSI Z124.3 Plastic

Sink



ANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless steel



ANSI Z124.6 Plastic

Drinking ountain




Water cooler ARI 1010 All materials

Shower IAPMO/ANSI Z124.1.2 Plastic

Bathtub




IAPMO/ANSI Z124.1.2 Plastic

Bidet



Floor drain ANSI/ASME A112.6.3 All materials

Emergency fxtures ANSI Z358.1 All materials

Faucets and fxture fttings ANSI/ASME A112.18.1 All materials

Waste fttings ANSI/ASME A112.18.2 All materials

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open ront seat is designed to acilitate easy wiping by ema

and to prevent contact between the seat and the penis wmales. This helps maintain a high level o hygiene in pub

acilities.Many public water closets include a plastic wrap arou

the seat that can be changed ater each use. The seat is

tended to replace the open rim seat in public and employlocations.

W C Fng PmncThe fushing perormance requirements or a water closet ound in ANSI/American Society o Mechanical Engine(ASME) A112.19.6: Hydraulic Perormance Requireme

or Water Closets and Urinals. The testing requiremealso can be ound in ANSI/ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45

Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures, which is a consolidatand revision o several ASME and Canadian Standa

Association (CSA) standards developed in responseindustry requests or uniorm standards that wouldacceptable in both the United States and Canada. These st

standpoint because it doesnt interere with foor clean-ing.

W C bw sp n szA water closet bowl is classied as either round or elongated.

The ront opening o an elongated bowl extends 2 inchesarther than a round bowl. Most plumbing codes require

elongated bowls or public and employee use. The additional 2inches provides a larger opening, oten called a target area.

With the larger opening, the ability to maintain a cleanerwater closet or each user is increased.

For foor-mounted water closets, the outlet is identied

based on the rough-in dimension, or the distance rom theback wall to the center o the outlet when the water closet is

installed. A standard rough-in bowl outlet is 12 inches (seeFigure 1-5). Most manuacturers also make water closetswith a 10-inch or 14-inch rough-in.

The size o the bowl also is based on the height o thebowls rim rom the foor, as ollows:

Therimheightofastandardwatercloset is14to15inches. This is the most common water closet installed.

Achildswaterclosethasarimheightof10inches.Manyplumbing codes require these water closets in daycarecenters and kindergarten toilet rooms or use by smallchildren.

Awaterclosetforjuvenileusehasarimheightof13inches.

Awaterclosetforthephysicallychallengedhasarimheight o 17 inches. With the addition o the water closetseat, the xture is designed to conorm to the accessibilityrequirement o 17 to 19 inches.

bc W CBariatric WCs are made to accommodate overweight and

obese people and support weights o 500 to 1,000 pounds.They are available in vitreous china as well as stainless steel.Wall-hung bariatric xtures require special, larger carriers

designed or the increased loads, which also requires a deeperchase. Thus, most bariatric WCs are foor mounted. Bariatric

WCs should be mounted at the accessibility-required height.

W C sA water closet seat must be designed or the shape o thebowl to which it connects. Two styles o water closet seat

are available: solid and open ront. Plumbing codes typicallyrequire an open ront seat or public and employee use. The

Figure 1-1 Blowout (A) and Siphon-Jet (B) Water Closets

(A) (B)

Figure 1-2 (A) Close-Coupled, (B)One-Piece, and (C) Flushometer Water

Closets

(A)

(B)

(C)


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dards identiy the ollowing tests that must be perormed

certiy a water closet.

Theballremovaltestutilizes100polypropylenebathat are inch in diameter. The water closet must fuat least an average o 75 balls on the initial fush o thrdierent fushes. The polypropylene balls are intendto replicate the density o human eces.

Thegranuletestutilizesapproximately2,500disc-shapgranules o polyethylene. The initial fush o three d

erent fushes must result in no more than 125 granuon average remaining in the bowl. The granule testintended to simulate a fush o watery eces (diarrhe

Theink test is performedontheinsidewalloftwater closet bowl. A elt-tip marker is used to drawline around the inside o the bowl. Ater fushing, individual segment o line can exceed inch. The tolength o the remaining ink line must not exceed 2 inchThis test determines that the water fushes all intersuraces o the bowl.

Thedyetestusesacoloreddyeaddedtothewaterclosetrap seal. The concentration o the dye is determin

both beore and ater fushing the water closet. A dilutiratio o 100:1 must be obtained or each fush. This tdetermines the evacuation o urine in the trap seal.

Thewaterconsumptiontestdeterminesthatthewacloset meets the ederal mandate o 1.6 gp.

Thetrapsealrestorationtestdeterminesthatthewacloset rells the trap o the bowl ater each fush. Tremaining trap seal must be a minimum o 2 inchesdepth.

Thewaterrisetestevaluatestheriseofwaterinthebowhen the water closet is fushed. The water cannot rabove a point 3 inches below the top o the bowl.

Theback-pressuretest isused todeterminethattwater seal remains in place when exposed to a back prsure (rom the outlet side o the bowl) o 2 incheswater column (wc). This test determines i sewer gas wescape through the xture when high pressure occursthe drainage system piping.

Therimtopandseatfoulingtestdeterminesifthewasplashes onto the top o the rim or seat o the water closThis test ensures that the user does not encounter a wseat.

Thedrainlinecarrytestdeterminestheperformancethe water closets fush. The water closet is connecteda 4-inch drain 60 eet in length pitched inch per oThe same 100 polypropylene balls used in the fush tare used in the drainline carry test. The average cardistance o the polypropylene balls must be 40 eet. Ttest determines the ability o the water closet to futhe contents in such a manner that they properly fdown the drainage piping.

W C inn rqmnThe water closet must be properly connected to the drainapiping system. For foor-mounted water closets, a water clo

fange is attached to the piping and permanently secured

Figure 1-3 Floor-Mounted, Back-Outlet Water Closet

Figure 1-4 Wall-Hung Water Closet

Figure 1-5 Standard Rough-In Dimension for WaterCloset Outlet to the Back Wall


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the building. For wood-rame buildings, the fange is screwed

to the foor. For concrete foors, the fange sits on the foor.Noncorrosive closet bolts connect the water closet to the

foor fange. The seal between the foor fange and the watercloset is made with either a wax ring or an elastomeric seal.

The connection ormed between the water closet and thefoor must be sealed with caulking or tile grout.

For wall-hung water closets, the xture must connect

to a wall carrier. The carrier must transer the loading o

the water closet to the foor. A wall-hung water closet mustbe capable o supporting a load o 500 pounds at the end othe water closet. When the water closet is connected to the

carrier, none o this load can be transerred to the pipingsystem. Water closet carriers must conorm to ANSI/ASMEA112.6.1M: Supports or O-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures

or Public Use. For bariatric WCs, the loads listed by themanuacturers vary rom 650 to 1,000 pounds. These carriers

must conorm to ANSI/ASME A112.6.1 as well.The minimum spacing required or a water closet is 15

inches rom the centerline o the bowl to the side wall and 21inches rom the ront o the water closet to any obstructionin ront o the water closet (see Figure 1-6). The standard

dimension or a water closet compartment is 30 inches wideby 60 inches long. The water closet must be installed in the

center o the standard compartment. The minimum distancerequired between water closets is 30 inches.

While a 3-inch double sanitary tee or a 3-inch doublexture tting could be used to connect back-to-back 3.5-gp

water closets, current plumbing codes prohibit the instal-lation o a double sanitary tee or double xture tting orback-to-back 1.6-gp water closets due to their superior

fushing. The only acceptable tting is the double combina-tion wye and eighth bend. Also, since the minimum spacing

required to use a double sanitary tee tting is 30 inches romthe centerline o the water closet outlet to the entrance o the

tting, this rules out a back-to-back water closet connection.One o the problems associated with short pattern ttings

is the siphon action created in the initial fush o the water

closet. This siphon action can draw the water out o the trapo the water closet connected to the other side o the tting.

Another potential problem is the interruption o fow whenfushing a water closet. The fow rom one water closet can

propel water across the tting, interering with the otherwater closet.

Proper clearances within chases or wall-hung carriers

should be maintained. Figure 1-7 shows the minimum chasesizes or carriers (as published by the Plumbing and Drain-

age Institute [PDI]). Carrier sizes vary by manuacturer,so always check the manuacturers specications beore

committing to chase size. Also, wall-hung bariatric carriersrequire more space than indicated by PDI. Bariatric chasesshould be coordinated with the specied carrier manuac-

turer.

W C Fng sm

Gravity Flush

The most common means o fushing a water closet is agravity fush (see Figure 1-8A), used with tank-type water

closets. The tank stores a quantity o nonpressurized water

to establish the initial fush o the bowl. A trip lever rais

either a fapper or a ball, allowing the fush to achieve tmaximum siphon in the bowl. Ater the fush, the fapper

ball reseals, closing o the tank rom the bowl. To achiethe lowest fow in the dual-fush WC, the trip lever raises t

fapper or ball a bit less, which results in a reduced-volufush.

The ballcock, located inside the tank, controls the fow

water into the tank. A foat mechanism opens and closes t

ballcock. The ballcock directs the majority o the water inthe tank and a smaller portion o water into the bowl to rethe trap seal. The ballcock must be an antisiphon ballco

conorming to ANSI/American Society o Sanitary Engineing (ASSE) 1002: Siphon Fill Valves or Water Closet TanThis prevents the contents o the tank rom being siphon

back into the potable water supply.

Flushometer Tank

A fushometer tank (see Figure 1-8B) has the same outsappearance as a gravity tank. However, inside the tank i

pressure vessel that stores the water or fushing. The wain the pressure vessel must be a minimum o 25 psi to opera

properly. Thus, the line pressure on the connection to tfushometer tank must be a minimum o 25 psi. A pressu

regulator prevents the pressure in the vessel rom risiabove 35 psi (typical o most manuacturers).

The higher pressure rom the fushometer tank results

a fush similar to a fushometer valve. One o the dierenbetween the fushometer tank and the fushometer valve

the sizing o the water distribution system. The water pipto a fushometer tank is sized the same as the water pip

to a gravity fush tank. Typically, the individual water conection is inch in diameter. A fushometer valve requi

a high fow rate demand, resulting in a larger piping conntion, typically 1 inch in diameter.

The fushometer tank WC tends to be noisier than tgravity tank WC. Their advantage over gravity tanksthat the increased velocity o the waste stream provides

much as a 50 percent increase in drainline carry. In lohorizontal run situations, this means ewer drainline a

sewer blockages.

Flushometer Valve

A fushometer valve, also reerred to as a fush valve, is avable in two designs. A diaphragm valve is designed with upp

and lower chambers separated by a diaphragm. A piston vais designed with upper and lower chambers separated bypiston. The water pressure in the upper chamber keeps t

valve in the closed position. When the trip lever is activatthe water in the upper chamber escapes to the lower cha

ber, starting the fush. The fush o 1.6 gallons or less pasthrough the fush valve. The valve is closed by line pressu

as water reenters the upper chamber.For 1.6-gp water closets, fushometer valves are set to f

25 gpm at peak to fush the water closet. The fushing cy

is very short, lasting 4 to 5 seconds. The water distributsystem must be properly designed to allow the peak f

during heavy use o the plumbing system.Flushometer valves have either a manual or an a

tomatic means o lushing. The most popular manu



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means o fushing is a handle mounted on the side o thefush valve. The wave-activated fushometer provides manual

activation without touching the valve, promoting maximumsanitation. Automatic, electronic sensor fushometer valves

are available in a variety o styles. The sensor-operated valvescan be battery operated, directly connected to the power sup-ply o the building, or powered by a 30-year hybrid energy

system or other ecoriendly power generation system.

uriNalsThe urinal was developed to expedite use o a toilet room. Itis designed or the removal o urine and the quick exchange

o users. The Energy Policy Act o 1992 restricted urinals toa maximum water use o 1 gp, but most urinals now use 0.5gp or less. Ultra-low-fow (0.125 gp) and waterless urinals

are becoming more common in LEED-certied buildings.

un sUrinals are identied as blowout, siphon jet, washout, stall,

washdown, and waterless. A stall urinal is a type o washdownurinal. Blowout, siphon-jet, and washout urinals all haveintegral traps. Stall and washdown urinals have an outlet to

which an external trap is connected. Many plumbing codesprohibit the use o stall and washdown urinals in public and

employee toilet rooms because o concerns about the ability tomaintain a high level o sanitation ater each fush. Waterless

urinals are gaining acceptance by code enorcement bodies,but are not allowed in all jurisdictions.

The style identies the type o fushing action in the

urinal. Blowout and siphon-jet types rely on completeevacuation o the trap. Blowout urinals orce the water and

waste rom the trap to the drain. Siphon-jet urinals create asiphon action to evacuate the trap. Washout urinals rely on

a water exchange to fush, with no siphon action or complete

evacuation o the trapway. Stall and washdown urinals haan external trap. The fushing action is a water exchan

however, it is a less ecient water exchange than that owashout urinal.

Urinals with an integral trap must be capable o pass

a -inch-diameter ball. The outlet connection is typicallyinches in diameter. Stall and washdown urinals can hav

1-inch outlet with an external 1-inch trap.Waterless urinals are used in many jurisdictions to

duce water consumption. Some waterless urinals utilizcartridge lled with a biodegradable liquid sealant. A msanitary option utilizes a trap to contain the biodegrada

liquid sealant, eliminating the biohazard o disposingold cartridges. Urine is heavier than the sealant, so it fo

through the cartridge or trap while leaving the sealant. Acording to manuacturer literature, a typical cartridge la

or 7,000 uses. The cartridge-less system lasts equally lonand the trap must be fushed when the sealant is reinstallWaterless urinals are inexpensive to install. The waste a

vent piping are the same as or conventional urinals, bno water piping is required. The inside walls o the urin

must be washed with a special solution on a periodic ba

or proper sanitation.

un Fng PmncThe fushing perormance or a urinal is regulated by AN

ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1. The three tests or urinals the ink test, dye test, and water consumption test.

In the ink test, a elt-tip marker is utilized to draw a lon the inside wall o the urinal. The urinal is fushed, a

the remaining ink line is measured. The total length o tink line cannot exceed 1 inch, and no segment can exceedinch in length.

Figure 1-6 Water Closet Compartment Spacing Requirements


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The dye test uses a colored dye to evaluate the water ex-

change rate in the trap. Ater one fush, the trap must havea dilution ratio o 100:1. The dye test is perormed only onurinals with an integral trap. This includes blowout, siphon-

jet, and washout urinals. It is not possible to dye test stalland washdown urinals since they have external traps. This

is one o the concerns that has resulted in the restricted useo these xtures.

The water consumption test determines i the urinalfushes with 1 gallon o water or less.

un Fng rqmnWith the ederal requirements or water consumption, uri-

nals must be fushed with a fushometer valve. The valve canbe either manually or automatically activated.

A urinal fushometer valve has a lower fush volume and

fow rate than a water closet fushometer valve. The totalvolume is 1 gp or less, and the peak fow rate is 15 gpm.

The water distribution system must be properly sized the peak fow rate or the urinal.

Urinal fushometer valves operate the same as water clofushometer valves. For additional inormation, reer back

the Water Closet Flushing Systems section.

un inn rqmn

The minimum spacing required between urinals is 30 inchcenter to center. The minimum spacing between a urinal a

the sidewall is 15 inches. This spacing provides access to turinal without the user coming in contact with the user

the adjacent xture (see Figure 1-9). The minimum spacrequired in ront o the urinal is 21 inches.

For urinals with an integral trap, the outlet is located

inches above the foor or a standard-height installation. Sturinals are mounted on the foor. Wall-hung urinals must

mounted on carriers that transer the weight o the urinto the foor. The carrier also connects the urinal to the wa

Figure 1-7 Minimum Chase Sizes for CarriersCourtesy o Plumbing and Drainage Institute



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piping system. Sucient room should be provided in the

chase or the carrier. Figure 1-10 shows the minimum chasesizes recommended by PDI.

Many plumbing codes require urinals or public and em-ployee use to have a visible trap seal. This reers to blowout,siphon-jet, and washout urinals.

laVatoriesA lavatory is a washbasin used or personal hygiene. In pub-

lic locations, a lavatory is intended to be used or washingones hands and ace. Residential lavatories are intended or

hand and ace washing, shaving, applying makeup, cleaningcontact lenses, and similar hygienic activities.

Lavatory aucet fow rates are regulated as part o the

Energy Policy Act o 1992. The original fow rate establishedby the government was 2.5 gpm at 80 psi or private-use

lavatories and 0.5 gpm, or a cycle discharging 0.25 gallon, orpublic-use lavatories. Now the regulations require 2.2 gpm at

60 psi or private (and residential) lavatories and 0.5 gpm at60 psi, or a cycle discharging 0.25 gallon, or public lavatories.

Lavatory aucets are available with electronic valves.

These aucets can reduce water usage by supplying water

only when hands are inside the bowl.

lv sz n spManuacturers produce lavatories in every conceivable sizeand shape: square, round, oblong, rectangular, shaped orcorners, with or without ledges, decorative bowls, and molded

into countertops.The standard outlet or a lavatory is 1 inches in diam-

eter. The standard lavatory has three holes on the ledge orthe aucet. With a typical aucet, the two outside holes are

4 inches apart. The aucets installed in these lavatories arecalled 4-inch centersets. When spread aucets are to be in-stalled, the spacing between the two outer holes is 8 inches.

For many years, xture standards required lavatories tohave an overfow based on the concept that the basin was

lled prior to cleaning. I the user let the room while thelavatory was being lled, the water would not overfow onto

the foor. However, studies have shown that lavatories arerarely used in this capacity. It is more common to not ll thebasin with water during use. As a result, overfows now are

typically an optional item or lavatories, yet some plumbingcodes still require them. The minimum cross-sectional area

o an overfow is 1inches.

Another style o lavatory is the circular

semicircular group washup. The plumbing codconsider every 20 inches o space along a gro

washup to be equivalent to one lavatory.

lv innThe standard height o a lavatory is 31 inchabove the nished foor. A spacing o 21 inch

is required in ront o the lavatory to access txture (see Figure 1-11).

Lavatories can be counter mounted, undcounter mounted, or wall hung. When lavator

are wall hung in public and employee acilitithey must be connected to a carrier that trans

the weight o the xture to the foor. Proper clearances with

chases or wall-hung lavatories should be maintained. Figu1-12 shows the minimum chase sizes recommended by PD

KitCheN siNKsA kitchen sink is used or culinary purposes. The t

distinct classications o kitchen sink are residential acommercial. Residential kitchen sinks can be installedcommercial buildings, typically in kitchens used by empl

ees. Commercial kitchen sinks are designed or restauraand ood-handling establishments.

The Energy Policy Act o 1992 required the fow rateaucets or residential kitchen sinks to be 2.5 gpm at 80 p

Fixture standards have since modied the fow rate to 2gpm at 60 psi.

rn Kcn snkCommon residential kitchen sinks are single- or doub

compartment (or bowl) sinks. No standard dimension the size o the sink exists; however, most kitchen sinks a22 inches measured rom the ront edge to the rear edge. F

single-compartment sinks, the most common width o t

sink is 25 inches. For double-compartment kitchen sinthe most common width is 33 inches. The common depththe compartments is 9 to 10 inches. Accessible sinks are

to 6.5 inches deep.Most plumbing codes require the outlet o a resident

kitchen sink to be 3 inches in diameter. This is to accomodate the installation o a ood waste grinder.

Some specialty residential kitchen sinks have three co

partments. Typically, the third compartment is smaller adoes not extend the ull depth o the other compartment

Kitchen sinks have one, three, or our holes or the instlation o the aucet. Some single-lever aucets require on

one hole or installation. The three-hole arrangementor a standard two-handle valve installation. The our-harrangement is designed to allow the installation o a s

spray or other kitchen appurtenance such as a soap dispensThe standard installation height or a residential kitch

sink is 36 inches above the nished foor (see Figure 1-1Most architects tend to ollow the 6-oot triangle rule wh

locating a kitchen sink. The sink is placed no more thaneet rom the range and 6 eet rom the rerigerator.

Residential kitchen sinks mount either above or bel

the counter. Counter-mounted kitchen sinks are availawith a sel-rimming ledge or a sink rame.

Figure 1-8 (A) Gravity Tank and (B) Flushometer Tank

(A)(B)


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Cmmc Kcn snkCommercial kitchen sinks are typically larger in size andhave a deeper bowl than residential kitchen sinks. The depth

o the bowl typically ranges rom 16 to 20 inches. Commer-cial kitchen sinks are oten reestanding sinks with legs or

support. Because o health authority requirements, mostcommercial kitchen sinks are stainless steel.

In commercial kitchens, three types o sinks typically areprovided: hand sinks, prep sinks, and triple-basin sinks. Prep

sinks usually are a single basin used in conjunction with oodpreparation. Triple-basin sinks are used or washing pots,pans, and utensils.

Health authorities require either a two- or three-compart-ment sink in every commercial kitchen. The requirement or

a three-compartment sink dates back to the use o the rstcompartment or dishwashing, the second compartment orrinsing the dishes, and the third compartment or sanitiz-

ing the dishes. With the increased use o dishwashers incommercial kitchens, some health codes have modied the

requirements or a three-compartment sink.Commercial kitchen sinks used or ood preparation

are required to connect to the drainage system through an

indirect waste. This prevents the possibility o contaminat-ing ood in the event o a drainline backup resulting rom a

stoppage in the line.Commercial kitchen sinks that could discharge grease-

laden waste must connect to either a grease interceptoror a grease trap (see Figure 1-14). Plumbing codes used to

permit the grease trap to serve as the trap or the sink iit was located within 60 inches o the sink. Most plumbingcodes have since modied this requirement by mandating a

separate trap or each kitchen sink to provide better protec-

tion against the escape o sewer gas. An alternative to t

is to spill the sink into an indirect waste drain that fowsa grease trap.

serViCe siNKsA service sink is a general-purpose sink intended to be usin the cleaning or decorating o a building, such as to

mop buckets and dispose o their waste or or cleaning pabrushes, rollers, and paper-hanging equipment.

There is no standard size, shape, or style o a service sin

They are available both wall mounted and foor mountMop basins, installed on the foor, qualiy as service sinks

the plumbing codes.A service sink typically is located in a janitors stora

closet or a separate room or use by custodial employeThe plumbing codes do not speciy the location or a standa

height or installing a service sink. Furthermore, the frate rom the service sink aucet has no limitations.

Service sinks are selected based on the anticipated use

the xture and the type o building in which it is installThe plumbing codes require either a 1-inch or 2-inch tr

Figure 1-9 Required Urinal Spacing

Figure 1-10 Minimum Chase Sizes for UrinalsCourtesy o Plumbing and Drainage Institute



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or the service sink. Service sinks also may be tted with a

2-inch or 3-inch trap standard.

siNKsA general classication or xtures that are neither kitchensinks nor service sinks is simply sinks. This category con-

tains those xtures typically not required but installed or theconvenience o the building users. Some installations includedoctors oces, hospitals, laboratories, photo-processing

acilities, quick marts, and oce buildings.Sinks come in a variety o sizes and shapes. There are no

height or spacing requirements, and the fow rate rom theaucet is not regulated. Most plumbing codes require a 1-

inch drain connection.

lauNdry traysA laundry tray, or laundry sink, is located in the laundry room

and is used in conjunction with washing clothes. The sinkhas either one or two compartments. The depth o the bowl

is typically 14 inches. There are no standard dimensions orthe size o laundry trays; however, most single-compartment

laundry trays measure 22 inches by 24 inches, and mostdouble-compartment laundry trays measure 22 inches by45 inches.

Plumbing codes permit a domestic clothes washer to dis-charge into a laundry tray. The minimum size o a trap and

outlet or a laundry tray is 1 inches.

At one time, laundry trays were made predominantly osoapstone. Today, the majority o laundry trays are plastic.However, stainless steel, enameled cast iron, and porcelainenameled steel laundry trays also are available.

FauCetsAll sinks and lavatories need a aucet to direct and control the

fow o water into the xture. A aucet perorms the simpleoperations o opening, closing, and mixing hot and cold water.

While the process is relatively simple, xture manuacturershave developed extensive lines o aucets.

Fc CgFaucets are categorized by application, such as lavato

aucets, residential kitchen sink aucets, laundry aucesink aucets, and commercial aucets. The classicati

commercial aucets includes commercial kitchen aucand commercial sink aucets. It does not include lavato

aucets. All lavatories are classied the same, whether thare installed in residential or commercial buildings.

should be noted, however, that some lavatory aucet styare used strictly in commercial applications. These inclu

Figure 1-11 Recommended InstallationDimensions for a Lavatory

Figure 1-12 Minimum Chase Sizes for Lavatories

Courtesy o Plumbing and Drainage Institute


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sel-metering lavatory aucets that discharge a specied

quantity o water and electronic lavatory aucets that oper-ate via sensors. The sensor-operated lavatory aucets can be

battery operated, directly connected to the power supply othe building, or powered by a 30-year hybrid energy system

or other ecoriendly power generation system.

Fc Fw rThe fow rates are regulated or lavatories and noncom-mercial kitchen sinks. Table 1-2 identies the fow rate

limitations o aucets.

Table 1-2 Faucet Flow Rate Restrictions

Type of Faucet Maximum Flow Rate

Kitchen aucet 2.2 gpm @ 60 psi

Lavatory aucet 2.2 gpm @ 60 psi

Lavatory aucet (public use) 0.5 gpm @ 60 psi

Lavatory aucet (public use,metering)

0.25 gal per cycle

bckfw Pcn Fc

In addition to controlling the fow o water, a aucet mustprotect the potable water supply against backfow. This is

oten a orgotten requirement, since most aucets rely onan air gap to provide protection against backfow. When an

air gap is provided between the outlet o the aucet and t

food-level rim o the xture (by manuacturer design), additional protection is necessary.

Backlow protection becomes a concern wheneveraucet has a hose thread outlet, a fexible hose connecti

or a pull-out spray connection. For these styles, additionbackfow protection is necessary. The hose or hose connectipotentially eliminates the air gap by submerging the spo

or outlet in a nonpotable water source.

The most common orm o backfow protection or aucnot having an air gap is the use o a vacuum breaker. Mamanuacturers include an atmospheric vacuum breaker

the design o aucets that require additional backfow prottion. Atmospheric vacuum breakers must conorm to ANASSE 1001:Perormance Requirements or Atmospheric-ty

Vacuum Breakers.Faucets with pull-out sprays or gooseneck spouts can

protected by a vacuum breaker or a backfow system that coorms to ANSI/ASME A112.18.3:Perormance Requireme

or Backfow Protection Devices and Systems in PlumbiFixture Fittings. This standard species the testing requiments or a aucet to be certied as protecting the wa

supply against backfow. Many o the new pull-out sprkitchen aucets are listed in ANSI/ASME A112.18.3. Th

aucets have a spout attached to a fexible hose whereby tspout can detach rom the aucet body and be used simila

to a side spray.Side-spray kitchen aucets must have a diverter th

ensures that the aucet switches to an air gap whenever t

pressure in the supply line decreases. Air gaps are regulaby ANSI/ASME A112.1.2:Air Gaps in Plumbing System

The most important installation requirement is the proplocation o the backfow preventer (or the maintenance o t

air gap). When atmospheric vacuum breakers are installthey must be located a minimum distance above the foo

level rim o the xture, as specied by the manuacturer

driNKiNG FouNtaiNsA drinking ountain is designed to provide drinking wa

to users. The two classications o drinking ountains awater coolers and drinking ountains. A water cooler ha

rerigeration component that chills the water. A drinkiountain is a nonrerigerated water dispenser.

Drinking ountains and water coolers come in many stylThe height o a drinking ountain is not regulated, exceor accessible drinking ountains conorming to ANSI/I

A117.1. For grade school installations, drinking ountatypically are installed 30 inches above the nished foor

the rim o the ountain. In other locations, the drinkiountain is typically 36 to 44 inches above the nished fo

(see Figure 1-15).Space must be provided in ront o the drinking ou

tain to allow proper access to the xture. Plumbing cod

prohibit drinking ountains rom being installed in toilor bathrooms.

The water supply to a drinking ountain is inch orinch in diameter. The drainage connection is 1 inches.

Many plumbing codes permit bottled water or the servo water in a restaurant to be substituted or the instal

Figure 1-13 Standard Dimensions for a Residential KitchenSink

Figure 1-14 Commercial Kitchen Sink Discharging to a GreaseInterceptor



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ranges rom 65 to 84 inches above the foor o the shower. Thestandard height is 78 inches or showers used by adult males.

bathtubsThe bathtub was the original xture used to bathe or cleanseones body. Eventually, the shower was added to the bathtub

to expedite the bathing process. The standard installation isa combination tub/shower, but some installations come with

a separate whirlpool bathtub and shower.Bathtubs tend to be installed within residential units only.

The standard bathtub size is 5 eet long by 30 inches wide,

with a depth o 14 to 16 inches (see Figure 1-17). However,many dierent sizes and shapes o bathtubs and whirlpool

bathtubs are available. The drain can be either a let-hand(drain hole on the let side as you ace the bathtub) or right-

hand outlet. When whirlpool bathtubs are installed, thecontrols or the whirlpool must be accessible.

All bathtubs must have an overfow drain. This is neces-

sary since the bathtub oten is lled while the bather is notpresent. Porcelain enameled steel and enameled cast-iron

bathtubs are required to have a slip-resistant base to preventslips and alls. Plastic bathtubs are not required to have the

slip-resistant surace since the plastic is considered to havean inherent slip resistance. However, slip resistance can bespecied or plastic bathtub suraces.

b F VvThe two types o bathtub ll valve are the tub ller and

the combination tub and shower valve. Tub and showervalves must be pressure-balancing, thermostatic mixing, orcombination pressure-balancing and thermostatic mixingvalves conorming to ANSI/ASSE 1016/ASME A112.1016/

CSA B125.16. The tub ller is not required to meet theserequirements, although pressure-balancing and thermostatic

mixing tub ller valves are available.The spout o the tub ller must be properly installed to

maintain a 2-inch air gap between the outlet and the food-level rim o the bathtub. I this air gap is not maintained, theoutlet must be protected rom backfow by some other means.

Certain decorative tub llers have an atmospheric vacuu

breaker installed to protect the opening that is located belthe food-level rim.

The standard location o the bathtub ll valve is inches above the top rim o the bathtub. The spout typica

is located 4 inches above the top rim o the bathtub to tcenterline o the pipe connection.

bidet

The bidet is a xture designed or cleaning the perineal arThe bidet oten is mistaken to be a xture designed or u

by the emale population only. However, the xture is meaor both male and emale cleaning. The bidet has a au

that comes with or without a water spray connection. Whewater spray is provided, the outlet must be protected againbackfow since the opening is located below the food-level r

o the bidet. Manuacturers provide a decorative atmosphevacuum breaker that is located on the deck o the bidet.

Bidets are vitreous china xtures that are mounted on tfoor. The xture, being similar to a lavatory, has a 1-in

drainage connection. Access must be provided around tbidet to allow a bather to straddle the xture and sit dow

on the rim. Most bidets have a fushing rim to cleanse txture ater each use.

The bidet is used only or external cleansing. It is n

designed or internal body cleansing. This oten is misuderstood since the body spray may be reerred to as a douc

(the French word or shower).

Floor draiNsA foor drain (see Figure 1-18) is a plumbing xture tha

the exception to the denition o a plumbing xture becauit has no supply o cold and/or hot water. Floor drains ty

cally are provided as an emergency xture in the event oleak or overfow o water. They also are used to assist in t

cleaning o a toilet or bathroom.Floor drains are available in a variety o shapes and siz

The minimum size drainage outlet required by the plumbi

codes is 2 inches. Most plumbing codes do not require fodrains; it is considered an optional xture that the plumb

engineer may consider installing. Most public toilet roohave at least one foor drain. They also are used on the low

levels o commercial buildings and in storage areas, comercial kitchens, and areas subject to potential leaks. Flodrains may serve as indirect waste receptors or condens

lines, overfow lines, and similar indirect waste lines.A trench drain is considered a type o foor drain (

Figure 1-19). Trench drains are continuous drains th

can extend or a number o eet in length. Trench draare popular in indoor parking structures and actory aindustrial areas. Each section o a trench drain must haa separate trap.

When foor drains are installed or emergency purposthe lack o use can result in the evaporation o the trap s

and the escape o sewer gases. Floor drain traps subjectsuch evaporation are required to be protected with trap s

primer valves or devices. These valves or devices ensuthat the trap seal remains intact and prevents the esca

o sewer gases.

Figure 1-17 Standard Bathtub



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READ, LEARN, EARN: Plumbing Fixtures

CE Questions Plumbing Fixtures (CEU 198)

1. _______ is a porous material with a low shrinkage rate.a. vitreous chinab. porcelain enameled steelc. nonvitreous chinad. soapstone

2. What standard covers stainless steel or lavatories?a. ANSI/ASME A112.19.1b. ANSI/ASME A112.19.2c. ANSI/ASME A112.19.3

d. ANSI/ASME A112.19.43. What is the rim height o a water closet designed or the

physically challenged?a. 13 inchesb. 14 inchesc. 15 inchesd. 17 inches

4. A water closet must be installed _______ minimum rom thecenterline o the bowl to the side wall.a. 15 inchesb. 21 inchesc. 30 inchesd. 60 inches

5. The line pressure on the connection rom the pressure vessel tothe ushometer tank must be a minimum o _______.

a. 20 psib. 25 psic. 30 psid. 35 psi

6. A _______ urinal has an integral trap.a. blowoutb. siphon-jetc. washoutd. all of the above

7. What is the minimum spacing required in ront o a urinal?a. 15 inchesb. 21 inchesc. 30 inchesd. 60 inches

8. What is the standard height o a lavatory above the fnishedoor?a. 21 inchesb. 25 inches

c. 31 inchesd. 35 inches

9. What is the maximum ow rate or a public-use lavatoryaucet?a. 2.2 gpm at 60 psib. 2.2 gpm at 60 psic. 0.5 gpm at 60 psid. none of the above

10. Shower pans are commonly made o what material?a. sheet leadb. sheet copperc. PVC sheetd. all of the above

11. The bathtub fll valve typically is located _______ above the toprim o the bathtub.

a. 13 inchesb. 14 inchesc. 15 inchesd. 16 inches

12. What is the typical ow rate or an eye/acewash?a. 0.4 gpmb. 1.6 gpmc. 2.5 gpmd. 3.0 gpm

ASPE Read, Learn, Earn Continuing EducationYou may submit your answers to the ollowing questions online at aspe.org/readlearnearn. I you score 90 percent or higher on the test,

you will be notied that you have earned 0.1 CEU, which can be applied toward CPD renewal or numerous regulatory-agency CE pro-

grams. (Please note that it is your responsibility to determine the acceptance policy o a particular agency.) CEU inormation will be kept

on le at the ASPE ofce or three years.

Notice or North Carolina Proessional Engineers: State regulations or registered PEs in North Carolina now require you to complete ASPEs

online CEU validation orm to be eligible or continuing education credits. Ater successully completing this quiz, just visit ASPEs CEU Valida

tion Center at aspe.org/CEUValidationCenter.

Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given or this examination through April 30, 2014.

psd ceu 198april13

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