psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PSBE2-08
Research Methods
Week 5
1Tassos Sarampalis
![Page 2: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Announcements
2
![Page 3: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Announcements
Heymans Colloquium“The Ease of Lying” by
Dr. B.J. Verschuere (University of Amsterdam)Wednesday 14 March, 12.00–13.00 hrs
Room 033, Grote Rozenstraat 15http://www.rug.nl/psy/Agenda/121403_col_psy_verschuere
3
How to catch a criminal:Memory detection, not lie detection
Tuesday 13 March 20128:00 - 9.30 p.m. | Academiegebouw
![Page 5: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The week’s reading
Chapter 7(pp 189 – 232)
5
![Page 6: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Randomised Controlled Experiments+
Causal Inferences
6
![Page 7: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Randomised Experiments
• Between-subjects designs
• Within-subjects designs
• Mixed factorial designs
7
![Page 8: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Wait-list Control Group
8time
Group A
Group B
Sample
Test Treat Test Test
Test Test Treat Test
![Page 9: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Wait-list Control Group
9
Group A
Group B
Sample
Test Treat Test Test
Group C
Group D
time
Test Test
Test Test Treat Test Test Test
Test Test Test Treat Test Test
Test Test Test Test Treat Test
![Page 10: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Within-Subjects Designs
• Cannot be confounded by individual differences
But
• Can be confounded by the order of presentation
10
![Page 11: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
Practice effects are balanced by administering conditions several times, changing the order
• Incomplete Design
Each condition is only given once
11
![Page 12: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- Block Randomisation- ABBA Counterbalancing
12
![Page 13: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- Block Randomisation
13
Subject First Block Second Block
1 A B
2 B A
3 A B
4 A B
5 B A
6 B A
7 A B
![Page 14: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- ABBA Counterbalancing
14
Subject First Block Second Block Third Block Fourth Block
1 A B B A
2 A B B A
3 A B B A
4 A B B A
5 A B B A
6 A B B A
7 A B B A
![Page 15: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- ABBA Counterbalancing
15
Subject First Block Second Block
Third Block Fourth Block
Fifth Block Sixth Block
1 A B C C B A
2 A B C C B A
3 A B C C B A
4 A B C C B A
5 A B C C B A
6 A B C C B A
7 A B C C B A
![Page 16: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- ABBA Counterbalancing
NOT appropriate when practice effects are non-linear
16
A B C C B A
Linear 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Non-linear 0 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6
![Page 17: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Complete Design
- ABBA Counterbalancing
NOT appropriate when practice effects are non-linearor when there are anticipation effects
17
![Page 18: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Incomplete Design
18
• Practice effects are balanced across subjects rather than for each subject• Each condition must be presented in each ordinal position, equally often
– All Possible Orders(good for fewer than 3 or 4 conditions)
– Selected Orders(Latin Square or random starting order with rotation)
![Page 19: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• All Possible Orders
19
Subject Order
1 ABC
2 ACB
3 BAC
4 BCA
5 CAB
6 CBA
7 ABC
… …
![Page 20: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Random Order With Rotation
20
Subject Order
1 DCFBAE
2 CFBAED
3 FBAEDC
4 BAEDCF
5 AEDCFB
6 EDCFBA
7 DCFBAE
… …
![Page 21: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Random Order With Rotation
21
Subject Order
1 DCFBAE
2 CFBAED
3 FBAEDC
4 BAEDCF
5 AEDCFB
6 EDCFBA
7 DCFBAE
… …
![Page 22: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Counterbalancing
• Latin Square
22
![Page 23: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Gonville and
Caius CollegeCambridge, UK
![Page 24: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Latin Squares
24
Ordinal Position
1 2 3 4
Sequence 1 A B C D
Sequence 2 B C D A
Sequence 3 C D A B
Sequence 4 D A B C
![Page 25: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Latin Squares
Each condition appears in each ordinal position once
25
Ordinal Position
1 2 3 4
Sequence 1 A B C D
Sequence 2 B C D A
Sequence 3 C D A B
Sequence 4 D A B C
![Page 26: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Balanced Latin Squares
• As before, each condition appears in each ordinal position once
• ALSO: each condition precedes and follows each condition exactly once
26
D C B A
C A D B
B D A C
A B C D
![Page 27: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Balanced Latin Squares
• As before, each condition appears in each ordinal position once
• ALSO: each condition precedes and follows each condition exactly once
27
D C B A
C A D B
B D A C
A B C D
Balanced Latin Squares address concernsabout first-order carryover effects
![Page 28: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Orthogonal Latin Squares
VARIABLE 1 variable 2
28
D C B A
C A D B
B D A C
A B C D
a b c d
b a d c
c d a b
d c b a
![Page 29: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Orthogonal Latin Squares
29
D C B A
C A D B
B D A C
A B C D
a b c d
b a d c
c d a b
d c b a
VARIABLE 1 x variable 2
![Page 30: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Orthogonal Latin Squares
30
Da Cb Bc Ad
Bd Ac Db Ca
Ab Ba Cd Dc
Cc Dd Aa Bb
VARIABLE 1 x variable 2
Used when there are more than one variables to counterbalance and the pairings of conditions have to be unique.
Also known as Graeco-Roman or Euler Latin Squares
![Page 31: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
For more geeking out
31
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/latin_intro.shtmlandhttp
://pavlopoulos.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/magic-squares-and-r-p-lohses-concrete-art
/
![Page 32: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
32
![Page 33: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Threats to Internal Validity
• History– Events that occur between two measurements
• Maturation– Intrinsic changes in the participants
• Instrumentation– Intrinsic changes in the instrument
• Regression toward the mean– ???
33
![Page 34: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Regression Towardthe Mean
34
![Page 35: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Average
St.Dev.
![Page 36: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92
2 112
3 118
4 91
5 99
6 97
7 130
8 95
9 112
10 93
11 128
12 91
13 123
14 99
15 116
16 104
17 115
18 104
19 123
20 120
21 128
22 119
23 93
24 105
25 111
Average 108.72
St.Dev. 12.93741
![Page 37: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92
2 112
3 118
4 91
5 99
6 97
7 130
8 95
9 112
10 93
11 128
12 91
13 123
14 99
15 116
16 104
17 115
18 104
19 123
20 120
21 128
22 119
23 93
24 105
25 111
Average 108.72
St.Dev. 12.93741
![Page 38: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5
2 112 3
3 118 3
4 91 0
5 99 4
6 97 0
7 130 -1
8 95 4
9 112 5
10 93 -3
11 128 3
12 91 3
13 123 -2
14 99 -5
15 116 -1
16 104 -2
17 115 5
18 104 -4
19 123 -4
20 120 -3
21 128 -2
22 119 1
23 93 2
24 105 -5
25 111 5
Average 108.72 0.04
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841
![Page 39: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
2 112 3 115
3 118 3 121
4 91 0 91
5 99 4 103
6 97 0 97
7 130 -1 129
8 95 4 99
9 112 5 117
10 93 -3 90
11 128 3 131
12 91 3 94
13 123 -2 121
14 99 -5 94
15 116 -1 115
16 104 -2 102
17 115 5 120
18 104 -4 100
19 123 -4 119
20 120 -3 117
21 128 -2 126
22 119 1 120
23 93 2 95
24 105 -5 100
25 111 5 116
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
![Page 40: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
2 112 3 115
3 118 3 121
4 91 0 91
5 99 4 103
6 97 0 97
7 130 -1 129
8 95 4 99
9 112 5 117
10 93 -3 90
11 128 3 131
12 91 3 94
13 123 -2 121
14 99 -5 94
15 116 -1 115
16 104 -2 102
17 115 5 120
18 104 -4 100
19 123 -4 119
20 120 -3 117
21 128 -2 126
22 119 1 120
23 93 2 95
24 105 -5 100
25 111 5 116
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
![Page 41: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
![Page 42: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
![Page 43: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
Mlow = 91.2
![Page 44: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
Mlow = 91.2
Mhigh = 125.6
![Page 45: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error Observed
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
Mlow = 91.2
Mhigh = 125.6
Mall = 108.7
![Page 46: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1
1 92 -5 87
10 93 -3 90
4 91 0 91
12 91 3 94
14 99 -5 94
23 93 2 95
6 97 0 97
8 95 4 99
18 104 -4 100
24 105 -5 100
16 104 -2 102
5 99 4 103
2 112 3 115
15 116 -1 115
25 111 5 116
9 112 5 117
20 120 -3 117
19 123 -4 119
17 115 5 120
22 119 1 120
3 118 3 121
13 123 -2 121
21 128 -2 126
7 130 -1 129
11 128 3 131
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306
Mlow = 91.2
Mhigh = 125.6
Mall = 108.7
First Observation
![Page 47: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
1 92 -5 87 1 93
10 93 -3 90 -5 88
4 91 0 91 -5 86
12 91 3 94 1 92
14 99 -5 94 2 101
23 93 2 95 3 96
6 97 0 97 -2 95
8 95 4 99 -2 93
18 104 -4 100 1 105
24 105 -5 100 0 105
16 104 -2 102 -3 101
5 99 4 103 0 99
2 112 3 115 3 115
15 116 -1 115 -1 115
25 111 5 116 -5 106
9 112 5 117 -1 111
20 120 -3 117 0 120
19 123 -4 119 5 128
17 115 5 120 5 120
22 119 1 120 2 121
3 118 3 121 -1 117
13 123 -2 121 1 122
21 128 -2 126 -4 122
7 130 -1 129 1 131
11 128 3 131 -1 127
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76 -0.2 108.36
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306 2.828427 13.58271
Mlow = 91.2
Mhigh = 125.6
Mall = 108.7
First Observation
![Page 48: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
1 92 -5 87 1 93
10 93 -3 90 -5 88
4 91 0 91 -5 86
12 91 3 94 1 92
14 99 -5 94 2 101
23 93 2 95 3 96
6 97 0 97 -2 95
8 95 4 99 -2 93
18 104 -4 100 1 105
24 105 -5 100 0 105
16 104 -2 102 -3 101
5 99 4 103 0 99
2 112 3 115 3 115
15 116 -1 115 -1 115
25 111 5 116 -5 106
9 112 5 117 -1 111
20 120 -3 117 0 120
19 123 -4 119 5 128
17 115 5 120 5 120
22 119 1 120 2 121
3 118 3 121 -1 117
13 123 -2 121 1 122
21 128 -2 126 -4 122
7 130 -1 129 1 131
11 128 3 131 -1 127
Average 108.72 0.04 108.76 -0.2 108.36
St.Dev. 12.93741 3.457841 13.47306 2.828427 13.58271
Mlow = 91.2
Mhigh = 125.6
Mall = 108.7
First Observation
Mlow = 92
Mhigh = 123.8
Mall = 108.36
Second Observation
![Page 49: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
1 92 15 107 5 97
2 112 0 112 -16 96
3 118 14 132 -10 108
4 91 18 109 -17 74
5 99 9 108 -20 79
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
7 130 -13 117 9 139
8 95 14 109 5 100
9 112 -2 110 8 120
10 93 6 99 -4 89
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
14 99 -6 93 1 100
15 116 -18 98 9 125
16 104 -16 88 9 113
17 115 -20 95 4 119
18 104 -15 89 9 113
19 123 -18 105 13 136
20 120 4 124 -17 103
21 128 18 146 8 136
22 119 6 125 13 132
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
24 105 18 123 18 123
25 111 19 130 -19 92
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
![Page 50: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
1 92 15 107 5 97
2 112 0 112 -16 96
3 118 14 132 -10 108
4 91 18 109 -17 74
5 99 9 108 -20 79
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
7 130 -13 117 9 139
8 95 14 109 5 100
9 112 -2 110 8 120
10 93 6 99 -4 89
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
14 99 -6 93 1 100
15 116 -18 98 9 125
16 104 -16 88 9 113
17 115 -20 95 4 119
18 104 -15 89 9 113
19 123 -18 105 13 136
20 120 4 124 -17 103
21 128 18 146 8 136
22 119 6 125 13 132
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
24 105 18 123 18 123
25 111 19 130 -19 92
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
![Page 51: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
1 92 15 107 5 97
2 112 0 112 -16 96
3 118 14 132 -10 108
4 91 18 109 -17 74
5 99 9 108 -20 79
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
7 130 -13 117 9 139
8 95 14 109 5 100
9 112 -2 110 8 120
10 93 6 99 -4 89
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
14 99 -6 93 1 100
15 116 -18 98 9 125
16 104 -16 88 9 113
17 115 -20 95 4 119
18 104 -15 89 9 113
19 123 -18 105 13 136
20 120 4 124 -17 103
21 128 18 146 8 136
22 119 6 125 13 132
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
24 105 18 123 18 123
25 111 19 130 -19 92
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
![Page 52: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
16 104 -16 88 9 113
18 104 -15 89 9 113
14 99 -6 93 1 100
17 115 -20 95 4 119
15 116 -18 98 9 125
10 93 6 99 -4 89
19 123 -18 105 13 136
1 92 15 107 5 97
5 99 9 108 -20 79
4 91 18 109 -17 74
8 95 14 109 5 100
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
9 112 -2 110 8 120
2 112 0 112 -16 96
7 130 -13 117 9 139
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
24 105 18 123 18 123
20 120 4 124 -17 103
22 119 6 125 13 132
25 111 19 130 -19 92
3 118 14 132 -10 108
21 128 18 146 8 136
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
![Page 53: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
16 104 -16 88 9 113
18 104 -15 89 9 113
14 99 -6 93 1 100
17 115 -20 95 4 119
15 116 -18 98 9 125
10 93 6 99 -4 89
19 123 -18 105 13 136
1 92 15 107 5 97
5 99 9 108 -20 79
4 91 18 109 -17 74
8 95 14 109 5 100
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
9 112 -2 110 8 120
2 112 0 112 -16 96
7 130 -13 117 9 139
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
24 105 18 123 18 123
20 120 4 124 -17 103
22 119 6 125 13 132
25 111 19 130 -19 92
3 118 14 132 -10 108
21 128 18 146 8 136
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
Mlow = 83.2
Mhigh = 131.4
Mall = 107.5
First Observation
![Page 54: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Participant Real Value Error 1 Observed 1 Error 2 Observed 2
12 91 -20 71 -19 72
6 97 -15 82 -10 87
23 93 -7 86 -20 73
16 104 -16 88 9 113
18 104 -15 89 9 113
14 99 -6 93 1 100
17 115 -20 95 4 119
15 116 -18 98 9 125
10 93 6 99 -4 89
19 123 -18 105 13 136
1 92 15 107 5 97
5 99 9 108 -20 79
4 91 18 109 -17 74
8 95 14 109 5 100
11 128 -19 109 -10 118
9 112 -2 110 8 120
2 112 0 112 -16 96
7 130 -13 117 9 139
13 123 -2 121 -5 118
24 105 18 123 18 123
20 120 4 124 -17 103
22 119 6 125 13 132
25 111 19 130 -19 92
3 118 14 132 -10 108
21 128 18 146 8 136
Average 108.72 -1.2 107.52 -2.24 106.48
St.Dev. 12.93741 14.23025 17.57868 12.50427 20.48398
Mlow = 83.2
Mhigh = 131.4
Mall = 107.5
First Observation
Mlow = 91.6
Mhigh = 114.2
Mall = 106.48
Second Observation
![Page 55: Psbe2 08 research methods 2011-2012 - week 5](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032618/55b6bb0abb61eb290d8b4851/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Thank you
55