psae chemistry review part 2. electrons available for bonding are called __________ __________ the...
TRANSCRIPT
Electrons Available for BondingElectrons Available for BondingAre called __________ __________Are called __________ __________
The Electrons in the Outermost energy levelThe Electrons in the Outermost energy level
Nucleus
______________
________________
Slide 2
Electrons Available for BondingHow Many Valence Electrons does each Element Have?
Use the ___________ ___________ at the top of each Column.
The Group Number tells you how Many Valence Electrons.
Group Numbers
Slide 4
Electrons Available for Bonding
Table Type #2: Groups Numbered 1 thru 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Slide 5
Electrons Available for BondingHow Many Valence Electrons does each Element Have?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Slide 6
_________________: The Number tells you the # of ValenceElectrons.
Groups _______________: Subtract ________ from the Group Number.
The Remainder is the # of Valence Electrons.
How much does an Atom Weigh?
Electron Cloud
is_____________________________________
Almost______________________ of an Atom is in the Nucleus.
Even though the Nucleus is only a very small part of the Atom
Slide 7
How much does an Atom Weigh?
12
CCarbon
12.011
________ _________•Equals the # of Protons
&
•Equals the # of Electrons
___________________
•Average Mass of all known _______________
Slide 8
How much does an Atom Weigh?Isotopes: Atoms of an element that have
_____________ _____________.
WHY do they have Different Masses?
Because of a Different Number of ____________.
Particle Mass (amu)
Proton 1
Neutron 1
Electron 0
Slide 9
Note: Almost ALL of the Mass is in the Protons and Neutrons.
How much does an Atom Weigh?
Isotope Notation
C126
Mass Number
Includes: # of ____________&
# of _____________Atomic Number
# of _________________
# Neutrons = Mass Number Atomic Number
Slide 10
How much does an Atom Weigh?Examples of Isotopes
Carbon has three Isotopes:
They are all carbon atoms, but with different numbers of Neutrons
C__6C__
6 C__6
Carbon – 13
___Neutrons
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Carbon – 14
___NeutronsCarbon – 14
___Neutrons
TransUranium Elements
•________________________ not found in Nature
•Made by Smashing Different Atoms together with
• _____________ Accelerators
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States of Matter• Retains a ____________________________
•rigid - particles locked into place • Not easily ____________________________
•little free space between particles • Does not _____________________________
•rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another
SOLID
Slide 14
States of Matter
LIQUID
• Assumes _________________ of the part of the_________________ which it occupies•particles can move/slide past one another
• Not easily _____________________ •little free space between particles
• Flows ________________________•particles can move/slide past one another
Slide 15
States of Matter
•Assumes _____________ and volume of its container
•particles can move past one another • ___________________
•lots of free space between particles
•Flows ________________•particles can move past one another
GAS
Slide 16
States of Matter• The word "PLASMA" was first applied to _________________. • Plasma consists of a collection of _______________________ electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons.• Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma.
PLASMA
Slide 17
Phase Changesa.k.a. CHANGES OF STATE
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_______________
___________________ __________________
______________
__________________
____________________
Phase Change Diagrams
Time
Solid Changing to Liquid
_____________
Solid
Te
mp
era
ture
Liquid
Gas
_____________
Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase Changes
No Solid Remaining
Liquid Changing To Gas
No G
as Rem
aining
*Temp Increasing
Slide 19
Phase Change Diagrams
Time
Liquid Changing To Solid
______________
Solid
Te
mp
era
ture
Liquid
Gas
_____________
Temperature Remains _____________ During Phase Changes
Gas Changing To Liquid
*Temp Decreasing
Slide 20
Kinetic Molecular Theory _________________________________
________ Kinds of Motion
Translation – __________________ from point A to point B.
Rotation – _______________ or _______________
Vibration – ____________ and Forth Movement
Gases are in Constant Random Motion
G:\STUFF\visualizingmolecular.mov
G:\STUFF\visualizingmolecularmotion.mov
Visualizing Molecular Motion
1 Video
Visualizing Molecular Motion
(Many) Video
G:\STUFF\diffusionofagas.mov
Diffusion of Gases Video
Slide 21
Gas LawsPressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on a Surface
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___ N/cm2 ___ N/cm2 ___ N/cm2
Gas LawsPressure is defined as The Force per Unit Area on a Surface
Gas Molecules exert pressure on any surface with which they collide.
The More Gas Molecules in a Container – the Higher the Pressure.
Ex. Double the # of Particles – ___________________
1.0 atm 2.0 atmSlide 23
Gas LawsThe More Gas Molecules in a Container – the
________________ This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional)
# of Particles (moles)
Pre
ssu
re (
atm
)
Volume Must be Held Constant
Slide 24
Gas LawsBoyle’s Law: P x V = Constant
When Pressure _______________ – Volume Decreases
When Volume Increases – Pressure ________________
This is an Inversely Proportional Relationship
Slide 26
Temperature Must be Held Constant
Gas LawsCharles’s Law: V T = Constant
When Temperature Increases – Volume Increases
This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional)
Vo
lum
e (L
ite
rs)
Temperature CSlide 27
Pressure Must be Held Constant
Gas LawsGay-Lussac’s Law: _________________
When Temperature Increases – Pressure _______________
This is a Direct Relationship. (Directly Proportional)
Pre
ssu
re (
atm
)
Temperature CSlide 28
Volume Must be Held Constant
Gas Laws STP
Standard _______________ & ____________
Standard Temperature: ____ Degrees Celsius ( 0 C )
Standard Pressure: _____________________ ( 1 atm)
Slide 29
Gas Laws Temperature
Temperature: a measure of the Average Kinetic Energies of All Molecules in a Sample
Converting From Celsius Scale To Kelvin Scale Degrees Celsius(C ) + 273 = Kelvins (K)
Ex: _____________________________ Converting From Kelvin Scale To Celsius Scale
Kelvins (K) – 273 = Degrees Celsius (C )
Ex: _____________________________
Note: The Kelvin Temperature is ALWAYS HIGHER !
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