){n

J* fr* , 'r* ,1, Atth,

Jt* 8*,tlrrl, fi* t*rtl,l.

s{rcto-Ecol{o}ttc lli{PAcr oF LrvEsTocK TowaRD!;POVERTY ALLEVIATIO]I tT{ RURAI AREAS OF CEI{TRAL

PUl{rAB (P |(lsTA )

By

Arshad Hussaln Hashmi

A thesis submltted in pa*l.l fulflllmcnt of therequirements for th€ dagr€e of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOP}IY

IN

RURAL SOCIOLOGY

FACUITY OF AGRICULTURAL ECOIIOI'IICS & RURAL SOCIOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

FAISALABAD

2008

l)&er

Th.Co rllldof Exdir.rioB.Univdiiy ofAgicultuE,

w." the spcwisry comitr€e, .dtiry thrt i[. cdlats snd fm oflhis thdis slbnin d

by Mi A6h.d uursdn Hshmi, R.ad. No.8t.gn 150, h.vc ba fotd stisfelory &rd

Eodnddcd rhrr n bc pdqscd for e.lu.don by rhc EiLnul Ernind G) fq ln. E*sd ot

SUTERVTSDRY COMMTTTEEI

*,"rm{

i, ArtLq A[md M.rin

ACKI{OWLEDGEMENT

Fltst and fofemost thanks to Almlghty allah and Hls Ptophel (Peace Be

Upon Hlm) ,xrD bhssed me wlth the potental and ablllty to complee tnls

The prc.l€d erecuted In this manusdipt attahed lts p€6ent form under

the ctnamlc, skllliil, and afiedonaE leadershlp of Dr' A$iaq Ahmad Mann,

Asioalate Professor Depattnent of Roral Sociology that ltt rne way b success lfe€l a grelt sense of gctUide foa hls enthuslastc. saholady and slncere

guidance wlthout whkh this dEnuscript would have nol b€en compleEd in its

l,ly humue submisslons of gladlJde to Dr. Bashlr AhrEd, vlce chancellor,

unlverslty of Agdculturc Falsalabad fur hls coop€fatoo and encouragement @

sian and complete thls degree Ptlgram.

I expt€ss try sincerc grauhJde to Dr. Muhammad Dr' TaMr Al, ure@r

,dvanced shrdles for hls valuable suggestions and sklllful guldance

Spedal Eatltud€ to Dr. M. Iqbal Zaf.r, P'ofessor, Dept' of Ru|al

Soclology, for hls edlfying coog€radon. encoudgen€n! and hdp each siage of

the auu|ol ls hlghv in&bted to Dr' salta Athtar lectutel Depatu€nt of

Rural Sociology, who prcvlded all sort of technlcal and moral stDpon dunng tl€

cours€ of tte whole study.

I .lso ofhr mv healt€t dEnks to Dr' KElld Mahmood Ptotsct l4anag€r'

wtlo net/€r made me reluclan! and provld€d hls valuabh sugg€5tons and

mastert nelp dudng €seadl prccesses.

I o$,e a debt of lmnlense gratttrde to Dr' Haz@r ilulEmmad SabU &ti

Economlst, Ayub agrtculturc Research hstltute Falsalabad, for hls si"€et

coopeGtlon ln ti€ way of dlssertaddr.

I wlsh to oer€ss my pofound fe€llngs of Eatitude to Dr. lvluhammad

Asghar OFema Dean Fejty of Agn. Ecooomlcs a R.ural Sociology, who

I'aclllt€H and orovlded Knd h€lp ad relevant matedal throlghout my |es€arci.

ln the end, I thanks to Amlghty allah once again, who bestow€d fie the

guldance of a supemaural human being that ls Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad l"1ann. I nnd

no lords to expr€ss firy gradnie and pofound admirddm to hlm May God

bless hlm,

(Arshad Hu3sain H8.iml)

LIST OF CONTENTS

il-*l|

^ti r: t.;D SIUDIE

!"1- '" \-.;rJTr 't

CHAPTER * TTTLE PAGE f,

ACKI{OWLEDGE|||E T I

IIST OF TAELES lILIST OF FIGURES

ABSIITACT

t. II{TRODUCTION

u. REVTEW OF LTTERATURE 2l

tu, METIIODOLOGY

RESULTS AI{D DISCUSSIOI{ 16

tv.socroEcolloMrc cllARAcrERrsncs oFTHE RESPOI{DENTS

-FARI.{Ecol{oHrcctlaMcrERrsrrcsl

LIVESTOCK STATISTTCSa2

vt, rNco E souRcEs of REsmrDEl{Ts

VII. Gifi6ER PAR crPArrol{ rN LlvEsrocKACTIVITIES

97

vttt.

-coiclustoNsaNDREcotallEl{DATtotls

109

LITEiATUiE CITED lll

LIST OF FIGURES

FI6URE

Dernographlc Charact€ristics of Respondenls

Tlrie soent bv Gender for Livestock

LIST OF'TABLES

TABTE IIILE

1.1 PoDulatlon ol Uvestock in Paklstant.2

Ruminant numbers, beef, veal, bullalo meatand milk production, c6ttle, beef and ve6lrmoolls

9

Stock Pattern of Livestock 10

1.5 Poverty Trends in Pakistan 14Poverw Trends h Punlab by R€gior') t5

1.7 Cattl€ and Buffaloes in Pakistan t71.8 Important sheep Breeds in P!!!E!qIl 18

1.9 lmoortant breeds of Goat in Paki!!!! 18

SamDle Distrlbution3.2 Animals converslon factors 62

oernoqraoliic Cnaracerisucs of ResDondents e 75

4.2 Emilv Size Dlstrlbution among Re!p9!!eq!!4.3 F,mlly size and Poverty Incidence (lncom€) in

th€ samole77

toverty and Household Size between Poor andNon Poor Respondents

78

4.5 Head Household Aqe and Houslhold slze 79

4.6

-tteadtouseholdEdGtionat

Incidence of PovertyStatus and 79

-rarm

erea olsiriouuon among Poor and Non

Poor R€spondents81

Frequencles for Farm Size Classificatlon 81

5.3 CroDDinq Paltern of the Responde't! az5,4 Freou€ncies of Uv€stock by Herd 5l!9 84

Tove'ty and Livestock populatlon of theResDondent5

85

lTuestoct st.enqth by caste eMq8c!pq]4!!E a7everaqe tte.o size ec-co.Olng to Land Holdino 87

Income from Llvestock Inventory Sql!!Sale of Liveslock Inventory Accordlng to Slze ofHoldtntvlitk Productlvltv of Poor and Non Poad!@t'tttt< Consumptton eattern and Milk Prices al

Sources of Income of poor and Non Poor

d;position of Total Llvestock Income from allSourcesliGstoct< miintenance cost of Poor and Non

Gender Participatlon in Llvestock Actlvlti€si-tm€ sDent bv cender ior the lrlalntenance of

Loqistic ReEresslon

CIIA PTE R.I

INTRODUCTION

Po!.rty is n u I t i - d i m e n s i o n a I in its connolorion and eslim.tion. tr isthe lack of socio-€cononic .esourc.s lhal !re nec.ssary lornrinlainins an optimal level of qell b.ins. It may be hunge. and

l!ct of access to cducalion snd h..lih facilir'cs. l1 n.y be

!vailability oa opportunities lite cr€dil. lts dim€nsions hav€ been

ch.n8ins fron p|lc. ro place and across time. Ihe Door in P.kisranh.ve hot only loN incodes bul th.y also lcck access ro basic needs

s!ch as educarion, health, clean drinking wrrer, prop.r sanit6rion

and sens€ of securily. Tne lr!ter undcrmines thei. capabililies,lihils their oppo(unilics to secure.mployment. and !hcr.by.esuhsan th.ir social erclusior and exposur. ro exo8..oos shocks. Theprotability of future e€neration ro l.ll in th. tap of pov.riy bolh

'nsocial a.d e.onodic b. high il ihey a.c ignored inany w€lfarc oiiangcnc.ts,

Almost 67,5 perceDt peopl. ol P.kistan live in rur!l cr.as a.d

ov.rvhelming majorily of lbem ar..ng.ged in rnc busin.ss ofagriculrurc cirh.r directly or indir.clly (Populrtion C.n3us. 1998).

Pov€rty constirur.s bigg.st ch!llenre in Soulh Asia..3pecially in

th. counties likc Pakislan, Ba.gladesh and lndia where millions ofpeopl€ ar€ forced lo live in object condiiions. Defining lhis elusive

concepl in brord p.rsp€cti!es has alsdJi ienained a chall.nge.Oot.rnn€nls, pritate o.ganizarion3.nd v!rioos prof.ssion.ls have

rried ro d.fin. pov.(y but no such atlcnpl has frlly crpt!r.d the

m.ximun dimensions in Nhich ir odnifesis ns.lf. Th. nosrp{rliculri of such dimensions is lhe social secuiit!, 3ocial caDilal

and social markcting in Bend€rs' perspectives.

Pov.(y is nor mer€ly incom. d€privarion,s is codoontyunderstood rarh.r it encompossca econonic. social. and poliri.aldeprjvalion that ore lbe real fundam.nlals for a m.a.ingfulexist.nc., The basic hunan.eeds ihclude a desir€ to lead ! lonE.ndhe!lth] lia., to be educaled aid to 6.hi€!e a cerloin l.vcl ofmaleri!l N.ll b.ing in !ddirio. to.njoy respecl and digniry.nonslnc mcnbcrs of its socicly. orher n.eds such as occcss ro joboppodu.iti.s, job secrriry r.d polili.!l !nd social fr.cdoD are

equally €ss€nti.l. Even sham., sriema and hunitialion rr. b.ingihclui.d in rh. d€bate of 'mis3ing din€nsions of pov.rty (Atkire,2007) though diaficulr to caprure and quanriay in cardinat t.rn3,

Th. vicious circl. ol poverly is further eracerbared Nheiinstiruriois of 8o!ernance t€nd to ex.l!dc the nosr vulnerobl. from

the d.cision maline process o.d push lhem in lhe qu.goir. ofsriBn. and hun!n depritarion- D.nial of basic hunan choic€sdininish.3 th€ possibiliry for rh. b. .rm.n1 of human tivcs. tr is

rhis v.ry d.nial rhar borh mak.s and k.eps peopt€ poor.n<rvnlnerablc. Henc€, in irs wide p.rspecrive, poverry is dctio.d as

denial of oppoirunily ond inabilily of people to make choices and

ta*e decisions rhsl affect rheir livr3.Pov.rty in Pakislan is ! r!ral phenonenon. The incidrn.c of

pore , jn rural .reas has al*ays b..n higher than th.l oa rh. urbr.areas. Abo!r three-quarlers ofrh. couilry s poor liv. in.ural !rcas.It is also. f.ct th!t th€ s€v.riiy of poverly is 8r.!l.r i. rurat lh!nurba. ateas, This is clearly r€fl.cr.d bt the differenc.s in lh.avetaee level of household incone.nd.onsumplion in oddirion lothe .vailabiliry ol p!blic seclor infftsrruclure. subsidi.s and

s.r!jces, Mrjority of lhe rural poor (borh mate and f.m.t.) are

sorling in cSricolrure s€ctor.! sn!tt oqner-oper.rors. shar.&oppi.g r.n.nts. r.d labor€rs.

Li!esrock is on into.lanl sub-domain of aSricutrure se.ror inPakistan. *hich accounts for tt 4 pqccnr of CDP otonB $jrh .49 I

tcrcenl of a3!icul!ural valu€ rdded. rhc role oa livesrock in ru.aleconod! na) be terlized lrom rhc fdcr that l0-35 milion buffatoand 5 6 sheep/goar per family hclp la!nins comnunitt ro,jcrive l(],40 percenr oi thcir incone from it. The livesrock poputationconprises 25.5 million buffalocs, 23 8 million ruril poput!lion iscnsased in livcsrock raising. harin! household holdinBs 2-l ralltecoNs- 24.7 million sh.ep.54.7 nillion Eoars and 0.3 miltion camets.'l hc annual milt produclio. has be.n recorded as 28.6: mitliontoies and Pakist{n is ranked filrh anons highest milk-ptuducingcountries. lhis sub-secror has trcmcndous scope lor pro-poor

srosrh. as the valuc ol nilk is more rhan rhar or rhe mdjor crops.Moreo!er. sn!ll fsrmers $ho combine ti!esrocr $irh cropproduclio. h!ve incone rNice as high as those Nirh ont) ciops

T P Li MiIi199-00 2lx)0-l[ :001..02 20024t 200M4

22_0 22.4 22.8 213 21.8

12.1 23.3 21.0 ut 25.5

u.l 212 21.4 24.7

492 50.9 52_A

I.ble 1.2 Ln6rck Prudu.br9994i) 2@{l !00142 zm't43 2oitit-tx

Mitk, {000) 2556.1 262840 270J1.0 :78t 1,0 28624.O{000) 936.0 t010.0 r014.0 i060.0(000) 649,0 666.0 683.0 102.0 723_0

Liveslock ar. ! vital componenl of rh€ livelihoods of both therurrl and urbon poor in developinS countries. For thc householdsanvol!ed. aninals arc a nean of a...rarins capitat ass.1' as we as

.n inportanr so!rcc of nurririon. Th. t!ndle5s produc.rs rakeliv.stock production.s vilal acrivitt. shich suppt.m.nls inconesnd give rhem employment op!orrunily ih addirion to theirtraditional occupation, The grealesl impacr ot li!.srock insuslainable developmeni design€d ro hclp the poor is.nhrncenentof liresrock-producrio. syst.ms. Livesrock and tb.ir produclsprovide dir€ct..sh incohe: anin.ls !r. a tivc bank tor nrnya..ners and or. critical ro agricultur.l inrensification rir provisio.ofpower and 6anure aor fertilizer and fuel, They are ctos.ty tinltedto the social and cultur!l lives of nilliobs of resourcr poor farnersfor shod liv.srock .nsures varying d.srces of sust!in.bt. farnjngt.d .conomic sr.bililt.

N.arly o.. billion h€ad of livcsrocl d. kepl by nor€ rhan 600million sdall farm.rs rnd h€rde!s in rural areas around rhe Norld.Mosr of rher. livesloci k€epe.s (95 percenl) tiv. in exlrenetov.rty. Eveh thoush liv€sroct keepi.s ollers a promising

opportunity ro conbal poveit in m.ny devcloping counrries,cspccially.s the d.nand for anihal p,oducrs such as nilt and nearconlin!.s to risc, n03t liv€sroct polici.3 ond servic.s r.nd to fuvotrrlarse-scol. productioi, ln ord€r ro tdke advanlagc of e6erginCmarket denands snd !educe their po!dly. smoll farm.rs.nd herders

n.ed rccess to basic ser!ices and r.chnoloeies, such as vercrinaryc.rc. sood rolds .nd grlzing londs, a. well as policics rh!t lat..c.ounr orrh€ir nc.d3 (IFAD 200 | ),

ln 2003 ov.r 32 million tons of milt was prod!c.<t in ourco!nlry, which amounred sjx p€rccnr of the *orld producrion. Overtwo-thirds of nilk is produced by buff.lo€s. Mitk producrion here

hts increased by l7 perc..t lroh 1996 to 2002. This increase i.

pro.luc(ion was schievcd m.inly by. Srowrh in rh. nunb.r of dai.y

The livrstock plays a vital fole j. rhe economies of devclopingcounlries. Il protides food. o. no.c specifically .ninal p.olein inhudrn di.rs, i.con€,.dploynenr and possibty roreign excha.Be.

For 1o* incom. pro<tuce!s, livesrock dlso s€rve as e slore of wealth!provide drauBht po*er and orga.i€ ferlilizer lor crop producrion as

w.ll as neaos of lranspo.r, Consuoprion of tivcsloct troducrs in

rhe developirg counhi.s, sra(i.s from o tos base, is !towinsrapidry (Garcia, er a1..2003).

Liveslock are cenlrdl to rhe tiv€lihood of the rurat poor ind.v.loping counrries in !r leasr six ways. firsr, lhey a.c an

inpoda.t source of cash iicone. S€cond, rh.y are one of rhe fewasscls available to th. poor. .sp.cisltr poor uonen. Third.liv.stoc( nrnur. ond d,.fl po$.r !r. ritat ro th. pr€se,v.rion ofsoil r€diliry .nd rhe sust.inabte inr.nsifi..tion of farming 3yn.nsin mant de!eioping !reas f!cing inqessing popotarion density.Fourth. livestocl allow lh€ poor lo exploir conhon prope ,r.sour€es, such as open gr.2ing.r..s, in oro.rFifth, li!enock producrs €nabt€ farmers to diversify incones,helping io rcduce incom€ !ariabitiry, especio y in s.ni-oridsysrens charrcr€rized by one qopping season per y€a,. Sixrh.liv.sto€k p16vidc ! vital .nd ollei the onty sourc. of incom. for thepooresr and nosl mar8inal of rhe rural poor, such !s pasloratislslsharecroppers, .nd widows {lFPRI, 1999)

Lirestock !.e idportrnr in suppo ing thc tiv€tihood of poorfarners, consumers, tad.rs.nd Iaborers rhrouChour rne de!.topingworld. The Srearesl iDpacr of tivestocl in susr.inabte de!etopmenldcsisned to h.lp th€ poor is enhanc.hcnt of liv. ock,p.oducrio.5ysr.ns. Liv.srock .nd th.ir producrs provj{te dir.cr cash income.Animals are.li!ing bank for nany farmers and aie qiric.l ro

asricrlrrral ihrehsificalion vi! provision of power and manur. forfotiliz€r.nd fuel- Th.y ar. ctosety tink€d io lttc socr.r,nd cutruratlivcs of nillions of.esourcc poof f!rne,s for whom tiv.sroctensur.s !aryrrg desr€es of su.lainoble farning and economi€

'l.biliry (wilson.t at. t 995).

One caniol discuss economic dev.topmenr without consid.iinerelared issues such .s rhe environm..r !nd g.nder_ Atro, w. ca.,orr.spo.sibly discuss economic d.v.topnenr witnout considsringlivestock cffecls on th€ sustainable tiv€tiboods of th. fanilics andconnun

'cs largel.d. c.ricy (1998) des$ib€s ihese livetihoods as

being derivcd rrom !ccess to ti!. lypes of -capirst,i or capital!s3.ls. The narural c.pirati usefut fo! tivelihoods. is deriv€d fronr!nd, w.ter, wildlif.j biodivcrsny, .nv'ro.n.nrat r.sourc.s. Th.social capital inctudes nerworts, nenbenhip of Croups,rclrlionships of !.!sr, access ro rid.r institurions of sociery uponwhich p.opl. dmw in pursujr of titctihoods. Huno. caprlat r.crud€srhc skills. knowtedSe, Ebitity to labor ond !ood hearrh n€eded forthc pu.suil of difr.r.n1 tiv.tihoods, pnysic!t capir.t accounr, fo.th. basic infrastruct!r€ titc rransport, sheller, war€r, enerCy and

and the !roduction cquipm.nl and means which.n.br. people ro pursu€ rh.ir tivetihoods. Fan.nci.r capiral corsisror finan€i.l resourccs tike savinas, supptics of crsdit or rc8!tarr.Dillances or p.nsions shich provid. lh.m wjrh diff.rentfiv.lihood oprions leu!ho40te: this atso incldes or$ts such as

Liv.stock producrion is rhe s..ond bi88.st econonic acrivityart.r Cop husba.dry f6r rural poput!lion in pakislan. Oul ot l5omillion p.oplc in thc c6untry. no,e lhan t0t hrlt,on t,!c in,uralar.as. withour gi!in8 prop.r c!re and !ne.tion ro rur.t lrresloc*k.pl in lhe villages and r.more areos, dreans of uptifiin! rhesociocco.oiic co.dirions oa rhe rural

expecied incrcrs. in this s€cror can .or bc envis!gcd (Younrs 6nd

Livesroct is oar€n associaled pirh seatrh. Ho*etcr, !bour ?operceDl or thc world s 1.3 billion poor live in rurat .r..3. !nd ofthose an.stinrred 70 pei.enr, or ebout 600 miltioo, dcpe.d o.livesrocr as p.!l of rheir livelihood. For many, li!estoct is one ofrhe fe* neans of rsset crealion a.d .rcaping lbe pov.riy r.ap.Liv€sloct 6r. oftcn th. o.lt neans of rransformirg in.diblc bionassor marginal arers rher€ nrny of world s poor tive inlo hish ratueprodrcts- Thus, la!.3lock nusr be an inr€gral porl ofn..rly att rur!lpovert! reduction srr.t.sies. Th€ poor kcep livesrock uid.r v.riousproductioh ststems i.cludinS: (i) pastoralisls. moslly li!e in the

trid a.d seni-arid.!e3sj *ho have liv.stock as rheir oain source ollivelihoodi (ii) shall nixed fa.hers, sho us. livcstock lor rraclion,manure tor org.nic Lniliz€r !.d lucl, m.ar, nitl .nd fiber; and

(iii) landlcss liv.rtock f!rncrs,6nen in peri,urb.n !r.as, who feed

aninrls o. residues from rrable crops .nd fodd.r from comnunalareas. wonen oalen keep liveslock and 8.t mosr ol rh. ..venue fronli!eslock producrion (Cl6ire. 2001).

LivesrocI( ploys rn inporlaDt rol. in poor households rnd intn. socieli.s in ehich lh.y live- Livestock is a k€y source of income

ror rhe poor, .rpccially rh. rurrl poor- In mosr d.v.topingcountries, 25-10 p.r.enr or the asriculrurol eross don.sric product.

rhe GDP. is relat.d to livesrock. In sod. of the poor.r oncs, rhe

rotio is nuch high.r. Thus. livcstock producis rfe dcfinilrly an

impononl sourcc of incohe todat.nd an incredsi.gly inpo(r.rarser ror thc toor- The Iiveslock poprl!tion, mc!t !nd milkproducrion, and sone inponanr d.t! lor Plkislan arc summ.rizcd in

T.ble 1.3 Runimnr nu mbc^. b*f. r.!1,bef.nda ti

lhc larBe conlribur on rhat li!esrock farming makes ro rhe rur,leco.onies of han) sirn and African counrries i! ! rcftccrjon of!hc mulriple.olei rhar litestock !l0ls in rhe farning stsrems inthcsc counr.ies. Alrhough animals arc ofren of poor quatir]. lheync!crlheless providc drafi poser for,.arning.nd rranrporr. animalprolon lo supplcncDl mcager diers, and cash inconc lion a varicrr-ol sources. inc udinB rhe hirins our of calle or bulldtoes for drafrser\iccs: rbe srlc ol lire animals, ond rhe srte o! milt or n€!r

1992 t9l 1994 1995 t996 l99a t999 20{0 20{l

(,000,000)\1,8 17.8 l?.8 17,9 20.4 20,8 2t,2 21.6 77.0 22.4

(,000,000)l8_3 t8.7 t9.2 t9_7 20.J 20_8 2t.4 22.0 22.7 21.3

(000.000()tn 27.7 28.4 29.1 2J_7 21.8 ,2.t.9 24.1 24.2

(000,000)i8.6 40.2 41,6 4t.8 4t2 42.1 45.8

108 318 tl0 142 325 ll0 340 350 357 165

423 505 46 500 5t3 525 55.]

212 275 218 .:5J tn t 76_5 180.5 135 t95

370 199 4_10 292 100 308 315 .12.1

l6.l 11.l 18.0 t9.0 u.6 25,7 26.1 25.6 26.3 26.1

t00 t59

2 40 l9

products, Evsn animal *asle products have their uses as ierritizerand as fucl for cooking and heatinS. The gender issue u.dcr such

scenrrios seems ro be highly ihporta.r and rele!anr in rhe srudy ofvisurlizing th. inpacr ol livesroc* on po!e11y altevi.rion

The Punjab provinca is backbone of asriculrure systen in

Pakistan ind Dlays moin fole lo neet rhe e!e.BrowinB food dem.ndsol nalion. lt providcs 75 p.rcent $hcrr. 49 percenl rice. 85 p.r..ntcor(on r.d 6? perc€nr suEar conc of roral produclion. Out of the20.7, 17,9.47.6 and 30,t million heads of Bufaalo, Carte, goal and

sheep. Punjab o*ns 7l p.rcenr Buffolo, 50 percenr callte.36 p€rcenr

goat and 29 perccnr sh.ep resp.crivcl! (sandani. 1998). Th.bualolo.s supply 7l p.rc.nr. caxle 24 percenr 6nd r.sr of J p.rc.ntof lhe dilt comes tron sh€ep. goars and camels Ont! puijab

supplies 73 p€rcenr of lorol nilk produclion. whil. Sindh and orherprorinces suppl.! only 23 and 7 perc€nr. respeciir.ty_ (Araii.nd

T

Sou(e LiverclCehsus. l9S6

Th. snall fsrners or landless pooi peopte primarily rais.about 80 peroenl livesrock. As compar€d to la.dhotdinss. tiveslockis found ro bc morc cv.ily disr.ibulcd. cenerotty. rhe raisins oflivesrock is tr"dirionsl for subsisren.. farmers. A comne.cia!i2alionis only lidlt€d around urban ar.as. Approximar.ly j ftiIionfanilies in Punjab (about a0 mittion people) are depeodanl o.livesrock Ior li!elihood,

4l3-1 2E 295-6 t3 12

t6 t2

Pakistan has thc fii.st br.cds ol N..li.Ra!i and Kundi

ibuif'lo) aid S!hi*.1. Red Sindhi & Tharprik.r (c.file). Puhjab isrich i. narural resoorc. of livestock and poss.s th. world.reno*neddaiiy b..eds well edapt.d to harsh/humid climar., rol.runt ro ricks,resislanl lo tropical dis..s.s and rr. good converl.rs oa poor qDaliry

roushoSes lo milk !nd meatr.nd eom.n find rh.m quil. ea3t tohandle and n!ir!re, Th. animal ,opulation conposition hrs shown

rsdical chan8. during th. lan coupl. ol d.cades. B.twccn rh. r*onoin dliry br.€d3, buffalo h.s won rh. popul.rio. r.cc ro f.r by.nincrcase of 3.3 nillion h..ds during 1990-1997, whil. rh.. crtrlepopulrtion..nrin.d sr.ric during rhis pc.iod. Th. mrjor factors

soverninB lnis chcn8. rr. .conohic, 30cioecorodi. s.lup and

consumers pr.fcr.nc.. The f.rm.rs .r. mor. inrd.srcd in buafalo

due ro high p.rcenr.s. oa a.r in milt, b.I.r.onv..r.r of poor

rough.gc and hish pric. ol irs producrs. Th. m.chr.ization of!nimal drsuBht power is rnothcr frclor that h.s i.creas.d ilspopul!tion (Rrz. er.l.. 1998),

Th. livcslock producrion in P.kisrai is srill pracric.d undcr

t.adilion!l s.trings witn only modesl incrcas.s ir productivity. Thepreseol productitil, lcv.l of our .nim.ls is quil. low. M.ny fldorshare bcen considcr.d r€spoisibl. for thc rclati!.ly rctarded growth

of lh's secror. lnad.quarc allo..tion of bolh d.velopn.nt !nd non-

derelopmcnl aunds to rhis s.crot by thc Oov.rnmcnr and scarcit! ofsuilably lraincd manpoR€r .rc c.dainly somc ol th. msjor

conslrainls. How.vert pro8r.ss in th. l.chnic.l fi.ld, too, hrs bee.lack lusler ond ln.re is !n !rg.nl n..d io loot dccp.r into the

problems and jssocs rnd ro pursue rh.m resourccfully and resolulely

for langibl. proSress. The con..rns and policy prca$iplions ar. to

be eslablished how t.chnologi.al advancen€nt in li!es!ockdevelopmenl is g€.der sp.cific and gendcr iri.ndly for ih. wonen

lolk is pla!ing i significant role in aiihal rearing,

l0

A.oih.r imporlanl limiri.S faclor is sbsenc€ of an orgr.j2cdnark€ring syst.n for liv.srock and tt.ir producrs in rhc country.Poor neans of comnu.icarion and th. p..ishrble nanr. of animalproducls offer a majot challeng€ lo rh. markering expefi3 a.d policynaters. Th.rc is great flucluolion in milk pfice and ils dis|ribulion.Th€ f!rners living near big cilies or rtl!ched with infra!lrucrurc set

Sood pric.s and c!n supporr inpuls foi increas€d production levet

bu1 farmcrs livinS in renole arc.s or wirhour i.fmsr,!clure tonart.t th.ir surpl!s oilk- m.at.rc, !r. strained for "forced honeconsumptio." ol rh.ir producls lh.t orher wise can bc nir&et€d(6ill and Pal.l. 1983). Besides identifying lhe consrr.inrs inphysical m.rket chonn.ls. household forccs thot cr.sr. soci!lda.*eling hust also be preserved for !.rting futl econodic benefirs.

Some of rh. significanl con!rr!inls confronling ib. d.iryrard..s ar. th.ir poor .ducslion l.v.l. toy s€nelic porcnriats ofa.idals, old.nd unecononical n.n.g.ri!t pracrices, poor c!tfldairy replaccm.nl slock rsising 3yst.ms, use ol low C.adc br..dihBbulls and scrawny arrificial inseminetion (A.1.) s.rvices.nrlnutfiiion of.ninals. limiled 3casonat and poor qurtir, feedresources .nd lhcir unwise use, l.ck of nes jmpro!e{t r.chnotogytransfer 6nd in.flici.nr mark€ring syslcn, Poor credn !nd nartclinsfacililics, la.k of n.c€ssary infr.slru.lur., low labor producri!irya.d nanagerial inerficiencie3 hsv.. d.pr.ssing effecl on tiv.srocti.come. Th.re is lact of prop.r h.!lth .ovcr ond diseas. conlroliacilities Irom Eoverhnenr seclor. Ard, the.ltocation of funds fort€serrch in lhis fi.ld remaihs hoprlcssly inadequat€.

wcirz !.y..'While hun.niry sha.cs one ptancl, ii is a pt!n€lon which rh.r..r. tso wortds, rhc wortd ot rhe rich a.d rhc qorldof rhe poor. Th. sr.tenenr has . srrong back srounothan thre€ fourth ofth€ *orld s p.opl. liv. ih d€vetopi.g counrries,

brr rh.y enjoy only l6 pcrc.nr oa the vorld's incone. !hil. rh.richcsl 20 perccnr hav. 30 perceni oa Slob!l income (UNDP 2000).

The tro *o.lds are ve.y differ.nr in rh.ir living st!1.. Their peopte

tr. cnjoyinB luxurious lirc. They h!v. plenry of lood ro ear.

conforlable nous€ ro !ive in snd eaaicicnr rrsnspoiarion neans.

Th.y fu. !.ll clolh€d, h.!lrhy and wcll edocsl.d, Conlrarily, in the

lorld of poor. p€ople are liviog in !ery mis.r.ble life- Th.y have

litrl. to ear and no houses to lir. in. They are depri!.d of th.reaso.able clorhsj transporlarion n.ans and .onmunicationfaciliries. Thet rie rneducaled.nd w..k in healrh. Their faces are

faint ind lips sithoul snile.Conriruouslt inqeasing pov.rly in lhe de!eloping counrries

h.s becoFe a critical inlcrnarional iss!c, which has al1r.cled rh.!tl€nrion of rh€ don6r age.cics /insrir!rion oa rhe wo.ld- Thet havc

st.flcd .ndeavoring to mitigalc ihc p!ins !nd ih. niseri€s of rh.d.priv.d and rhe poveit sticken. This is ! g.n.ral r.!lization thol

in.quit!ble distibori6. of fin.nci.l r.so!rces h.s rended ro widen a

8ap in incon. i. developing couDrri.s. Since goveinmenrs ol these

count|i.s h!ve been inlercstcd in ovcr rll production of the coun[r,th.i. policies fEvored rhe elil. clrss and the depriv€d were lefiiSnored. lf som€whet. d.velopneir projecls provid€ opportunitiesro poor households ro ptosper 6nd d.v.lop. rhey were nor enough ib

numb.r and could n01 providc lh. financial resources ro r !e!eln..d.d to de!elop so.ial seclor (h..11h, sanirotion. conmunicotio.crc) aid inriastruclur€ (ro.ds, impror.d w.ter cou6es, schools.rc)

In spi(€ or rh€ ract thal ee .r. living in the .r! of scienriaic

inv.nrions and globali2ario.,800-million p€ople ore comp€lled ro

sl..p hungry and 79t 6illiont of th. hungry people liv. in

dcv€lopin8 counrries which nale lh. 90 t.rc.nl of the hu.er!p.ople. Out of these people 284 millions live in south Asia and 49

t2

millions in I'rkisran rhichperceni of lhc sourh Asian

inhabita.rs of rtrrdl areas

livc in rural areas dnd 16.

6ake 6 percenr of rhe sorld rorat !nd t 7it poor pcople. Mosl of the poor a!c thelr!ing helo$ po!crty linc. l2 9 miltionslpercenr live ln urb!n ore.s (Econonic

Trblc 1.5 Porero Trcrdr id Prtisrrn

l6.l

16.9t221.2

30.7

281l9_641.4

28.1

26n 2lt342.5253

Table l.o Porerb Tr€lLl! 'n

punixh bJ R€gion

sindh 1?.1NWFP 25,3

a----

!4s!t1,t

255!9!!9qPuj.b 23.0 2t7

!9t!q!n Pujab t0-5 29.3 2t.4QiELP'!!,!b 279 ll.6 26.1!94ErI Arjrb 33.2

Nonhm Pu4jabqq!!!lPhjrb 21.5sodrEn Pujlb 31.6

Pov.rty n3s bcen in$.asins ir prkislan since rh. l99()s,.fterd.cli.ing durins rh. previo!s rwo d.cades, Ar rh. mafioeconomicle!el, rbe rar€ ol econonic Browrh fe ro 4.4 percenr in rh. tasld.cader rhis sa! nor eoouen ro 8€nerarc necess.ry addilional.nploym.nl. Al rh. hunan tevet, s.vqat srudies indi.!lc lb.r rhepopularion ol poor ros€ rrom 22-26 percenr in lhe fiscat year t99tlo 32-15 p.rcenr in lh. aiscrl r999_ In rerns of dbsotur. numbers. .icalimat€d 47 million Pakislanis are bctieved ro live in poverry, of$hich l5 millior, are in 'ur.t r, ea: {t N 7oOlJ.

ap.rt tiom rbov. Denlion€d facrors, rhe inc.eas.d pr€ssur. ofurb.nization. inctcase in p.r capila in.one, b.rrer educarion t.vel.nd nurrirional rwareness hare resutt.d io giSanric increase in useot food producls of 6nim.l oriein in peopl. s daity diel schcdut..This incrcas. i. food demand bolh in te.ns of q!!lity ohd quanriltcoupl€d !ith insufficient p.r capir. avait!bilir, of nitt and m.arhas forc.d consun.rs ro p.y higheryrices tor rhese prodDcrs. TheshiftirB of !urrl popularion lo urbsn dreas fo. oene! eoproym.nr..rninss, heallh !nd living facitili.s are olh€r t ctors rnat !r.cdus'ng nor. den.i{ts of animats. food products rn uroan areas.On the other nand. nany efforts to improve lhs srdatron ha!e bc.nnrde by gover.ncnr of P6lirran and inr€rnarion!t ag.ncies (FAO,ADB. IFAD) ove! the p6st d.cades but th€ir impoc!scncouraging as d.sir.d by th. fu.dinS aee.cies {Teuf.l. 1998). Thisriru!rio. denlndr inl.nsivc auenrion ro,robe,n ths reasons oriheir l.iluret and need serious consid.rations .nd properd.velopm.nl srr.t.gi.s ro cope !ilh lh. ever inqeasing denands ofnot only orbsn populaiion bur rur!t poputation.s w€lt. Thcre is dir€n.ed lo undersland rhe reat cost affecring tucrors and difficutriesa.ced b, sn,ll unii hotd.rs who are.nsaa.d in tivcsro.k busi..!s.The adaptive beha!ior of rarm.ro (horh men and womcnJ rowards rn.

n€w technoloSi.s, t€ch.iqucs and innovalions also nc.ds ro bcnudied for furufc derelopneDts.

ln rhe pasr. mr.t cflods w€r. n.d€ i. rhit res.rd blr mlny ofthe inno!ations inrioduced were nor based on th€ needs of smetllandholders. tenants.nd hndless ti!esrock owners. Ther€ ar€ 45niflion larg€ rumindnls inctudine 22,4 and 2j.3 oilion ca(te andbuffalo.s, IndiS.nous, Bos indicu3 (also cal.d hunped or zcbucalllc) belonB mairly ro lbre€ lypes based on rhe purpose andperlorh!nce, tiz; nilch, draoghl and dual,purpose anrn.js. sahrwrland R.d sindhi are.e.o8nizcd rs d.iry (nilch) ryp€s, D.j?l andBhaenari !re heavt drauBbi, Dha.ni a mediun drousht and Loh,ni.id Rojh!. ar€ lighl dr.ughl breeds. whit. Tharp,rtar b! octs do$elr as drauShr rnimars and rheir f.mares rr. good ditk.rs so rbislype b.lonss to the du.t-purpose colrte.

According to rn esrinltc. 20 pcrc. of th€ ca|1. populalion

's pur.bred,5 p.rc€nr crossdr€d or €xoric $hit. {h€ ?5 pe.c.nr a,.

no.-dcscripr cdlrl., Tne iicrease in crossbred c. le in rhe pasr h.sresult.d du€ ro indiscrinin.r€ crossbreeding and ieadity svaitabt.oiifici.l inseninarion (At) scrvices, Conceprionbeen reponed ds 30-60 pe.cent dependihS on scarh.r condirions.

Globally rh.r. ar. rbout r65.72 millj6n butfatoes al presenr75 perc€nr of *hi.h h.bir!l in Asio. cou.rri.s. Atlhough rndianousca 56 p€rc.rr of rhe buffatoes .nd t4 p€rc.n1 of rhc world aretbund in Pakistan, bul br.t butfalo specincns orc av.it,ble inPalistan. Accordins ro...po , rhe besr buafatoes are avritabte inPakistan, !hich has be€n tqmed ds ,.BIack cotd of Asia,, b, FAO.Arer.g. yield psr laclalion has been r.ferred .s t 30o ro 2500 titers

t5

T.hk r.7 C.nk.nd Bult lG in P.!hr.r

Dn!!htEr€e4!glrlBhrsnei dd Daj.l

Lichlohdi&d RoJhe

TnalDarkar

T.bLl,8 hFrn!. shcp B..rd. i! p.tilr!tr.

TtitrT. Snep

Blchi Bibrit

Kail

MiclniK3jri

SipliTlalli

T.blel.grnnort Bre.d. ol Got iI P.Li!ta..

Ooars rr. kcpt 16r nilk and n.at producr'on and cu be

classifi€d into ftilch and mear cat.goti.!. Out of iot'l brc.ds, llfamous breeds of Soars i. Pakisr.h !r. classified tecping nainlyth€ir lypes i. vi.w, The Beetal is callcd poor m!n s cow! b.cause

of iheir good milk produclion. Th.ir ave!!ge nilk yield is 250-ll0lir€rs for a lacrrtion peri6d of 90-100 d.ys. Barbaii, Chrpp.r r.dTeddy are f!hous tor mear while Pak angora, Bitaneri, K.Shrni a.d

Khurr!sani are k.pt for mohoir snd hair. The Beelal, DDP !nd Nachi

tield good siz. skins. Coais usuallt breed more lhan onc. a !earand twin.ing is !.ry comno. (49 percenl), espe.irll! in Teddy

breed lh!r often !ives 2-l kids per kidding. Five kids per tanuririonhave also b..n i.corded. Draushl A.imals: Th€re !r. about 5 2

nillion draughr anim.ls *hich inclod. camcls, donleyt. hors.s and

mules *hich arc 0,8, 3.9. 0.3 !nd 0.2 million. rcspecliv.l! The

draught animals in irigiled aress a!c S.ncrally boushl uhile in

Barani ar€os they ar. larn bred. Cow and buffolo bullocks.lsop!ovide lraction pow€r !r the fsrms !nd.oads. Canels, donk.ts and

mulcs are lhe hain pack aninlls. Hors.s s!€ usu.lly uscd for riding

Liresrock h.v. b.en kepr for dra!ghr purpo5. and rhc owncr

and his family of lhe n.al and nilk produ.cd The

averag€ culliv possrss.s 3 prir of bullocks bur due 1o th. onsel ofm.chonizotioi rhe draught anim.ls drc beconing distinct gradDslly.

The sork a.imals c6n stsrt rheir wort al th. age of three ,rd can gotrp to l0 io l5 year3 depending upon rn. inr€nsiry ot utilizarion.feeding paltern and he!lth care. Ho!ever, huch ftore scie.tificwort is needed in this seclor ro find our rh. r.t.rionship of rhcirfeeding a.d nanasenent to thcir work pe.formaice,

Snall frrners also beneair by inregr.tins crops and tir.sto.k.By rotaring pasttrre and ptanled fi.tds, animar oanure rs used asfertjliz.r, and rhen th. pa( of th. crop th.r is not corsuDed byhun.ns. is us.d as food for lhe animots_ So thcr. is r€cycting oanulrlenls and biona3s virhin ihe system thal atso ma[.s it nore.rrici.nr and productiv., SnaI farn.6 r€nd lo inv.sr nor. labor inthei! l.nd. That loo nakes it hore producri!c and rhe quatiry of lhelabor is nuch bener. Whcn jt is a f.rn famity *hos. tutur. dcpendsupoh nai,t.ininS thc producri!i1y of soil an<r thar piece of t6nd,they nrturally lake b.rrer csr. of it. susrainabt. inlensific.rion ofsnalrhold€r agriculrur!l produclion shoutd b. a t.t compon€nl ofialional anti-povefly strat€8i.s. susrainsbl. Intcnsrricalion n.ansthar sm.llhold€rs .r. abl. lo r.i3. crop yr.td3 or tivcsroctproduclion virhoul depteting the n.ruiat resource b,se on whichrh€ir producrion dep.nds (pe!cock !nd.,owG( 2004).

of rhc !bov. inboduction of tivesroct ccoromy ofPakisran that is connon in rhe poor segnenls of th. socier]. there*as. n€ed to maBnify rhe issucs of livcsroct devetopmenr in.oDpr.tc a.d compo3ite torn,s ag.insl lhe previous effo s wnichreveal.d onl) parlial truth of tne scsnario becsuse of condu€ringr.s€arch on sone v.riables is.orirs rhe olh.rs which obviorstycany importance for poticy perspective. Ther. are. variery ofqueslion. which nccd to b. .ddr€ss.{t ro rrame a conposire a.dcomplete rruth regardjns inp.cr of tiv.slocI dev.topn.nr onpo!erty rllevicrion. Sone of su€h signiticanl qu.srions ar.r how rhe

l8

cosl of liv.ttock p.oduction is conlributins in der.lopine nilk !ndnear nrrk.ls: how lh. dirersified factors are aff.crinB cosr ofproduclion, rhy therc ha3 been on i.cr.as€ in rh. pric. of nilk and

li!e sro.kr how the women folk is conrribuling in nahaging the

li!estock .ffrirs fron lhe poinl of production ro rhe poinr olconsumprionj why household chsr.ct.risrics do oalrer aor

€slablishing a pro-poor 3cenario fo. rhc sDatt dairy formersj 8owdoes lir.stoct €conomics b€com.s soci.lty opridat for rhe poo!

mrssesr whar are rh. w6ys.nd heans lo cha.ge thc direcrion olagricullur. giowlh fron anri-poor rrcjecrory to pro,poor rajedort?Besides rh.se qucsrio.s, sone olh.r retevant issues lre bci.ga<tdre33ed be developine rhe fotto*ing spec'tic objccliv€s.

. sludy lhe socio"Econonic ch.!scterisrics of the tivesro.k

. Esrihale l.v.l of pov€dy in m.rginal .nd t!n{t|ess livesrocl

. woikoul econooics of existing combin6riors of farm and

livesrock enlerpris.s,. Estimare le!el of ecnder p.rricipstion in !.nd.ncy lowaras

Itv.stock acrivili.s. SugSesr policy guid.lines to improve rhe ti!.sroct a.d dai!!

farmi!! for poverty allevi.iion,

CHA PTE R-2

REI'IEW OF LITERATUR.E

A good srr.an of analyric.l rcsearch is in progr.ss ro dererninc rhcimprcr of liv€srocl dev.lopnenl in pov.it ! .viarion. tf a ni.ur.look is nrde in the exisring body of tarerrlur., ir cones o!t rhat a

grcat d.al ofres.arch effort has already b.€n hade i. the pasr borh

in rhc developed !nd developing counrries. prkinan. beins an

sgra!ian econohy, is nol an €xceplion to rhis fuci. B!r ftosr ofsuchresearch endervors obser!ed some aspecrs of lhe issue very deettyignoring son€ olh.r inpoflanl airribure. which bear equ.lsiS.ificrnce in d€riving optin!l policy l..sons. tn sone of thrsc.frorts. th. socio-.co.onic ch.rrcr.ristics of rhe f!rmin8conm!nity thrr is ensaged in liv.stock rearing was

'd.nrifi.d whit.

in others rhe econonics of liv.slo.k w.s.srinar€d in addirion ro

finding out rhc !nderpinninss of cost3 and ralc of relurns *hil.inv.sting in ii!€srock. In very lcw sludics enphas's was siv.n ro

lhe sociologicol foclors lea!i.g imp6ct on lhe households and lhalsubscqucnlly delermihe their levcl of w.ll beihg. Cende!

pcrsP.cliv.. the core d€.onin!lor in lhe r€arins of a.imols in

d.v.loping count.ics like Pokisr.n. sas r!rcly 1ak€n inlo lhe nsin.qu.tion of lhe €cononics ol li!estock. Sinilarly all€visrion ofpov.rtt w!s oftcn juds.d !nd !nalyzed in lhc ovcmll p€rspectiv. ofth. rur!l ar€as and ag.iculrur.l !cliriri.s. lr $as nor decodpo3ed lolivr3rocl .nd crop s€crors so rs to h.re som€ policy lessons

ln this chrprer, sn effoir has becn 6ade to review rhe exisring body

of lil.r.ture in the codposile box ol rhe issre accomnod.ting

20

alnosr all ihe po3sible aspecls thar nat conc in rhc pu!vi.* oflhenain equation. It is aocus.d at d.vclopinS d conc.plual bridSe

belween *har h.s bc.n dnalyli€elly prov.d in rh. psn.l nationsland internalionrl l€v.ls ind qhat ludher n..ds to be id.ntifi€d. l.this enadevoDr, succincr n.rrdrivca hav. b..n d.t.lop.d in fotrr

diff€renl seclions €ach showing ! conp6tibilit, sith the objecliv€sas deposit.d in the fir3r ch.pler on rh. on. h.nd and findings of the

srod, on rh. orher hrnd as disc!ss.d in ch.pt.r 4.

2.I SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OT LIVESTOCXFARMERS

Educarion, h€!lrh, h.ppi..3s ud g.n.ral w.lf.rc of lhe

nouscholds dcr.rftin.s th. groominS prosp.crs of r busi..sscnt.rprisc. Mosr of lhc f.rnin3 connuniry in P.Lirt'o is .ng.8ed

born ir rh. culrirdion ol cops alorg *irh r.arirg of anioals lirebuffllocs and covs. Ushani.nd Khan (2005) co.dlcr.d. r.se.rch

srudy to char.crer'ze sfrcllhold.rs' ruhsislenc. liveslock prod!c.io.

stsien. Th€ |. rm€rs (both n.n.nd ron.r) !.rc tccping o.3.averagc 4 bofblo.s, I c!trI., l2 shccp or l3 8o.tt pcr houlehold. In

o simil.r fsshion. sadiq cr al. (2003) iudicd rhcr nilt conlributed

,bour 72 p.rc.nl lo th. liveslock oltput borh on l.r8c and medium

farns cat€gories. *hile il conrrib!1.d rboul 77 p.rc..r on small

farn caresory. lt *as nol.d in diffcr.nt sr!di.s lh.t snall ftrersboth nale and len!l€ rr. r.lrti!.ly mors iivol!ed in livenockr€arins as Schinz.l (1982) rcpoit.d rh.t !nim.ls were nore

inpodonl for small landholder cnd lo thc i.n!nls opcralinB on

5haied-in basis for nilk !s a m.jor source of incon.. Similorly,Rdjendran & Prlbhoh!r.n ( 1993) qork.d on rarious conmunilics oflivesrock larm.rs ohd it w.s id.ntiaied rhar in all crtcgories the

major porlion of total inveslnenr w.s on nilk animals, lollowcd by

buildings and equipment. Kilmer.l al. (1992) coiducrcd a survey to

2l

ide.tiay lhe da'ry farm and family char.crerisrics lhai conrriburcd ro

qu.lily oa lif. and 'nt.rclationships

ol larn, f!mily and pracii...doplion .hars.leristics of daiiy fard fomilies. when compared withlarse h.rd oNners. shall herd owners were iound to be more

salisfi.d sirh having s.lcct.d daitt frining as their c!reer choic.a.d valu.d lhe ird.pendenr lif.sryle of a former. This l.vel olsotisfaction is highlt rrlribur.d to th. devetopnent of liv€srockenterpris. and sub3equenr allevialion of poverly.

Simil!rly, the iole of households in th. progrcsr ol livesroctdev.lopmenl dep.nded on specializ.rion of producrion. €fficicnrre.d naiag€menl. and inirirtive3 from individu.t faimers and

associations. Dudziuk (1989) added ihar for the drnamic grolrh inliveslocr sector. producrion possibiliti.s dnd resources should bcrull, exploired wirh lh€ acriv€ involv.me.r of rh. hous.notdt,Social i.t.racrion and tcsponsive bch!viour of rh. t rn.rs mad. a

narl in rhis area of d.velopm€n1. P! jcipalory approach worked*ell os suggested by v!rious researchers paiticut.rty in tndia,sperspectite (Jena. 1988 r.d B!rdh.n. 1989). Naidu ei al. (1992)notcrt lhar incone of marginal .nd rnatt farm€rs in$elsed by 25.5and 22,t p€rcenl from Rs.3260 and 6570 ro Rs.4O90 an{t 8050respecrively rfier joinin8 the farm.G cooperatire. Wanapal er at,(200?) shile using a farmer pa icipotory opproachj roltoqedrecb.olosies such,s on-larn reed prod!crion and feedins sb.r€8iesand gor posirive resulrs. A conrr.ry r.s!tr cadc by Z^^zai! er at.(1990) in an lndia. !tudy which shored rhar our of j8 fs!mers, onty22 had adopted !ny impro!ed husb!ndry,practices. which indicatedrhat lhe d.i.] coop..aliv€s had not contibuled subsranrialt! to lheadoprion of inprov.d d!iry cairtc producrion and riimat hc.lih

22

P€rsonal ch!.act.risric. m.rrers a lol in lh. dcrelopd..l ofli!.stock farmihg as re!eelcd by N.raraju (19s9) who sludied rhe€doprion of individusl dairyinB nanrs€ne,i practiccs i, Karn.r.k,stal. and id.nrined rhe r.t.rionship betr.en farne,s. p.rsonatchoracreristics and rheir adoDlion tevets, togcther *ilh the problemsrn.y pcrc.ired in .dopring recomnended d!iry hana8ene.lpra.tices. Hc noted thai dairy turners, adoplion of aninolnan6eemenrj heatih dnd bre.ding innov!tior\ *!sw,rh ag.,.ducarion, aamitt size and livrsrock owner3hip. lr wassugg.st€d thrl if supplies. services and rechniu!r

'ssrs.ance wcre to

b. provided by ! singt€ ag.ncy, rh€. ev.n fs,m.rs virh tilrteedu€arion and paiticipalion in €xreision and smslt herd siz. cout{tb€ rcach.d and i.votred in r€chrotog, i.novarion !{toprion. Tnisseens ro be eqralty Sood i. pakisr.n.s and rndia.s peNpe.riv€s as.eporlrd by R.o. el .1. (1992) lo show d€lfininanls of adoprio. oan€w d.iry pr.crices phich inctude pr.g,.ncy di!g.o3is; car. of !hehewborn calft deworning of c6l!es; dehorni.g of cotvesi use ofc.ossbr.d d.ls calvcs tor dra!snr p!rpos.s; batanc.d feedin!: useoa crossbred male catves for draughl purposes; ure, tredlmenl ofsrraq; green todder production; and ct.!n nitk produclion. Bulwahla (1932) r.po ed (hat the disrance of mitk produci.g !rea rourbr. area and forhers. behavior atso atfecled the oill pricc.

In vsrious studies, thcre was found to b. a varying rote ot th€hous.holds in rcrns of rh€ir farn .crivili.s .n{t sub.cquent iopaclon th. dairy sector both in d.vetoping and devctop.d wortd, ForexsEple, Mahi & Kherde 1199t) ex.nined lhai lhe m.in consrraintro rdoprion of dairy in.ovrrion in . sroup, of fa.nine wasecononic hurdl€s lotlo*ed by socio-ps!chotogical, rechnicot andorsana2!tio.rl/ !dminijrrarivc conslrainrs. ov.ralt.doptio. of {,oiryinnor.lions was positively cotret!lcd wirh econonrc

23

st!1us- herd si2e. k.orledg€. levet of aspi.ation.exle.sion agcncies conract, ond w.s neSatively corretated wilhtechnical consftoinrs and econonic constrainrs in tbe lorol sr6pte.On the olh.r hrid Nataroju & Chann.gowda (t937) in Karn.rdk!Stare found motr of the disincenlir.s in ti!.sroc* furninB we.c du.lo lack of r.so!rc€s rllhcr rha. ol .ducarion of rhe househotds.

Anorhcr r.s.!rch clain cones from Ngongo.i er,1. {2006) rhoidenriried majo. conslrainrs snd optorrunilics facinB rhc sn.tt d.irta&ners in Zimbabse. They cloim.d lhar rh. perfornahce of cors ih!e!ns of lo* milk tields and lonS.alving inrervals sere arrribut.dto lor r.vels of nutrilion and 6an!genent on rhe p! ofbouseholds. Q!anlilalive and q!alilali!e feeds were liniting in the

2.2 ECONOMTCS OF LTVESTOCXTh.r. is.n anple body of lir.r.rure tn.t highlighrs rh.

u.derpinninSs of liveslock econ6oica though a ver! limir.d focus

was given ih such srudies io the sociological aspecls of lhe issue as

ror exanpl. in deterdinine rhe cosr of producrion, besides economic

inpuls, social inputs were rarely t.l.n inro rhe nain equalion ro

de!elop. conposile se.eralizalion, Kum.r & cupro (1988) onolyz.d

rhe economi6 of nilk produclion and found hiSh geDelic pot.nrialcross br.d co*r econonically sup.rior. Soci!l indicalors ar.missing in.l.veloping thes. findinBs. ln !nother study conducr.d by

Din (1984) in Pakirta.. it *as realiz.d thot cosr was reduc.d and

nill yi.ld cihanced with rh. full involvenenl oa wom.np!rlicularly in cosc of cows. Earlier vyas (1933) had showed rhst

mill produclion elficiency could be inc.eEsed bt conftol of feed

produclion and urilizario6 rnd by !.ducing fixed cosls !nd labor,cender faclor qas n01 disc!ssrd thoueh in real life n6jor aciors inaninrl r.ari.s SinSh & C.n8wf (1939) s.udied and

24

tna!t2ed th€ econonics of milk producrion from canl€ and buffaloes

in three clinatic zones (dry. s.mi-dry and wct). The resulls were in

conjuiclioh with rhe pr.!ious.ffo!rs, li anorher.arlier r.search

elloi nrde by Gill & Par.l (1981), a posiri!e correlarion sas

esiablished between farm size and nunb.r ol milL animals in lndian

Punjab. They added thot itregulo! and un-redune!ati!e milL narket

encouraged excess self consumprion of milk (forced .onsumption)

wbich could be considerably rcdu..d by olf.ring orderly ond

remuner6li!e nilk mork.l in rh. rural areas. lo a sinilrr kind ofstndyj ir rlso poinred o!t that h.rd siz. !!ried direcrly rith farnsiz€ in cenrrdl and hounr.i.ous are.s of l.dia (Oill & Singh, 1936).

They found thal dairying wilh buftulo srs.losing.nt.rprise but

for crosrbred species. ir wrr a p.yine proposilion. In soch srudi.s,

social det€rninants *er. fo!nd missinS lo mak. t conposrie

The lalc.r calo( oa Blrdhr. .t !1. (2005) indicttcd lhll lhe

los€sl expcnditures *crc m.d. by th. mtrginal f.rr€rs for ample

avaitabiliry of fr.e labour. Th.y add.d th.r nrt rclurns o!er to16l

€os1s were neearive for .ll lhe ca!.8ori.s of fardets, .xcepr

marcinal fdrneis. And ir was otherwis. toicd rhat lhe prdponion ofrelati!ely higher among th. narginal farners sho

involv€d ih livesrock derclophcnt, ln nost of lhe sludies as qDoted

above. ir wos no1 highlighted wheth{ the social indicators played

sone proacri!e role partic!larly to conlaii povedy Bul it is

intuili!el! ievealed thot soh. r.lalionship do exisl between such

social indic!tos and po!erty allevi.tion,

25

2.2,1 Crop-Liv.r16.k Inr.n.tionA sood deal of research has b..n E.de on lie joiit eco.odics

or livesrock and &op for v€ry limitcd farming conouniry deall vilhonlt lav.stock as a f.rmin8 cnt.rtris. cxcept some narsinall!ndless fa.mers- singh & S.ini (1988) invesriear.d.he optimall.vel of inreracrion ol Gop err.rprises and nilk produciion forlarhs in Indian Puhj6b. They found thrt doirying is o Ieosibl., labor

inr.nsi!. e.rerprise which could bc incorporsred inro existingp!oduction systems. In th€ sEme y.ar, Oryseels worled oh f.rmingslsrens based on small hold€r and show.d th€re vas a niSh level ofcrop livestock interaction. Livcsto.k pro!id.d a doninant pad ofthe f!rns c,sh i.cone ahd gross nargin! g..eraled a subna.tialanoo.t of enplo!nenl, and wcre of prin€ import!nc€ in providing

s.curily and ! sourc€ of invcslm..t ro th. farn household. lahangir

.r.1. (1990) nor€d rhrr c.opping inl.nsily was hisher !nongliv.srock rarm.rs as codpar.d to thos. who *.r. liftited solely to

rh. culrivaiion of &ops. Raoan & Jrin (1992) srudied .he famingsystens on small. nediufl !.d largc f.rms under two plans; oplinslnix.3 of only crops and incorpor.tion of dairy enterprise iirddition ro ciop enierprise. They found rhar rhe seco.d plan iiwhich dairy f.rning sas gi!en weighr6se as on enrerprise sho*ed

80, l2l dnd 163 percent inc!€6s. in nilk troducrion roi s6all,m.dium and larg€ larms. rcsp.cti!.1y. In r.olher compo!ison as

nrd. by Khan (2001), ii was r.alizcd lhar yearly value of milkproduced in the country war round ro b. more lhan the value of*h.ar. In rhis *ati in ihe eaistirg body of litcrarur., good let.l ofcompl.dcntdrities erisr berw.cn crop and liv.stock secro.s rhough

in lavour of liv.stock r..ring padiculrrly anong marsiral farmers.

1.2.1 lol€ ol T.chtrologyThis is an €sr!blished tuct rhar nod.rn rools and r.chniqu. nade

high l.vel of adv.ncenenr in rhe livesrock s€cror ss was realized by

Grrs.cls ( 1988) thst technologies as rh. use of crossbred doiry coI s

for nilk produclion. and lhc us. oa a ne*ly d.t.loped sin8l.-oxplo!gh rel"ted lo snrllholders, liv.stoct trod!ciion app.ared

parricularlt p.omisine. Similarly, Timolhy (t998) fornd that lhe

adoprion of ihproved t.chnolosies lhat depended on lh. !se olpurchased i.purs, such as supplement!ry f€eds, vetcrinary drogs,

fertilizers !nd p.sricides, wss slrongly condilioned by the policy

environnenl $irh r.sp.cl to inpul supply, tenuncr.iive Pric.s and

sell lunctioning markeis. H€ reit.ral.d rh. pivol!l role of public

seclor in .srablisbing bcsic infr!sl.uclure, p.o!iding p!ice

in.enri!es rnd renoving lh. constrainls lh!1 inhibit rclive ptivale

s.cror parlicipalion in inpur dclivcry Thes. measur.s and

conpl.n..rsry instirurio..l supPorl ar. ne.<t.d to encoutage

rechnolog! rdoption a.d sustai.abls inlensificalion of $oP and

liv.slock prodocrion in s.hi-srid Wcst Aarica. som. of rbe 30fr part

of thc resc!rch as mad€ by Anlmann & Olir.res (1990) indic!t.d

rechnoloBical b.ha!ioi of commercial and snall dtirv farn.fs li!in3

in. rural arer in Soulh Chile. The! noted t slisht inci..s. 'n

lhe

adoprio. rar.s of n€w r.chnology in comp!rison silh trcvious

stldies. Lack ol rcsourccs and of kno*lcdge ras toinred out $ the

majo! barie6 in the diss.dinalion of rechnologicdl inpro!.me.ts.

sinilatly, si.l (1991) suSsesled lhar senelrc rmprovcmenr.

'mtroven€.rs in fe€dine. inprovenenls in lhe r.productivc rtr. or

buffaloes, beu.! disease surveilltncc atd co.lrol measures should

b€ underlakei ro .xploil full pote.rial of aninol tcaourc.s Earlier'

Mrnshi & Ptrikh (1990) t.poi.d th.r rcchnoloSical progr.ss olindig.nous cows qas r.sult of impro!.d liv.stock m!.a1.6'nr*hich indicat.s ownersr posirive dnd sisnifi.anl respoise to

27

dcvelopm.nt programs. Bh..dc & venlararan (1994) analyz€d rhe

utilit, !id uselulness of di!ersificolion of farning by revsalins thot

inclDsion ol daiiy in rh. i.rm pla. not only augoenl.d h6usehold

incone b!1 also r.duced incomc risk ro a consid.r!ble exr.nt. IFPRI

(2004) !.porled rhsl Iivesrock provid.d lhe toor wilh f.rtilizer and

dr.fi pow€r, along sith thc opportunity ro exploit common grozing

!rea\. build (oll.t.rrl rnd \!\ings. and diver"rb incom..

2.2,3 lrcon..td Profir Sc.n.riosTher€ is a n.ed to assess lhe incom€ and profilabililv of

livestock busin€ss Apte (1989) .ecomm€ided d.ir!ins 3s t. incom.

suppten.niins s!bsidiary occ!pltion for snol! and nedium fa.ncrs

and landlcss labotcrs in lndia, Sharil (1981) lound lhar sross

income p.r laclaling ahimal milk *.t calcular.d Rs l260 our of

which 8E.6 per c.nl sh!rc was of milk. An.ual nei incone per

household, per anim.l and p.r loclati.g aninsl comes lo Rs. 757 95'

R3.404.84..d Rs.l49l.? r.sP.ctir.ly. lr vas csrinotcd th.r aross

profii a!fiaged Rs.32475 p.r b!flalo, Rs 3320 Pcr sh..p and Rs'

5ll,t per gott per tea. (Usn.ni shd Khan.2005) Earlier Haider el

al. (1982) found th.t bl inproved tnidal husbandrv Praclic€s' th'

farm incooe incr.ated over a period of five ,.ars fron Rs 580 lo

Rs.2l2O for landless farhers. ftom Rs 69l0 lo Rs l4860 lor fi!c.crcs fdrn.rs and from Rs l875O ro Rs l0840 for te'lve a es

f.rm.rs. Tailor €l al. (1992) susscslcd rh!l sma!l farm.rs haY'n8

rheir own land and by employing familt labor can nake Sood profit

by nainl.ining s feu brllalo as secondarv ro .criculr!rc Ihr"groups of larnet! namely: subsistenl. s'ni_conmercial and

commerci.l farmets were sl!died b! Chaudhrv el al (199?) in okar'

district. Thcse rork.rs point.d our ihot b..efit cosr ratio (AcR) sa3

high€r for conmdci!l farm.rs than s.ni'comnercial and s!bsisrenl

23

farn.fs due to lrrse capiral ond be|er nanageriat conrrot. Ahnsd(2002) studied that an economic rppfaisat sas corducled of resringI0 ..ch or Bullalo. sahisal. and Crossbrcd h.irers lo naturiry.cos!s snd profirdbiliry qcre dererfrined in aavour of rh€ Iatc.

Klnar et al. (1999) found lhar rhe net profir per daiiy farnc.sas Rs, I I 039.67 (8.02 percent ot roldt expendirure) uhite averaCecosr of p.oduclion ol one litr€ ni|l $as Rs. 7.7?. 8.30, 8.36 .nd7.26 and rie a!.ra8e sale price wos Rs. 8.60.8.36.3.46 a.d 7.50thereby resulrins in I L54, 0.72, 0.9t and 3.30 percent protil ove!cost or nilk producrion bt very snrlt. smslt, Dedium an<l larscdairy farmers r.specriv.ly, Njarro dnd par (2002) intesrisared rhalaverage asriculrurdl income ih the general t!pe-grozing animats !as3571.90 Euro. ln rh€ princjpat Irpes cal.lc_d!iry, r..rins.ndfoncnins ord 3h€sp. eoars .nd orh4 srazing rnimals income ras6669 60 Euro.nd 953t.t0 Euro respcclivety. On rhe mixed liveslockholdings rgriculiuiat inconc $as 4562.22 Euro. *irhout sig,iticanlvarialior berr..n principal ryp€s. Thonas er !1. (t997) srudicd lhcdelerminonrs of fdrm producriviry in Arrica anu resressron resunsshowcd a stro.! inverse retorionship b.t,een tarn srze and rhe Mvpor land, lnd a posirive rclarionship bcr$een farn srz€ and rh. Mvpor labor. The!. sassnall.st farns, wilh

situation of bortling.up,.of t!bor on lhelorer oppo!luniry cost oi tabor rhan thsl

reflcct.d in ih. fsrn tabor narkcr. In rhc same Jear, B.ruah &Sarker i.vealed lhal drjry aarnjne wirh at teast 4 hieh ri€tdin8

economicattt virbte and profitabt.,roposilioi in thcsitrdy areas and the rurat ta.n.rs nighl be adris.d ro mai.t!in rheirdair] unirs wi!hin rhe ronB. of 4-6 aninots. sihilarty. Rajiv er at.(1992) arsued rhar prolils Reie rstalively er.ater ror househotds*irh small or n.dium herds. bur thar burrrlo r..ring in Indi! can bc

ir th. mrlk !rcldibuffalo

An.d!anced empiricat !nallsis sas rade by Bhogal .r .t,(1989) in shich they us.d ! profit-6axinizins linesr proeron 6odclro roro!ldr€ opiinum crop and nitt production ptrnr tor sftaI and

marginal arrners Th€ oprinun pl.ns devetoped in rhis r.scrrchendeavour 3ueCesled thar buffalo.s, pailicutarly Murah butfatoe3,!re lhe mosr suitsble nilk 6ninols rnd rhar rheir nunber couldprofitablt be raised !o thr.e per f!rm. Th. consjderable potenlisl torincrcasing faftily income ,nd .mployme.r rhroush oprim!minles!ario. or crop .nd dilk prod!crioh acriviries !!s .lsoesloblish.d. Nasaraje .r.al., (2001) conctuded thsr appropriarccombr.arion of en!€rprises vilb dairy nor onl] hetps ro increase ner

form income but also !tiliz€d stt a\ailabte resources etficie.tt].Th. rarnina sysr.m approacn provided an oppoiunity for eff.criverecyclihg or the product a.d b! products of an! one ot rhe

conpon.nrs as i.pur on rhe olher coEpoient tinked in lhe stsreo, lthelped ro 8ener,re flop ol cash to rh. tarfters .ound lbe J-e!r btvay ol disposrl ol milt. mc!t, poulrrt eggs and sitk cocoons. Theexlensron oSencies should plan srlareEies lor sn.lt farmers loreduce the risk i. farninS rnd ro ougmenr ner larn income from rhe

farn as a qhore. Aila*.d er ar. (2005) deternined lh.r ncl profir pcllitre of milt *as highesr in ihe tarms wirh 6cdiun sized t!hdholdi.gs es conprred ro rheir bi88.r coonrerpa s, Th€y sugg.sl.dlbar ih.r. could bc lncreasing scopes for popolari2ing ditkpiod!cl'on thiough $ossbr€d cows. Babcock (2005) studied !hrrcurr.nl econonic condirio,s w..o ircreasing lne rclariv.p.ofilrbilitt of moving more livesiocl producrion inro rhe co.n Betr

l0

2,2,4 Co!t of P rod u ioncost ol production eilher or mitd or ot slock has b.cn € cor.

or rbe m6jor studies to estimare lhe .cononics of livesloct. R,ju clal. (2001) conducled a study that.osr o. fodder and concendaresforned the hajor sbare in th. totat.ost of f,itk producrion in alt rncc egories oi milk producers, Howerer. n.r.eturns p.r titer ofbufralo nitk rere aound to b. hiCh.n in rhc snal berd size oitkproduc.rs folloled by nedium and large herd size mitk producers.Sinil.rlt, D.oghare & BhaIrcharyya (t994) had.articr r.pon.dthe sane results bur ir revcated rhal larg. farfr size wirh bellc!!v!ilabiliry of resour.cs and na.ascmenr .!rn€d norc profil. TheInpuroutpur ra|1o, n.t and overaI net income Nas hisher in ihis8roup. v.sani er at (t992) d.rernin.d th!rror 26.02 perc.nr. dry foddcr for 26.44 p.rcenr. and sre.n fodd.rand lobor cnarg.s for 22.95 perce.l eacb of ov.raI av.rasc cosls.Starovic (1989) reconh.nd.d rh!t hiSher quality fe.d3 be u3.d,losses !cduced. labor raiionalized ,nd impro!ed iechnotoC' beinrro<tuced ro r.d!ce t!bor r.quirencnls oDd overhe,ds and increaselhe productive age of co*s bt using sood nanagc6enl. Shiyani .r!1. (1992) s€lecred 240 mitk producer bous.hotds using,2-sr!g.stratificd randon sonptihS rech.ique n cuj,ar. rndia and nored lharcoiielorion *irh mitt yietd s.re sisniaicanl and posiriv. tor sr.cnfodder costs, and tixed cosrs in a| rhe tarningsroupr, ror d.y fodder cosls in l6ndt.ss an<r mcdi!n srorps, !ndmiscellaneous costs in rne sma groupi tabor cosrs qere nors'8,ifica.rl, corretatcd vilh hit( )ict,l in any sroups_ Cossani &Rto (1992) sudi€d rh. nil! productioh srsrens on snal|, mediumand larSc farms ard ini.tred that ourpul,inpur.!tio was hiSher forrarg€ farners followcd by m.diun and rhen sna|l, The, suBBestcd!hrr belt.r financjst tocitity ior tarmefs io Furchase bene. b,€eds ot.

ll

an'nals, concentrar. .nd provision of.faici.nr cirr

Sharm! & Rajpati. (t989) aound out tnat cosr of nitkp.oducrion q.s tnc low€sr in seni.urban ar.ss ,nd rhe hiShesi inrur.r sr€!s. The difLrenc. w.s du. ro the sood involven.nr of$oncn rn rur0l orcrs. Dry fodder and t!bor were under-ulitized jn

u.b.n dairy unils vh.rcas sr..n fodd.r..6.ccnhar.s.nd t0bor wer€und.&u1iliz.d in scmi-urban dairy units, Il was con.tuded lhar muchscope Nos !!3ilobl. for rGa ocation of €x6Un3 resourccs roop!'mi.e lheir uritization. Sy.d er.t. (2003) inv€s!i!dr€d f,on ll0comnerclal buffalo dairy farns in pesho*or di!ision by enptoyingcobb-Dousl.r producrion f!ncrion th!t .rpl.ined rhc r€lalionshipbet*.en t{o major sources of vari.bt. cosl i... tabou, ,nd fe.d andincomc pff !ninal pd day. Constant Et!sticiry Subslirulionproduction fun.lion did not conv€r!. whe. firrco ro.cononrc dar.

2,2.5 Econonics ol Milk prod!criorMilt produc!ion has ! direct b.oribS nol onty ro lh. jocial

a3pccrs but the poverty persp.criv€s.s ve . One inpoiant q!csrionbe explored thal shy one sp.cific br.ed of co! or

buf|lalo mak.s belt.r yietd in on. circunsran.cs as comp.red roothers wirh sane healrh sratus. The underpinninCs !re conptex. Thecxislins bodt of lit.ralur. is providing psrri!l truth ofln€ srory asztf^t (t932) co.ctuded rh.r rhe condition under !h,ch lhe 6ilkproduccrs in rhe Punjab ar. prescnlty passins do no! offe. a

aavorsble ground ro srimutrr. d.iry d.vetopm.nr du. ro tow price oamilk receiled by the producers, This is oie !e,k side of the srory.BUI o. th. olh€r hand Bal el at. (t989) evatu.red rne econonjcs ormilk production and nored rhar tb. inlermcdi.ry ag.hcres rnvotved

l2

in milk colleciioh, tlanspodation and markeling w.re found !oconcc.orte l0-40 percenr of th€ co.sum.r price, rhey r.poiedsurplus of milk sbich could be exr.6c1ed by jnproving rhe exis!ingnark€ring slsren and providing r.nu.erlrivc prices lo mitkprod!cfis. Badr (2005) investigaled !hal Egypt had r. advent!ge oinilk producrjon bur produclion w!s srilt tov due ro radirionpracrrces and \as in3ufficienr for loc.l .o.sumprion. Esyprinpo.led diflfienl tinds of indus!ri.t nitk producis like nitk sney,dry c!s.in. concenrat.d and .vaporatcd nilt. Th. pr'cin! of millbecam. Inconsislenl and did not represenl thc true value ot nitk.

Anolher ream of researchers, Sudheer el al. (1999). estift!ledtnat d.iry co-operalivcs {.rc provcd lo bc viabte insrh!rions forrural d.velophehr which had the capacity for g€neraringenployment.nd iocome !mong ruEl liv.srock owncrs. Th..conomics of milk produclion in an organized secror (n.nbers ofnilt co-operotive socie!ies) !as sub,l6nlia y betr.r thrr lhat ofunorS.rrzed s.ctor (non_m.Db.rs of co-op.rariv€ socierjes). shirdi€t al. (1989) used rwo-slage slrarified randon sanplins by setecling2 vill!8€s from €rch oa rhe tO raluk.s in Kh.ds disrricl. Th. over!lt

of oilk producrion, price ot ni|I. and relurns, inpur-outpul rario, cnd annual n€l cosr of nainten!nc€, respeclvcr, $.r.2.45.2.a2.0,J7, l:1,15 and 3s62,41. pard!c & B.rrand (t990)srudied rbe faclors which conrributcd to lbc probt.ms of lhe daif]produc.rs in Sourh Carolina, inctuding tow nilk pric.s. unstabtemarLet conditions and se!erat rec.ni sumner droushrs *hichr€sult.d in liigh feed pric€s. tf nitk p.i.es ,ncreas. sod southCorolina dairt produceis continue ro ado!r ro new rechnotogies,lhcy 4n sharc in srosins ni|l nark.r. R.o.1 al_ (r991) siudied.co.onics of buafrto faifting .hd poinred our rhrr nitk produclioncnd net

'ncone w,s lower for snalI f.rne.s th.n la,g. farncrs. F.ed

.ll

and fodder co s wcr. 7l p.rcenl of roral cosl. In ,.orher study.o.d!cled by Chaudhry and Chaudhry (1992), milk p.ice 3hosed,posiljv. correl.rion wirh number of mitk anindts per turhcr andnes.riv€ reklionship was observed wirh.rop inr.nsiri.3, lr *.sconcluded lhal dairy anim!ts sere ess€ntial part of turh plans andsere esse.tially n..dcd so !! cash r.rurn, to provid.enploymenl for sone of the ex.ess tanity t6bor and !o sei!e asuserul ourlet for fiop byproducrs. tqb.t 1t984) studied rh.efficiency of r.soDrc. ottoc.rio. of tivesrock fa,ms. He esrinatedthat rhe avemge maxihun and mininum milk production per buffatowas 9.10 litqs ard l.l2 titcrs as conp!r.d ro wirh 5.16 and 2.tOlilers in cos. of cow. Kuhar er ,t. (2004) conducred a st!dy onsmall .cale t'rmers for ccononics ot milk production. Ir wasshoscd thar lhc feed and todd.r cost was rh. nosr imporlonr ilem ofrhe total mainrerancc cosr. The mitk !ietds per t!ct!rion per niil.niodl $ere high€r in targ. size group foltowcd by sm!lt ondnedium size Sroups_

Bhatli .r al. (1989) coiducred a diosnosric surve] roinvesligale th. problcns of sna farn€rs reg.rding liv.srockproduclion and found oul lhat the a!eraee nitk production for cowand bulfalo !as 4.0 !.d ?.9 lirre p day,,.rp€ctivety. Th.5ru{tyrevear.d rhal rhere w.s a shotlas. of grc.h fodder. Mor.over, lh.age ar rirst crlvins, taclarion teogrh and cslvi.g inlervrt wer.unduly lons. Sinitarty, ABarwot et at. (1989) urilized dara on sal.price of dairy a.imats sotd through pubti. suclion during t9?4-8t atthe Nalional Dairt R.sfa,ch Insrir!r. f!rm, K,rn.t, lndi.. Theyno1.d lhal age al lir3r cat!ing. tacr.rion number !nd hitk yietd onday b.for€ di.posat conribur.d signiaicantty ro rn. s,re prrce or.dnim.ls in mitk and pr.B.ancy. Bhorri (1989) e!.tu.red rhrr njtkproducrion is .n inleBrdl psrt of rh. faroins sysreD and is in

Ben.ral. a subsidiary a€tiriry of €rop production a.d .or lhe mai.sourc. or incoh. for rh. turner. H. .ored .har as th€ number otdiaoght animals declines sirh rhc adve.t of lhe ractor, no.etbdd.r will be 6voilabl. for dairy c!rrle and. sith no.e control on

cattle breedirg, cross-br.d or indigcnotrs dairy bre.ds crn be

introduced lo aurrher i.cr.os. nilt yi.lds. Bur Hossu et al. (1989)

conducred an cxperide.t over a 4 year period ro stud] thc eff.ct ofpasrure r)pe man0sen.nl sysren and lev.l ot concenrralesuppl€menr on nilk produclion in tmrllholder d!iry unirs. Mitkyi.ld/ha vas hi!her fron rolalional grazing. Thc resutrs indicaledthot small holder dair! unils in Matoysio coutd be economi€,llyvi3bl. and conperirive wirh orher.8ricutruQl .ntcrprises,,uch as

rubb.r and oil pllm, On rhc olher h!nd. Loha.o and soonro (2006)cond!ct€d the sl!dy thar forecast€d nitk producrio. in pakistah b!using Random walk Modcl wirh drii and rrend sr!rion..,.uror.3r€ssirc oodel. R.3utrs sho,.d tnal nitk producrion inPokistan Nas characteri2ed as a random watk hodel with drift,rhich indic.led rhal th. shocks io troduclion in ! year hadpernan€nt efl€ct on rhc l.vcl of fur!rc producrion. The torecaslre3ulls showed lbai ihe annuat nilk prod!.rion B.s expecrcd togrow at 4.17 pc.cent per annum.

2,2.6 Animrl F..ltL rtrd F.edAninal hedlth has a gr€al beoring o. the hitt producrion and

.ubscqu€.11! infieas€d l.v.l or incom.. rr i. agdi. rhe edu.!lion otthe households trhich should dcr.rmine hos nuch he or sbe is

mainrain lh. dierary needs of rh. dnimat lo ortimallev.l of nilk p!oductio., Nso.goni et at. (2006) in ih.ir srudyidenrilied major consrrainl' .nd oppo !niries f.cing rh€ sma dairyrarh.rs in zidbabse. Th.y lound rhar rhe perfo.m.nce of cows jnlerms of low milI yi€lds and tong crtvinB inlervats *ere allribured

t5

to low levels or nutrition ond naoagement on rhe pa{ ofhouseholds. Qurnritarive and quatit.tiv. t eds *€r. timilinS in rhcsmallholder seclo!. Sh!h (1992) found lhc nutrilion,l impact ofmoderi dairy d.velopnenr proc€sses on lhe rurat.conomy in tndis.nd found rhat rhe food inrak€ ot landtess farners is greal.r in ddiryvill.g.. The cxl.a ircome gcnerst.d rhrough th. sat. of mitk atto$slhe purchas€ ol olher foods nor produc€{i by rhe ferm.rs, O, lh.olhe! hqnd il Ras also r.ati2cd tbal by protiding be er narterinBfor sal. of surpr!3 oilk rhrouBh cooperarir. would tudher r.duc.lhe nutrirional starus ot poor, The unconsuoed milk cdn be marketed*iib lh. irrroducrio. of Sood nark.lins pracricGs. sha.n! .r .1,(1995) poinled our thst in exotic and crossbred catlte rhe highr!taliry rar€ (9.73 perceni) oay be du. ro rh.ir erearc. susccplibitir!to FMD than thc narive €o t. dhd buffotoe3, Modetity *as rccordedmostly in cal!.s or 6-t2 oonlhs of rge. Crtves below 6 nonths ofa8e wer. less prone ro th€ dis€,s.. Jena (1988) rcporlcd thar rh.most serious difficully i. !he dev€topmenl ot ti!esloct, which issen€r.lly tatcn up by smal| asrn€rs as, s!bsidiary occup.rion inIndia, is the qualily end quonlity ot av6itable animal food androddcr- Ir w!s obs.rved lh.r in spire of bit d.vetopn.,rs, th.oulpurs do nor *irh lhe aoount ot investm..! andeifors nad.. ln pakista.. .arlier. youn!s & yaqoob (200j)suggest.d for th€ appropriar. m€asures for m.inrainins rh€ h.atlh ofcal!es psrlicularly l.nat€s because th.se arc norna y rerained btrhe Lhilies for aurur€ consunprion an{t tivetihood. younas a.dYoqoob (2005) conductcd a sludy for Iivesloc{,mproven.ir andidcnrifi.d rh.r .ffici..t use of atail.bl. f..dihponant so!rce for b. er yield and quatiry of milk. The provisionof f..dins stulfs of.d.qust. nulririonot qurliry yas tikcty ro be th.nosl liniling facror in increosin! I'vestock productjon in rh.d.v€loping counlries.

l6

2.3 RURAL POVERTY AND LIVESTOCX FARMERSTh.r. is a. anpl. litcralur€ rh.r shows. posiriv. r.ta(i6nthip

bet*een livesrock rearing and po!.rty d .!iario. rhough hosl oa

such findinss ser. base<t on .conooic paramcrers i.si.ad oa socio-econooic indicators, Ayaln€h Bogat. (2002) srudi.d rh. pove.rtptofile in rural and nade marsinal clfecr anal!sis of th. exogenousvrriables which r.vealed rh!l €mong orhe.s. cuhivar.d l.nd perAdult Equiv.l.nt, seosr.phicat tocarionj .ducation and oxenownership had gr.arcr rol. in r€ducing poverly, Rao (1988) report.dlhat thar sbout 37 percenr aarners b.ncfir.d arom thc Sorernncnrloan schcne and lhus comc out of pove.y rrap. Adahs ohd H€

11995) argued rh!r local cows and t nate bufialo wqe lbe nainsourc.s of livesroct incon. for both th. poo.est as welt as rhericbesl households The poor, hore!er. deriv.d 6(] percenr of lh.irriresloct incom. fron locat coss. Ki,g (2002) rev.rt.d lh!r E5

P.icenl or UCanda s ?2 million peopt. !ere b.sed in rurat areas lnd80 perceni (2.5 million families). priharily cngreed in subsislence.8r'cullur. and liv.srock farming. 85 p.rc€nt ot mitk and 95 perc.nrol beef consuDed ih the counrry was fro6 indigenous callte raisedtraditionall, by the poor farners. Hc susBesrcd rhal modern socialrools and praclic.s aor tiv.sroct dcvetopment musr be inlroduced foreradicatin8 po!e ] in the counlry. N,zti (2003) foond lh.t 4?p.rcent of rural househoid d.pendcd .irhe. on aarn or tivestock forrheir litelihood Nhile t3 p.rccnl househotd3 !*e sol.ty hascd onlivestock. The incidence of poverty $as found highesi smonC lh.serural bouseholds. Moreov.r, rFpRI (2004) repoied rh!l liveiockrevolut'o. could s.ll becon. a key me..s of !lt.viari.g pov.ny i.lhe hexr 20 years. Livesrock pi6ducts otso benetir rhe poor by!llevioling lhe protcin ond nicooulricnt d.aicienci.s prevatenr ind.telopint countii.s. Iocreased consumption of .v.n snaadditional onornls ol ftesr end mitk crn provide ine same tevel of

nurrlenrs, prorern, snd cclories ro lhc poor thrt a targe and diveiseonoont 6f t.3e!abl€s and cereots co!td provide. saba el al. (2005)visu,lized rhd wilh vcry snaI snd marSin!t opcra!ionat hotdingjincr.ased milk producrioi could be a. cfficienr s,y ro improve

2,!.1 D.termjtrrnrs of PoverttSom. of th. srudi€s hrd sho$n corr.tates ot porerry Ihich are

equ.rly i.lcranl ro lhe impacr of tiv.slock on po!erly aIe!j.lion.For .xample, RodriBoez (2000) srudied rhc delerninanrs oa poredyin Mexico and fotrnd rhat the v.riabtes liar Nere posirivetycorrelared with rhe probabitiry of beinS poo, were srze ot lhehous.bold. living ih rurat rreas. !orkine in a rurat occuparion andbeing a domesiic sorkcr. vdria6les n.g,tiv.ty coreta!.d Dirh rheprobabilit] ol beins poor sere rhe educaiion tevet of rh. houschotdhead. his/her aBe and !herher he or she sorks in a profcssionat orniddle level occupalion. Th. mulii-variare ansrysrs shoRed lhotinq.ases in educslionat anainhent nad an inpo a,r

'npa.t on

reducihB rhe probsbilily rhat a household was poor. SimitcrtJ,Elsh.ikh & Chamhuri (2002) uscd ienonr ho!s€hotd tev€r dara f,omGe2iro irrigated !rea and examined p,obable d.r+min!nrs of rorslpov.(y. enptoyinS an ordihat toSisrjc reSression nodcl Ayemplorins nulrivariale ordihat togi.tic m.!hoos. 1! wds re!eat€dthot hous.holds head.d by otd r.nants aid wofren w, j tow€duc!lion!l artainmenl, and tsrs. .unber of chitdren rcre tikct, to

2.3,2 I!con. rrd Dnptoyh.niPandey (t988) srudied lhe conr,ibulion of doi,y buffato.s to

incone and eDploymcnr sen.rarjon on miied farns in lndia andnor.d thar dairy buffatoes conlributed subsranrir||! to incomc dnd

i8

enployment und.r.xisrins cropping patr€rns, bul !h.ir relariv€importan€e d.clin.s as larn sizc inc...s.s. Siogh and Si.gh 11983)examined th. possibilities of incr.asing frrneis' inconc snd

enploynenr rhrouSh on-farn doiry.nr.rprises. The inveslocnl in

dai.] enlerprise Nas analyzed and res!lrs sbowed rhal ii lhevul.errble gro!ps (lai6 laborers snd nlrginal and small farmers)productivily, incoDe and l€vels ol .mployn€nr were in.r.as€d.N.mdar & Elahi (1993) conducted ! surv.y in irriglt.d.nd blranisreas of P!.j.b and shored lh. incom.s from aninals *erc hiSher

in irrisared.r.as rhan barani or..s bur share in i.co6e !!s lowq(22 percent) in inigated f.rming lhrn bar6ni (37 pe(eot) iarningsyslems. Bh.nd. & Venkalarsm (1994) analyzed rhat reering of milkaninols on l.rns tro!id€d an opporruniry for a di!ersified crop plan

and in$eas.d labor enploymcnt. Th. incon€ from dairyins also

r€duccd d.pcnd.ncc on borros.d funds- Zhanyuan (2004).rsuedthor Boar dcr.lopn.nt €nobl€d a pan of !sricullur.l l.nd ro rurn

inro nutririon producine. coat r.aring rhrough Bross plrntinsreduces trsin produclion ard i.cr.ase livesrocl incone, Coal

derelopnenl in mounlainous areas not only ulilized the incr.asinE

srass rcsourc.3 wilh the nat'onal polict of.elurning cropldrd ro

Ioresls and grassl,nd, bur also.nabl.d farmers lo mare nore

Anrrjii and Toshihiko (2003) co.ducted study that Buff.lo hNd an

i.teSral pan ol liveslocl asricullure in Asia for ove. 5000 tears .ndhiChliShls lhe inporlanc€ of buffalo lo the economic and social

fobric, especi.lly of rhe sfrall and landl.ss rural poor. Saccd, ljaz &

Faruq.. (1996) sussest€d to pronorc agric!ltural and hci.eeconomic Srowth. Pakislan musi m.r. morc c..dir availablc loagricultu.6l snsllhold€rs, rh. rur!l nor-farn secror,.nd *om.n.Thet furth€r s.id rhar to inp.ov€ rhe perform.nce in rh. rural

.conomt and effici.nct in financi.l insiirurions. rural credirm.rk.ts husl be liberaliued. Comm.rcial b6nks nusr operate in a

conpetilire €nvironmenl. Th€y musr be allowed to scr inreresl rat.sfor rural lendinB rhat cover tneir lr!isaclion cosls. Upton (2004)sludi.d tn!t..inalr w.re source of food most spcciallt prorein aor

huo.n d'.rs, i.con...mploynenl ..d for.isn cxchrng.. For towincone prod!cer, liv.stock could s.rv..s a nore of w.attn: provid.drouSht pouer and orgdiic fertilizer for crop produclion and a fteaior trcnsporl. I.vestnenr in li!estock sector could rrise farmproducrion lhrough a. cxl.nsio. in lh. cutlivlrcd !r.r, and hcncctolal producrion p€r h.cl're of asriculr!r!t tand incre.sed.

World Baik (1995) assessed sone porcrly trends in pdkislan. and

sugg.si.d for impro!.hent in thc access and qu6tily of ser!iceprovision: impror.ftcnr i. lhe gov.rnnenr s.rvic€s and ingovcrnrnc. srrucrur.;.nd a. enl.rg.d rot. ror th. privaie se.tor,addr.ssing ihe lo* social a.d honan devetopm.nr slarus of lh.naJorily of Pakislanis, Cozda. (t998) in his schota!t, revieu ofpor.rr! in Pokisian eslimsted povcirt i. diafereot.grarisn zones!nd rurdl pov.dy shich was aff€ct.d by non-incooe f.clors, such.seducal'on and health. Thc aurhor atso provided ! rnoro!gh anolysisof th. .cohonic and social siturrion of lhe poor. Shirazi (1995)used the Losil mod.l to determine lh. probabiliry oi poor household!nd lcvcaled rhrt as lhe educlrional t.vel of rhe h.!d of horsehotdin$$s.d, rne probability of rhal ho!sehotd being poor defieased.Ho!s.hold siz.. dGpendency.ario, and.c.ess to $.dir {ere atsotaken inlo consideretion lo find oul rh. poven, deteininshts. Ka2i(199s) examined the rclorionship b.lw€en po!erty and inrdequa!ehuran !rd capilol d.v.lopnenl. parricutarty educrrion, aid beli.!.drbal somen confronr.d r disproponionalety nish burd.n of povc(y,n.jnry on accounr ol rh.ir rcsrricred acc.ss ro tand and olh€r assers.

!nd to soci.l servicet and lo th. bbour narker- In educrtion ond

lit.racy attainnenl loo. lher€ w.r. s!bsr.nrial gender diff.r.Dces inlow incone famili.s. won!n ate also f.ced wirh fe*er employmenr

opporlunities, and *om.n sp.nd nosr of th.ir rime in non-income

€arnins nousehold acrivities. The p.p.r examined Sov.rnnenlini!ialives (Social Actioi P!ogramhe) upon enhancing lhe

socioeconomic posilion of women. Aldc.man qnd carcio (1993)

rieued thal far srealer.mphasis on rhc.ducatioi and heollh ofwom€n was required to inft.as. welfar.. chilonda aid orte (2006)

.oied ar inlernaiional le!el, ther. qas vari.lion in lerms of rhe

exlenl and nalure of livcsloct s.ctor Bropth snd in!a.isbly the

exrenl lo wnich lir.stock could contribur. towrrds the acnievencnt

of th€ Mille..iun Dev.lopn.nr Oo!ls (MDCs) pdnicol.d! ibe

eradic!tio. of pov.iy.

2.{ GENDIR AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIYESTOCKFARMERS

Som. of (h. r.c.nt Iit.r.rurc rcvcrlcd rh. diff.re.ces in hosm€n and Non.n rak..co.omic d.cisions, Thei. is ! l ge litera(ure

on gender dilferences in decision n.ling (Chasanri, 1986; Hudgens

and Fotkin, I985: Johnson and Po!.11. 1994; Powell, 1990). Borbar

and Odean (2001).ored that n€n tr.ded sroct nore olle. rbr6

wonen and ihus recei!ed lower r.turns, The) drgued thst for being

o!€rconfidenl. nen belie!.d thar lhet could outperrorn oth€m by

taking their osn decision3. When th€! take decision u.der risk !nduncerrrinry. wonen w.re found lo be mor. conservaii!. ond less

conridenr (sexro. r.d BoNnr.-Upron. 1990r Zinkhan and Karande,

l99l). Thus . sood numb.r of 3ludi.r shos.d lhar sonen aie less

confid.nt thei. decisions.nd .ppro..h oncc.l!inr! grearer c6uiion

(Rao (1939) assen.d rhsr rhere is virrually no alr.rn.liv. ro r.tianceon cooperative forms of organizalion and focuscd on rhe AnandPattero of Cooperalives (APC) vhich is a 3liered stslen verticallyintegr.lcd fron vill.g. l.vel socicries lhroush disrici l.vel unjonsro ! 3lale l.v.l f.d.ralion rhar s.els ro enconpass atl oper.lionfrom p.inart productioo 10 n.rkcling, Bardhan ( t989) srudiedop.r.tion Flood qith th€ ob.jecrive of building a nodern viab1.coope!alive dairy industry b!sed upon lhe ,,Anand pa crn,, oa dairtdev.lopmeni ibrough lh. inslilution of farfte. co-op.rarives whoseproducernehbcrs m.y bc of any tociat ct.ss and tandhotdingst!1u3. It i.rolves .ccepring food in rh. forn of d.iry s!rptuses loall€vi!le tefrporary lood shorlages. and lo sen€ralc funds, throu8hsolc of mi1t, rhal can be used 10 in$ease dodesiic producrio. ofmilk dnd ot farn incone. TFPRI (2004) reporr€d lh.! rh. ru.al poorr.d landless, especially women, gct r hishcr shar. of lheir incomefrom liv.stock rh.n bcll.r-off rurat p.opl..Blyadev & Mcyadev (199?) re!ealed rbal social pa icipstion had

highly strone ossociarion rilh lhe t€vet of adoplion of housing,lecding, breeding, disease prev.nrion and .ale-Dur€hos€. Socialprrlicapalion was nor found ro h.vc !trt significanl !ssociarion virhlh. ldoption of milkins. call r.!ring ..d c!r. nan!e.n€nrpr.ctic.s. Preuss ( 1989) nored lhet ih Pr*israni punjab, Iivestockf.rniis on snall and mediun sized forms is tarsely lh.r.sponsibilily ol th. wonen. Efforts m!tr b€ railorcd ro rhe needs ofrh. soh.n ror li!.srock devetopn.nr !nd ils disrriboriv€ effectupon rh. roral mrss.s, Naidu et al. (1992) nored thar €mplo!m.nropportuniries in dairting. eilher fu or psrl rime, ar.3r.at.r lorwomei than lor ocn and nore fult rime emptoymcnt has bee.creal.d anongsr nrrginol rhan !mongst sn.lt farmers. Koochekj andNejcd (2000) idc.rilicd rhar lack of sutaicienr fecd r.s rhe nrjorconstr!inr ro rhe livesioct indusrry in tran_ D.8radrraon of rh.

rang.lands in the dry.rc!s, due lo heav! populrrion of ti!estoct,..d h.nc€ over usc caused seriour social and ccononic problcns.shlrn. & Rajpali. (1989) worred on econonica ot d!iry units andlound our rhor cosr of mitk produclion was rhe tow.st in seni-urb..ar.as and lhe highesl in rorat areas, The diff.r!nccsood invol!.ment of women in .ur.t areas. Ayatneh Bog.le (2002)in his sinuhtion of probabitily .rrimrrc! show.d thar f€mat.-head€d households alloc.ted rheir avaitabte !esour*s in such a wayas ro obl.in mofe caloti.s per cspiia rhan lbei! counterpai mat.-h€aded houscholds. Sioil!rly. ElsheikhddChomhuri (2002) susgesr.dlor pro!irion of educ.rion cspeci.tty f.mate €duc!rion, improvinBidig.tion syslcn. inproving n!it.r opportuniti.! and providin!basic sm.nities such a! electri€ityi roilel f.citili.s rnd driitinS*a1er ra.ilities. Ni.ls.n (2004) .!!tudred lhe BangladeshSnallhold.r Liv€srocl D.vclopn..r Proje.r and r.poied thrt 28percent of the households had moved rbove rh. pov.rry tin€ ond rh.trhe proj.ct had nade a subsldnrisl conrribulion to hunsndeveropneni as ne$ly all th€ somen report.d improvedent in ih.ir€conomic condirions. Womcn *€rc rh€ prinary b.neficisries.ndircre.s.d.arnings w.r. used lo buy more food. send cnitdrc. toschool and iDcreas. pbysical asser3 includinS purchasc of tand. Th.Ronen s p.rticipalion in household decision m.king qas increas.d.

CII PTfRJ

METIIODOLOCY

To obtsin rhe objccti!es n.nlio.ed in Chapler r, a deraited sur!eyof 600 farn€rs ..g.Bed in dairy acrivirics w.s conducred. Duringlhe surv.y farners were inr.rview.d ro obtain th€ information rharcould .nliahteh rh€ aninat keepinc sysrem and conslrainrsrssociar.d in th. ar.! und.r srudy.

3,1 S.nplitrg ind Drtr Co €.rio.3.1.r s.l..tion of Sir.

The aie, selecred for lhis srudy was silu6ted in rhe.enter otth. Punjab iPrlistsn) province, The.r.a setccr.d was frnous for ir,milk prod!ction tr.dilions. Atrhough rhe ar.a do.s nor..pres.nr theenlire Puijab area bur reason for s.tection of this ar.a can b€justified.s il *rr cxp.crcd rhar rhis !r.. NiI r.n.in a! rhelor.fronr in rilk producrion and w.3 inr€.sifyins lh. viIas. mitk

3.I.2 S.l.cliotr of F.rDerFrom rhe sel.cred viltages,60O households *er. setecled fo,

inlervievs who sd. *eeping ar te.sr one b!tfato o. co!. To achi.vea samplc of 600 forners. erigibte househotds wqe r.ndomtys.lecl.d p.r !i I l'g.,

3.1,3 Strrv.y ItrrervicwThc set€cl.d frrmcrs sere iilervi.w.d

minure! The quesrionnaire in( tud€d ropic\ tikceducarior of herd ol hou)ehotd. incone ,ourc.,,

urilizrtion. liv€sroc* ownershi!, fodd.r resourc.s and uriliz0rion,usc of conc€ntrar.sj l!clalion p.riod dara, hilk urilizarion,objecliv€s of dairy husbandry, animal h€allh .nd reproduclionnanagemenr- The dala included maximum daity !ietd. Irclationl.ngrh .nd nonlhs opened of rhe tasr comptere tactation.

The farners ob.,ecrive for l..ping livesrock ras examinedlhrou!h paired conp!iison. The dara coltected *.rc used lo drawlhe vclid infornaiion on differ.nt psr!toe1ers and objectives !sdiscussed previously. Th€ dala wa3 depicled in p4ccntage andsland!rd efo. vas c.lc!lat€d. B€sr possibt€ starisricat lechniquesw.r. also applicd ro dr!w rne valid conclusion (Sle.t and Tonie,1980),

3.1,,1 Sune! rn.l Srnplini Proedure

To scn.r!te infornaiio. on frrm n!Dasement pr.ctices ond

'ncon. pan.rn of ll. a.rme.s, a d.lril.d survey w.s conduct.d. Thc

disrricr of T.L siiSh wss selectcd as rhe study area as najority oa

lbe small farmers weie naintaining tiv€stoct in rh. rural areas,R!r.l po!erty in Punj!b is hiShesr lhan urban arcas, A ranooDsadple or 600 respond.nrs_ fron rh. nixed croppi.g zon€ of TT

The randoD sahpling wls donc in th€ fo owing rhree sragcs.In thc first stage totEl sdmpl€ sas otlocated io rhree T€hsils. AI lhethrc. T.hsils wer. alnosl €quatt, conlriburing loqards rhe pu.jabdon.stic produclion. Thus_ ir *as decided.o take equat r.spond€nt3from..ch T€hsil i.c.200 livesrock farn€rs.

lh the seco.d slase of sanptiiS. t0 riltages from 5 unioncouncils of each Tensil were selcct.d rdnd6toty. Th. nunber ofsanDl. farmeis !ill.g. *as propor!ion!lety di$ribulcd anons rhcr.ndomly selcd.d tillages based on rhe sharc of snrlt tiveslocka.rners in rbese villag.s.

ln lhe lhitd stasc, sahple *as divided inlo tRo ps s. Firslptrl of lh€ sanpl. consisr.d of l.ndowners atrd second par landtessrespon<lents. According to lhe p.oporlion of Iandowners and tandtesspr.!ailins in .ll rhe villsges, 80 p.rcenl of rh. total rcapondenlsw.r. landown.rs.nd 20 pcrc€nr tandlcss vcre r.len for inlervie*_Th.n from lh. lisr ofsm.ll rivesrock farmers in rhose ri|lrg.s fihalsanple was s.lecled. As rhe size of form inq.ases. p!oportion ofsmrll farners dccreascs. Accordine lo provinci.t sralislics, rbeproporlion or snall f.rn.rs harins land holdjnss up ro 7.j acr€swas 66 percent dnd gre.t.r lnan 7,5 ofies bur tess lhan t2,5 !cres,wrs r4 percenr, so 66 percent of rhc sahpte w.s rarei fron firsrc.tcSory '.e. less ihan ?.t !cr€s.nd remaining l.r p€rc.nt froms..ond caleBory (Erear.r lh!n 7.5 acr.s bur less than t2,t afies).soloral 600 larhers (480 land own.h and l2O t!ndless). S6npl€disrriburion is 8iv€n in rcbt.3.l.

Trble.l.l $bple D'itriburior

TT Siryh T.T SitrgL

t06 r06 3t8GE.Ei tho 7.5 bu t€ss than 54. t62

t20

200 200 200

A *ell slruclur€d qucsrio.naire w.s used ro coIect lhe data onliv.srock farm nanagem.nl p.actices. croppins p,q€.nj Inpor usc,producrio. constrainls, a.rn.rs p€rceptions ..g!rding rhei, so.ialslatus (Poor/Non poor). lnowtedge aboui growing ot v€gelabtes erc.

Ddr, on hous.hold chfiact.ristica 3uch !5 opcr.tio.al holdin!s,frmily size,.duc.tion, sourccs of idig.rion, in.om. rhd c!ltiv.rion

3.2 G.oSr.phlc F.rlrr.t3.t.1 Soclo Phy.lcil Ervi.o!n..t

Disrict Tobr T.k (TT) Si.gh h.s rhr.c T.hsils. All thr..T.hsils namcl, Gojro, Kan.lia .nd T.T. singh irs.ll of th. disrictTob. T.k Singh w.rc a.lccr.d, This di3rrict is lying in th...nter ofPunjdb provinc., Th. Ch.n.b Riv.r is irriS.ting rll rhe rhr.ct€hsil3, *hi.h is 2'd larg.rr rivq of P!tirr.n. FarD.rs of rhc zon.

srow mir.d llpc of crop! mrhd rh.n spcciali2cd cop$ h..cc th's

ditlricl com€s und€r nir.d croppirg zonc of lh. Punjab Pr.viice,This zonc is Iting b.lwccn I lo .nd 310 l.tirud.,

Th. Din.ict T.T. Singh is on. of th. dislrict or Ftisrl.baddivision. Thi3 di!ision li.s in lh. mixed (opping zoD. of Punj!b

provinc., lt .xp.ri.nccs ! binodrl inf!ll patrqn: onc p..t of r.inin F.bru!ry-M!rch and orhcr in ri. nonrh3 of July - Augusl. all lh.rhrce Tchsils cr. crn.l irriglrcd. B!r Dosl of 1fi. t$ncis wfcs!pplem..ling rh.ir irrigarjon rhrough puEpi.g our rh. undergrou.d

w!1.r. How.v.r. in Tob! T.l Sing (T.T,S.) rhc u.d.rground sct.rw.s broctirh and nor fir aor iiii8.lion. Bur thcr. w.r. fcw arrmers

who qcr. suDplcn.nting rhcir idiS.rion by naxa.g th. cs.al wct.r*ilh tu b. *.ll w!1.r,

Th. av.r!8. flrm siz. ii !his district wrs small.r lhan r.st ofrhe Punjob; mriily becaus. of r.lsliv.l! l.ss Irnd rvailabiliry.s!ppofting infrlsr!ct!r. s!.h a3 proporlion of irrig.led 6r.0.

nunb.rs of rube wells, .umbersd.velop€d as conpdred ro olherr.sull in low croppine inl.hsittcalls for n.w innovarion3 an lhis

of rr.clors. lit.ra.y rario wgc less

perl5 ol Punjab, All these faclors

and lo* yield of mrjor ftop3, Thisregion for the uplifi ol rur.l poor-

3,2.4 CropplngP.rtern

Two cfoppins s€.sons can bc dcfined i. rh. siudy arca, The

slans rrod May ro Ocrober snd is ca cd !s kharirs.rson and thc crops 8.own in thi3 3cdso. are c.Ied Kh.rif.rops.The *inle! scason sta s from No!embdr ro April and is calt.d R!biseason.nd ths c.ops cultiv!rcd in rhir s.ason ars crled R.bi crops.In thc sludy ar.!. wh.ar. R!bi fodd.rs. Ra6i v.gerrbtcs w.rc rhehain Rabi crops. In (h.rif season. cotron, sugarcane, todddr, ricelm6ize and !.gelobles sere rhe nain Kh!rif crots.

3.2.5 Liv.itock Srr.ngrhThe ihportanl source of in.ome of sma fardeis in rbe

dislrici u6s li!es1ock. tn ord.r ro sort out lhe incom. !ndcxpendirore ol the farh.rs fron livcsroct, tiv.sroc& inveniory *asslso.onsid€r.d. ln ord.r ro calcutatc lh. lorat ani6at unils on thefarhs. followins conversion faclors were rsed, Ati and Bashir el.al.1993. also us.d th€se conv.rsion a.cro.s.T.bL3l Atrin.b CoN.Eion F..roE

rq!!(i.rcb$ ol ^nim.b

Equhrktr. Atrim.l Uni|lt.28

2. 0.723 qlqc|ei YounB Srek 0.96

C@s YouS sr6l 0.5.15.

0,21. 0..28,

1.75I0. q9!kcv

43

JJ F.ro lnonc Elrim..tot

33.r F.rD G@ lncoD.

Farh Cross Incon. includ.s rh. incor. lfon &ops, tiv.srockand liv.rrock/f.rn invcntory.

3J.2 G.o!. h@D. frcn Cropc

The gioss rerur.s fron crops w.r. estifraled by mutripttinglhe output ofcrch crop wiih p.ice rec.it€d bt the farmer. Thc gross

reiurns for !.s.labl.s were eslim.t.d rh.ough the prices larmcrsrfceived b) selli.S rbei. produc. s.par.l.l, on per acr. b!sis.

333 G8lloDe lrcD Liv6r@lThis was obrained by conv.rring d.ilt

milk production per farm and rhe incone

Tolal mill income p€r larm = M

3.3.it Llv.rto.l/F.rr Irv..to.y IrcooeLiv.srock/Farm invenrory incom. wos obrain.d rhrough rhe

sale of a.rn !s3.ls like fodd.rs, livinS animals unns. tee3.r.. Alllnese s.!. conpuled at th€ prevailinS pric.3! ahd inco6e from orh.tsou.ces like sel€ of iube well wster. hiring out lractor if orn.d and

rron gard.ns w.re also !dded inio in!.nlory income.

In lhi3 st!dt farm cross incom., farn cost aod farn ieli.cones *.r..srinated. These will be discussed one by ond in rh.

milk yield inro rle rotal

wos eslinot€d by th.

ilk (Kgs)/day.millin!

l..l C6r olP.trdu.tid

It included th..osra6r *ops and liveslock,

b.ing us.d or the f.rm,been divided inlo thr..

Land input ircluded rhe re.t of Irhd. Sinc. nosl of lh.f!rn.rs were owner culrivllors and nor plying rny r.nr, rhe.efore,rhc renr wls calcul.l.d on rhe baris of prevailing r.nl rat. in lh.villrS. on per acre b.sis.

This included lh. !Doun1 ol wag.3 aclu.tly p.id ro permancnr

a.d clsu!l hired labor lor vlrious flrnjns oper!rio.s, Th. vases offarily aorkcrs *.r. inpui.d on lh. brsis of rhc nr. of wag. p!idro p.rfr.nent hir.d workers. Th. tabor uiits (Male AdultEquival.nt) were workcd our as fotlows:

L0 Mll€ Adun Equivrl.

0.t0 io-

0,7t Male Adult Euilal.nt

50

Th.se *a8es w.r. comput.d oi th. basis of time sp.nr on rhe

rarm b! esch m.mb.r, C.n.iall) 8 hours werc consid.rcd as one

workiis day. Th. opporlunity cosr of famil' labor sds consid.red

equivalent to rbe .arnings of p.rmrn..t hir.d lobor i.€. rh. rale

pr€valent in tne villag. for p*nrn.nr l!bor. This w.s don. on rh.assumprion rhrt a f.mily l!bor unir can subsrirur. for a p.rman.n1

hir.d labor in an cffccti!. rnd 3rtisf.croiy manncr.

The cosr .onc.rned with c!pir.l inp!rs ma' b. divided into

lired cost ard variabl. cost. Capir.l ir.ms consisr.d of s.v.ralitcms. Th. inr.r.sr and d.pr.ci.tioi of clpil!l anpuls w.r. thc rwo

componcnrs of fir€d cosr, Th. inpor|.nr ircms oa capilll inputs

ll consisrcd of bullock3 .nd lr!crors- ln th. case of bullocks

inlcren w.s calcuht.d at thc.rlc ot l2 p.rcenl and dcpr.citrion 3r

rhe ralc of l2 t.rc.nr of thc p!.s.nr v!lu. of dr!al tninlls. To rhis,

the cosl of nis..ll.neous ir.ns such cs chain, topcs, and mcdicine

ras !lso includ.d, (S!n. n.thod qas us.d by B!shir el.al 1998)

whil. ir c.s. qhcr. farhc13 h!d lr.clo6, th. d.pr.ciction. inleresl.

repair.nd fu.l chlrges p.r annum w.r. estih.lcd as !nd.r;

3,4,r.5 D€pBiidon ol rncrotThe depreci.tion cost of rracror was .slihaled rhrough thre.

First, roral depreci.ble omount sas ssriddled bt dcducling rh.salvose or lr!d. ii !!luc fron the markct pricc ol rraclor. Solvage

value wa5 larg.l, a funclion of rhc !8. ol th. lr.ctor. A3 sal!ate

5l

value \!s difficulr 10.nim.l., it *as rher€for., !ssuned lo lale t0percenl of lhe marlcl pric. of th. tr.ctor ra lu e. as salva8e ralue.

second, s.rviceable liL oa thc r.acror sa3 derernined. The

serviceable life of the lracror was a f!ncrion of nany fsclors likemslerial. desisn of mochin., anount ol c.r. and !.pair, amount .ndcondition of uee etc. In this srudy, th. tlacror life wss 1a*e. 10

years or 10,000 {o!king houfr.

Third, depreciarion cosr pcr hour was calculared by dividinglh€ loial depr€€iab1. anount by rhe total nuhber of rortins hours.

ln shorl d.precialioh con pq hour *as eslinaled !s:D= e:!

s=L=

D.preci.rioo cosr p.r hour

servic€.b1. li fe in hours

Annual inleresr €h.rge

3.4.t.6 ht 6i otr rh. ItrvgtD.trt of lnctotlnt.r.st on inv.srn.nr *.s al30 a fir.d cost i.e. ir sas

independenr of rhe ..nual use, Adouil of inl.resr w6s grealer

durina irs early years th.o duri.t th. l!t.r rears. !s I part it rascharged off as d€pr.ciarion cost, Th.r.fore, !v.rase !nnu!l i.rerestcost of machi.e was delerhined b! usin8 th. overag€ value ofdrcbine, Interesl cosl lbus wes calculat.d by usinS ihe iollosing

I = e !l'i2

I

cs

52

l1 wos variabl..ost compon€nt, The amouht of fu.t consumed

by traclors depcnds on their si2e, de., ond the load and sp€.d ofoperatio.. Fucl consumption of v.rious na(€s of lractors wrsdiffer€nt and il *cs bat.d on rhe s!rvc, conducled in rbe viI.scconcern€d. Fuel cons!n. per houf w.s nutripticd wirh rh. pr'cc ofaucl p.r lit€r 10 csrimal. rhe luet cosl pcr hour of r.ctor.

The cosl of r.pairs varies with n!chine op.rarori rhe ,s. olhachine and rh. condirion and !mounr of os€_ The cosl oa r.pairsincludes the cost ol r.plir parts, w.e.s of m.chanic and rh. cost oftransportalion and rim. 10 take rh. rrcror to parls or ro brins rheparls lo the trocrof, Tolol repaif cosr of Iraclor was

equ.l lo 100 p.rcenl of rhe purches. price ot t.actor, Th€ roralr.trir cosl $as co.lcrt.d inio .epair cosr per hour by dividi.e ir byannual wor!ing hours.

Nornolly rh. rat. of i.t€rest was rak.h l2 perc.nt per annum.The annual inre!cst charg€ sas converled into cost per hour, by

di!iding rhe nrnber of uorking hours in a year.

ll rrs fixed cost componenr, lnreresl and d€p!.cialion on th€present valuc of 5hcd p!s calculalcd .s under;

Kalcha + Prcca S hed

I.r.rcsr Dcor.ci!rio.2 perc.nl 5 t.rccilI2 p.rcenl 2.J perccnl

l2 percenl 4 percent

5l

3,4,r,r0 C6lolrub€rellgThe cost of rube s.lt, tike lr.ctorj can be divided inro rh!ee

Fir€d c6st \h'ch *er. incurred onc. rh€ iube w.lt Nas instaIed.variable cosr, wbich vary *ilh rhe operation of rube se . trincluded all lrems such as fu€1, eteclricity, tub!icanls. repair !ndl.bor. I.ler.sl and <tepr.ciarion srrc rh. fixed cost. Tor,t lube s€llinstallario. .osr included rhe c6sr of fo owi.e uonpuncnrs:.

. Dril tin g

. Pump .nd !cccssora.s

. Conn.crion cbdrgcs for e!ectli. r!b€ N€ll

Whilc in this study rhe inreresr, d€pr€cirtio.. repair rnd fu.lcharses tbr the tube wcll have becn estinrted by using rhe sameprocedure.s discussed lor rractor abov.,

3.4.t.11 C6l of Inpl€bcnt'.!d Tmtg

Deprccidlion snd inlerest of farm imptenenrs and toots wererixed cosl. The deprecicrio. on ihptcncnls ond root, !er€ chtsedon rh€ origincl porch.s. ptic. accordins lo rb. lit of€sch kind of.quipment. lnterest rrr. of l2 percenr per annun w,s u3.d roesrlmole th. cost of inplenenis per !.sr.

3.,1.2 CGr ol vtrn bb ltrpur!

Il includ.d the fottowinS irems:

Thc pric. pr.vailing ar lhc sowingcompuring rh. co!' ol hone produced seed ot \arJous c,op( rro$n

on ranpl. r!rns- Ho*ev.r. achat rhounts sp.nr on the purchas.d

s..tls were us.d aor each crop.

It *as pric€d on the bosis of.ctuat pricc paid for the purchase

ol f.rtilizer .pplied, tog.rhcr virh rh. cons of lr!nspoialion w.re

3.4.2.3 [f n-Yud-MtrureHon. produced farm yard n!nure was valuGd !r rhc pr.tritins

vilrage rate, lf purchased farn,yard-manure, ir ras pricGd on lhebqsis of acrual price paid for ir by sa6pte farn.rs in the srudy area.

The tractor hiring was vatued on lbe basis of acruat chorg.spaid for il by lhe sample farners.

J.4,2.5 rrb. rcll r.rer Drnh.*The actusl pri.e paid for th. purchase of lube welt war.r was

.stiff3led on rhe s,mplr farhs.

This cosr was esiimated by .oplanr proreclion measur€s .ppticdpr.vailing marker pri.€_

mputi.g lh. cosl of diflereniro diffcr.nr dops al rhe

Labor is us.d i. elch and evcry operarion ot rhe t rn producrsrairing froo s.cdb.d pr.pai.tion to h.rvestinB ahd sat. of rheproduce. To calctrlate lhc rorgt tabor cost for a specific crop, it wasdivid€d inlo lpo parls i... pre-hsrvcsring ar{t harveslinsthr.shinsrabor. As rhe respondenrs had nor.ny rc.ord for labo. op.rarions,lh.) could not rell ibe exacr tine duralion for valous op.rr!ons.

55

So the labor sl.ndards gi!.n ih Fa.m Manascm.nr Handbook (t993)ser. used but for th..3lim.rio. of costs, curr.nrly prcvrilingvilltgesr ral.s rere used.

3..1.2.E L.rd Rd.r(. ad w.tcr R t6The rar.s of land.evenue.nd waler ch.ie.s ro. differenl

crops sere diflerent and bosed on Kharir a.d Rebi se,son. So rhepaid ro !h. Cov€rnncnl for €ach crop *as raken into

accounr for wortins our rhe con.

3.5 Audg€tin!EsriEsiior

The fa!m budeels of Kharif and Rabi crops were eslimated. Inorder to sinDlify th€ budgcrs, physical u.ils ot rh€ inpur, s!ch as

plooshins, pl!nkins (Trrclor ond bullocks) sced, Ferlitizcr Nitros€n(N), Phosphorous (P). Potassiun (K), iftig.tion3 by €!hat a.d tubev.lls, interculrure. hocins. planr prorecrion neosures, Irbo! inhours for.ach crop were n!lriplied b, rhe !i ag. prev,ilins rores

cosl or.ach inp!r. The harvesring charSes a6.differen! crops *ere difa.r.nr in th. lhree districrs i,e, for wheal rheharvesli.s charges ran8.d fron 3.5-4 mou.ds (mound=ne!rty 40Kss) per acr., rhe threshinc charger! for \hc.l ,cr€ rangins froml/12'i ofth. produc€ ro t/t6,tr otrheproduce. ln mos. or lh. .os.sl/16'r oflhe produce was charBed Es threshing charges ior whert.

siniratly lor flaiz.. t/7'h ot rh€ lot!t produce w.r. lheliarvesr'ng. conbing and rhr.shine chrrses. Th. rice h,rv.srins andrhr.sbing sas raken in ti.o of lhe !ice s1raw, rhus no harvesrinscharBes *ere uscd. The physicat units of lhe !!rious inpul3 in lbcirrespecr've !nrres. Nere nulriptied bt lhe !ilt.!e preraiting r!tespaid by rhe farners. Thus roral cosr ot€och opcr.lion for.!.h crop

separo!ety in eacb !jisrricrs of the division.

56

3.5.2 Llv€stock Brdg€t3For the esrin!rion of liv.srock budgclt. rorat Rabi and Kharif

rodders grosn at farm !nd pu.ch.sed if.ny from oursidc- wer..valuarcd ar lhe vill.8. rares. The cosr or concenbare Ld ro milchanimals, (he cosl ot m€dicinc and orhers niscellan.ous ireDs *as.stin.t.d. Labo. cosl *as.srim.rcd on ih..ssunprion rbar,n adulr

c.n maintain folk of 8 animsl unils Bnd o. the basis ol this rorar

labor ras estimaled.

3,53 FrrnN€lRserueThe nel re!enu

Ner revenue per a$e (R=Cross rcvenu€ per

e 6.d Iross nargins were eslinated b]

acre Tolrl cosr p.r acre

Ner revenue f.on livesiock (Rs.)- Cross rcv.nue Torol cosr of Liv.stock

=cross.e!enue per ag. - V.riabl€ cosl pcr acre

- Sum of n.t incohe p.r farh of esch crop - N(.incone fr6o livrsrocl+ Income lron farninv€ntory + Off farn in.one,

The variable.osl was th. cosr which rhe farn€r incutred on

inputs in .ash, such !s cost of ploughing, seed, lenilizer, salerporchssed. labo. hired. planl prolection etc. In thi3 w!y net inc66eper acre *as estimated for each oop. In order ro eslid!1e the farm

nel income fron crops. respecti!e are! of each crop {as nullipliedby ner income of ea.h crop.

Tolal asrm ircon€ of ihe respond.nrs d!rin8 rhe year was calculared

by lh. lollo*i.g merhod:

Toral larn net incon€ p.r year (Rs.)

57

3,6 Elth.rion ol Pderry

On. of rhe oain objecti!.s of lhe srudy sas ro ob16in rh€

incone povcrly €srimal.t of small f.rn.rs. Each frrn€r had r.rioussorrce3 of incon€ such as crops and Iivesroc[. Sonc of rhe f.rn.rswere Scirins rheir incohe from eonc others source3 tire seltinBlheir sq!ices as daily paid worters or workins in som.orClni2alions borh public and priv.re and gc ing incon. as

enploy.d p.rsonnel s. Such rype of income *as rr..red as otf farnincome. Total fa!m incohe of th. respondehrs during the year *ascalcul0t.d bt sive..bov. form ula.

incmc pd pcen p€r monrh wa dimded by th. folowing fmutal

'ncomc P€r FMn ter mo.ti {To$l n.1 i.cone.o lan}/12

This *.s lhc tolal incon. availrbte lo e.ch nouschotd for the Drriodof on€ nonth for consunprion and non-consumprion .xp.ndirur.. tnord.r ro esrinat. povcrly st6tus, rhis was.onpsred wirh theNation6l po!erry line i.e. Rs,748 p.r person per monrh (covr, of

The nort inporlant m.!surc ol pov.rty is rh. FGT (Fosler, cr.Gran'l Thorbccte, 1984)) cl!ss of pov.rry n.asur.s which is exctusivelo measur. incidenc€ of poverty, deprh of poverly and seve!ily ofpov.rty. lncid€nce of poveny iHeod count Ratio) simply delernineshow ptoporlion of rhe popol!tion is b.lov lhe pov.rry tine_ .pov..l,

s.p (PC) mcasure is used ro €srin.t. rh. d.prh of povcdy rhichindic.tes rhe a!erage shorrf!lt b.iwe.n the incon.s of lhe poor .ndpoverty lin.. 'Squared Po!erty cap. (SpC) i€veal3 th€ depth of lhepoverly and measurcs inequatity.mong rhe poor. FGT ctajs otpoy€ny is neasur.d bt usi.8 rhe fottowing formutaic.xpression.

5E

Pn=unL l(z-ft lzl,

whcre n is the lorrl populorion, and q is ihe nuober ofpoor pcrsons.Yi stands aor rhc incom. ol rhe indatiduats ranging tron I ro n. Thepdr0merer q nry Irke a zero, one and tso !atue shich d.teimines

HCR, PC r.d SPC respecrivet!. For T. T_ siogh, rhe pov*ry tine(Z) Nat tak.n as such th,r or rhe sov.rnment of prtislan.sd.t.rmin€d rd!11 equirat.nl povedy tine ot R3, 748 per p.r3on p.r

3.t Th. Prehobitiry oa B.irg P@r

To chdacrerize lhs poor in rh. srudy areas,, p,obabitiiymodel w!s us€d in *hich rhe chonc.s of falting beto! lhe po!enylin. $ere linled lo househotd..d s.osrapbicat characr.risrics,\hich may al rhe saoe rime. b€ pov.rrt generaring tuctors. Oiren!he dependent vrriable of nain int.resl ihat s household may beclossified as poor or non-poo., a binary logislic model was used ro.lhe r.alysis orrhe data. Consid€r rh.r a hourchold is poor (y-l) ifp.r csp'ta hous.hold food consunprion is t.ss than 2550 kc!t perday or falls below the pove(y tine i.c. Rs.748 per person,er monthor non-poor (Y:0) il per €apha food consunprion is Sre.rer rh,.2550 tc.l p.r day or abov. thc poverry tin€_ A set or aacrors,nenlioned.lseBherej edrnered in a vecror X, courd exptein rhe

Y,' ='l,X + u

Y ls lhe underlyinc larent vari.bte lhar indexes rbe neasur€ orpoveit, X, is a se1 of ind.pendenr v!ri!btes !Dd ui js tbe siochasli€.nor rerm, .id pr

's a ser of parancr.rs ro be €stin.r.d.

Iolloeils GREENE (1993) trd .t.!ning rh.r rh. crE!t.tir.di3rriburio. of !i is Lo!i.tic, r togi.ri! rod.t w.r .bptoyld. ID rhisc$., tn. p.obtbllity ofb.lng poor h tlv.n.r:

Th.n. rh. nrrtitr.t .ffcor of ! puri.ut.rth. trob.bllhy of rt. occlm.ncc of(MADDALA, t99r)-

h ob(Yi = ll - (fidx ip\I + 6p(x lr)

1PlY = t) q4 X it,ax't It + q< X'ii12

indcp.nd.nr vari!bl. X, on

th. ...por!. i. tiv.n hy

tkU.lir. lir..r nod.l3 In ibicb tt. r.isin.t .ffcctr rr. coorr.nt. irrn. c.sc of lo8l.tic rodcl!, *. !..d to crtcutrtc th.m.r dtff.i.ntl.v.l3 ot ri. .xpl.r.tory v..i.btcr to i.t 6n tit.. of ttc !.ng. ofvfti.tio! of thc rcsultitrg ci.dscs In rh. p'ob.bllrt.!.

@

CONCEPTUAL DESICN/IRAMEWOKMAIN VARIABLES OF THE STUDY

Ind.p€nd.nr v..i!bl.r D.pend.rr vari.bt.s

Bultalot4ilk Sale

OEanic l4atterOt|€ by pnduds

ffieMitk Sate

other by producESh€ep and Go.t

Sale of Sh€ep/GoatPoultry

sale of Chil€nsSale of Eggs

Er.kgrotrrd v.rl.ble.Dcmo8r.phic Chor.cr.risrics of ihc respo.denisNumb.r of F!nily nenb.r!, Educar'on, Land hotdingsLlndless livcatoct f..meB, Rol. of fem.l. m.nb€rs inLivestock k.eping

Thus the cufuent srudy is fo.used on the rote of tiveslock r.arins forthe alleviotioh of po!erly ih rurdl n.sses (farmi,E comnu.ity) of

lhe c.nrr.l p!rl of th. Punj.b province ot patiisran.

6l

CHAPTER.4

Rgults .nd Dlecoisior

There are v.rious soys lo disptrt lhe tansuaBe of rcaotls and

findjngs after mrlins a primary le!.1 survey. Simpl. Sr.phic and

bar expressions sohelines seeh lo b. nore appropri.te lo nrre,surlace lerel und.rsr.nding of rh. jdc! !nder discussion. B!r deepunderpi..ings ar. to be noted wirh thc rid of sone conptcx nodctsand iodexing proc.dur.s os discussed in choprer 3. Borh !n!tysisohd inrerpretation of the dala sr. rhc most inporlant roots in rheprese.tario. ol sci.ntilic research. An.lysis ol dara teads to optimalconclusion and inferenc€ wilhour qhich no empirical study is us€futparliculorly whcn nulridimension.l .spects ar€ derernining rhe

selfar€ sraru3 of hosses.

ln ord€r to visorlize ths socio.economic impacl of tivestockon lbe well bcing of small frfmers in cehrral Punjab, Pakisloh. a

handful nunb.f of \oys bave be€n ussd ro display rhe facls, aigures

and findings in thc forn of a coh.r.nl ch.prer. white p.csenrirg iheresuhs, care hrs been nad€ to loc!s on rh€ obj.crir.t in a

consisrenr forn !nd ro accommodrre maxinum number ofdimensions of lh. dato and field l.v.l obs.rvarions to devetopgeier!lizalio.s compotible ro rhe inirially defi.ed objectives.Moreover, discussion of 1n. resulrs hos b€e. nade by rakinC

argumenrs borh agrinsl €rd lor lhe findings_ Generatizalion andconclusior rre drrwn on rhe b!sis of.hafucr.risrics ..d . iludc oflhc respondc.ls, The B€nerllizarions infeiied fron dd..nd f.fmerdiscussions .r. presenred in ihe form ol fortorins secliohs.

62

4.1 Lrdd U3. Prlr€.r i. th. St!dy Ar..r:Land utilization partern ig an important realecror for developing

sn understandinB of lahd use intensity and croppine inrensitt $hichulrimately h!s Cood besring on livesrock d€velopm.nt. The data

sho$ed rhat average farm sjze (opcrational holdidS) oi stoalllarheis wrs 5.93 acres in rh. di3lricl. Thc a!erase farm ovned size

in rhe rh.ee tehsils Kamali., Cojra rnd Tobo Tek singh was 4.83

!c.es. 5.76 ocres. and 5.82 acrcs respeclively. lr Ras furtherre\ed ed dd'ing di.cus:ion $i'h ldrm.rs rhar,ropprng rn.er\,rt $d!hiBh smone rhe aarne.s uho we!c i.arinS livetrock in conjunclion$ilh rh€ srouins ol qops rnd !cgcr!bl.s. So. rhere *as a good le!elof complenenrarities round in join' $op rnd livesro.k !entures.

Moreo!er, rith the parlicip!tion of son.n fold in lhc household.

bolh crop and milkins inrcnsiry !.d i.fie!sed. Table 4.1 illuslraresthe land us€ paltern of rhe a.rme.3 i. rhe rhre. t€hsils. In T. T.

singh..er area so*. sas..lariv.ly bcrr.r for good parliciparion ofwofr.n i. ra.ming acr ivit i.s.

Trbl.4.l: Lrtrd Urc Pr.r.r. ol th. rrrmcri (Acr€s)

4,83

0260

5.0900

0.050.01

5.044382lE

d86

0.30

0

6,0600

0,080.025.984.162.6E

7.41

f. T.Si!3t5.E2

0.95

0

0

00

6,775282.47

8.t5

0,50

0

0 043o0l5.934.81

2na

7.44

.l-2 S.!rc* of Irri$rion/Cultiv.tion

The nain source ol irrigution *as canal bur mosr of rhe

supplene.rinS rheir irriSorion $irh iube aell Narer in T.

T. SinBh dislri . Similarl! no\t oi lh. sm.ll larmers \ere culriraringrheir land with tractor bur rcry lew scrc rrill using the rradilionalnethods ol culti!a1ion i.e. btrllo.ks. Ihc information re-qarding

culliralion- irrisalion sourccs rrc sivcn in rhc Table 4.2.

r,ble,t.t: Sou.ces of Culiivotion !nd lrris.tion in T.T. Sinsh

L r.r.siqh L o'cnlCulrlv.rion srG tPcNlo

88 E4 15 a2t2 25 l3

0 0 0100 t00

lrrir.rio! $!G {t.N!O5 ll 33.33

95 89 6.67

3 56 t7 15_67

8l 6rr.33

The d!ra in TabLe 4.2 shotr rhar dain source ofcuitirarion forlarmers was tacror. as no.e than 80 rcrccnr oi rhe iarmers Nere

using tinc savinS rechnologr- lor ctrlriv!ion purposes. Nearl! 32

percent ol rhe f.rners \ere hiritrg rhe services ol tacroi, Nhich

indicared that shall l!rmers qerc fcspon5l!e ro 'nodcrD

rechnology

ror culti!ati.n hur rhcy c6r nol but it, l:unhcr. il also indicates rhat

mosr ofrhe f.rmefs in rhis regiotr hdd \hihed liom trddirioial walslo modern $als ofculriv!rion. On rn rrcrrge. l3 tercdnt farners in

lhree tehsils \rere usinS bullocIr for culriv.r]on. being tadirion,ll.rncrs and rere resisrant ro modil) rhcir culrivarion pracrices

Tradilional arrirudc sas alio reflccri!c rnonB liv€srock farmers.

lhe !vater is a (iricrl intul lor ftops Ncarly a1l rhe larnersin thc rchrlls of Kamalia (95 percenr) and Cojra (89 percenl) scrcirriBaring rheir *ops rhrcush lub. *cl1s alonS {ith canal This

indicdr.d rhar canal sufficicnt for rhen ro fullill rhcir

irriSarion!l requirenenrs. In thc rchsil .f Toba Teak Sineh (T. T

singh). rhc source ot irrisarion qat oil! cansl sarer as undera.ound

s.rer $!s brackish and not lir for irriBarion. onlt l6 percent of rhc

tor,l frrmefs qere appl!ing tube scll sarer. Availabilil] of c!nal

$arcr is sigdilic!nll, direclly corrclarcd sirh rhc crop and li!csrock

trodurlion (srowins of morc fodder).

4.3 Sour.6 of Incohe'l here sere found a r ari€l) of says or crrninC their lirelihood

rhroush different sources amonE rhc frrning coftnunir! in rhe

region. lh. main source ol inconc $as obrained bJ lhal sroup offarmfis $ho $ere engased Nilh ero\in8 of crops and livcsrockproduction simulraneousl!. Dara coll..t.d from rhe reBion providcd

d€railcd inforharion rboul the inco6e sour.cs of rhe iarmers as

Trblr,l.3: Sutrrce\ ot Income rlt.rcent) ir T. T, Sirgh

lrfg. majoriry ol rhe rarmors (dbou1 69 perce.r) in rhe

disLricr I f. Sinsh werc Bcring rhcif incode rhrough crops indlivcstoc[. The second sour.e ol incohc was thc ErosinB ol

T. T.

2 7 4.tl70 67 66.6?

Cmps +Liv.gl+v.geu!16 t2 l0 ll 1t.67

cDps +Liv!fuk+ v.gElks+Or.haids 2 l t.61ll 8 |.67

lll0 lm tm

65

veget,bl.s alone *irh crops and ti!.sro.k. Ho*cver, rh. propodionor !egctabl.s area sas rery soatt in rh. €roppinB p.|l.rn and

income rrom lrdditional vegelablcs was nor enough. The farmersle.e growing faditional veserables for hon€ consrnption aid rhusvery snall amount was o!ail.ble for marketin8.

Thcrc $crc fes farn.rs !ho hed planred sohe o.ch!rds such

as cirus (Kinnos) ond M6.go ln rh. *hol. di.rricr.2 percenr. lpcrc.nr and 6 perc.nt or rhe farn.rs in Kanalia. Cojra and T. T.sinSh rere s€tting incone from orcha.ds r.specti!ety. Whil. in the

case of livesrock alone, farn€rs qere Serrins 1.1 percenl. tl p.rcenrond 8 p€rcenr income i. the tehsils of Kamalia. cojrs and T. T.

singh respecrivel!. On an over!ll basis. it {as re!.al.d thal $irhrhe appropri!1e involvemenl ol won.n in farmins !.d tir.sroctactitiries, lhc.ver.ge incone *,s i.cr.as.d_ Moreov.r, rhcir so.ialnalus (..8. s.y in rhe d6h.sric aafai6) $as inproved sndsubsequently increase in the lev€l of wetfare_

Farmers were charoclerized b! large frnilt si2es. tnfo!msrionfanii! slruclur€ in rhe districi s.s coltecled and is ei!.n in

T.Dl.4,l: Frnily ConDosirion! (No.) of rhe F.rDert

T. T, Sb€h

2.t3 2.t4 1.84 2_04

1.54 1.64 2.t4 t.71ChildrH b.low l2 ycs oa!g. 2.v 3,t4 2,U 2,U

6,23 6_82 6,6

avcr.8. f.ntly size oa the r.sDond.nlnor. thrn 6 p.rsons. The rehsil *i5.

famil} slzc qas morc rhan 6 but less thar 7 membcrs pcr housshold

in Kamali!. Cojr! and l-1. sinSh rcspccti!elr on,n areraSc. cver]housdhold ha'i almosr 2 adul! nenbcrs and I children or less rhan

l2 )ears of a€e. Famil)- conposilion had a dire.r bearin-s on rhc

lerel of wclf.rc in rhc sense thar rvirh rhe presence of nore ,d!lrsomen rhdn children! tIc probabilrt oi bein8 poor $rs lo* as

indicared onc of rhe l.oding li\esrocL gro$er in rhc arca.

'1,5 Liresr0.k Srre nsthThe najoriry of thc tarmcrs rvcie rdistne tjresto.k bolh mitk and

dfuugbr r.imals. Mos' ol lhe farmcfs \ere recping rhe animats Iorasset !rluc purpose. Ihc dctail or ti\eslock srrengrh in rhc ditfcrcnllehsils of ihe Tobr TeI Singh di!rr]cr ts si!en in r'rbte 4.5.

Trbl.1.5: Lir6rek Srrergtn on rhe R6pondenr F*Ds iD Distri{T.T.Si!3h

T. T.Sioght.24 1.54 r.2E L.t50.54 0.78 0.5

0.tl 0_58 0.61

0_24 0.45 0.rt6 0.18t.42 t.l5 r.68 |.420.25 042 0. t9 0,29

0.56 0,98 0.732.12 2.t4 2.39 2.22o.t7 1.2 0.82

T<fi1 Animal h.d3 pq fh. 7_37 8.65 9.26 8,4.1Tobl Anin.l uni6 p€r &m. 5.r2 6.41 6,.14 6,66

The dara in Tabtc 4.5 shos rhal 6.6 atrim,t heads qe,cpres€nr on crch farn in Disrricr L f. SihCh \eart) erch fa.nrrsas m!rnreinins 2 mi lt animals i.c. buffatoes and co*s in rhcdistricl. l-l!eslocl srrcrsrh (panicut!r ty in rerms of sheep and

eoatsl was a demarcarion line sirh rhc poor !nd lhe rich,5d€scrrbed some\iere cts. in rhe samc chaprer.

Majorirr or rhc frrmcrs in rhc disrricr $ere sro\ins majorcrops such as colon. rice, sug!rcane and {hear !s food securir'crop llosev$. orhc! minor crops likc Rabi and Khdrif !cgclabtes.foddcrs- and haize, le.e also beins Bro$n on rhe r'arns. -rhe derajlof erisrine croppins parrern in rhe dislricr ol r.r. sirgh is given in

T$b1.6: CmpDing P tern ofF!.neB jn thr Dntrid T.T. Sinsh

T.0,74 r.t4 LI3 L00

IsJE t.r.95 13.lo3J o.4l 0.624.33 5.8{ 5.60.13 0_07 0.ts2.(5 l.0l 2.42 1.93

&bj Erelabl.s 0.22 0,08 0,tl 0.tlJ.2l l.!8 1.36 tJ6

0.58 o4l7lt E.62 &53q!€48c"" 0,90 0.85 0.64 0.809.9 9rl

2.74 2.42 3-06 2.8739JA 37,rt t1.62 t6.780.85 0.19 0,84 0.83t2.41 10.7 tojs 1o.72

0.32 03t12.13 t0,13 l0.l

Copp€d mt 6.86 8,t5 1latm.0l 9.99 9t.99

4.81 5.76 5.82Cmprins Inensiry (Pcdr) 1t8,55 147,23 t59,1t t57.4

Thc dara in rable J.6 rcveal rhar amon! nan) crops rh€ \hcar \asoccupyrng rhc naJor portion of thc fiopped drea ot l.arns. \ext roNhe!t the hajor Kha!tf c.ot,s tike suBarcane.occupJ_'ne rhc.rcpped ares in rheir respecrive order. Atno\r on atllhe larns aboul l0-t2 perccnl ofrhe rotat arcd *as unde. Xharifand

Oie oi rhc objccrj!es ol lhe siud, was to estimares ihe inconcpovc.ly line or the ru.al aarners i. rhe r.Bion. Fo, rhis.I rh.income sourres werc srudied in det!it. The main sources ot ircomeof thc rural farmers $ere crots. tircsrock and off farm jncone. Thefarm budScts of sevcn crops i,e. {hear. sugor canc, conon, maize,rice. kharif !eCerabtcs and rabbi reserabres_separarely ii lhree districrs and divisionr a the cosrs sereestimaled on per rcre basis, rabIc,t.7 shows lhc ner tirancialreturns of'ops in rhree r€hs'ts on per acre as reI as per fa,m

Rabt fodde!s. Sinilarl) a minor porrion of are, $!s atso uhder thescasonal !egctables in aLl thc tehsils ot T.T. Sinsh disrrict.

Trbl.4,7: N.t Returri (Rs.) t.ob CroDs iD T,T. Sinsn

r T. Sirgr

5645 1582 5213 .]458 393\ 4561

t563 353 t985 z21l 2658 3021 24t2 2050

5t15 4&2 4542 5209 5461 5lt6

t46E 70oE 80r9 5714 64 6061

2.M5 2tJ6 4568 5221 f4a7 1964 t640 3775

4287 3t96 7388 56,11 6413 5607 5812

lJ58 2664 39t2 35t2 i992 t664 370922314 !8688 3ittBo Jll14

.r.a Nd R.rums fron Liv6tftk on p€r F.rn B.sis in dtudcr Tob. T.k Sinsh.

T. T.Slngh

2t9{D.9s J00r0.64 .17558.89 21151_49

In@me lrom n illina cow t2581.94 t9t6.l9 r678.1,86 r6428.0016486.89 49925,43 44342.75 4t585.49

0.66 0_96 0.84 0.8.1105@.00 15360.00 1J4.t0.00 13t20.00

0.60 l. t2 0.84 0.854320.00 8064.00 6048,00 6144.00

4_54 6.21 7.54 6.t22043.00 2a2t_50 ll9l.00 2152.50

q!)|hdds qMtity 50.25 52.41 48.752010,00 2096.40 r950,00 2018.801256.15 9701.49 88,14-90

15t89_r5 t79la_91 ].1532.49 .12880.20Lllcarocr nd in6me/rm t0297.74 t2007.86 98t0.26 10705)9

basis. The dara revcaled rhar incodc tiomCojra followcd by rhc tehsils of r.T. Sinch

crops \as naximun in

Results of rhe Tabte ,t.8 shotr rhat ncr inconc fromli!esrock pcr larn in dislricr T.t sineh \as hjshes! ie. Rs.l:007.36 in rehsil cojra fotlored b) Rs. t0297.74 Kamatia and Rs.9810 26 in loba lck Singh rehsits of the dlsrrjci. Overalt !verageincomc reccircd rh.ough tircsrock in rhe disrricl $as Rs. tO7O5.:9pe. rarn High income in T-f Singh Nas allribured lo rhe retarivet]grc!ler paiicipation of sohen in crcp and tjresrock acriritics.

4.4Income fmn Frrn Inventorr_

ln addillo. ro crops !nd tivesrocr ,norher source of incodesas nrenrory sale. l his inctuded rh. sale ot farm !ssers tike tarmrrees. dry fodder. Rahj and Khorif todders. Ire anihat,, (sate ofeotl and shecp) and orhers duiine rhe lea. in rne

70

,r.9 re\e,ls rIc derail descriprion of rhc sour.e ot incom€. rhere \asanolhcr inponant income source i e. F.Y.M b!l none of rhcrespondenr Nas re!o ed to sate rhis narufat jnput. So tarm r-ard

inciud.d in rhe income esrimare5.

T.ble 1,9: Incon€ rroh rrrd in'entor! ib T.t, Singh

1l

Olf farm incon. *as !n imporlanr source of iicome for farmers.The Iarners had erccss labor and some we.e cmptoled in public andp.rrare orCanrrat'ons. Ihe ola farn incone \as becomi.g bis soor.col Income to alleviarc lhe povcrtl.

Tabl€.t.10: InoDe rrom Din renrSouresorrb. trrm€n in T. T.Singh(Re)

0 t2@ ,420.00In.lm fion dc sl€ of fodd.6 2040 4108.5 1622 1256_81ln@m. fren th. elc of os 0 720 240.00Bufaalo touns skk eld 300 t760 400 820.00

2170 4705 2010 t568.1.13820 5010.00

Shep lold in@m. 0 0 t500.00u 0 |2 65.11TMI lm invmrory inff. lt414 t?22t.5 998,4 12330,5

T,TS|.sl223t4.26 18688,98 33010,09 31144.44

In@m. lbm fam insbryt1434 t1224 9984 t288r

Na ltr@rle ton livenfk t0297.14 t2007.86 9810.26 10705.29t6180 22404 2|2860426 9$U.U 77424.t5 T6[5a 73

Avms. ramily sir of hoqhotd 6.23 6.92 6.42 6.6

leM/]vtonlh404.21 1087,72 95

4.10 Estin.rion ol Per c.pitr rn.ome

Thc estimat.s ol per capi., income .re giren in Tabte 4.t0.The major sourccs of incone were f'om fa.n (borh crop and

livcslock).nd orf-flrm enploynenr in !lt lh. rehsils. Th€ highelr.verage incone p.r person p€r month wrs Rs.t0B?,72 in Cojr,,followed by T. T. SinSh (Rs.946.04) and Kamalia (Rs.808.2?).

4,ll S.rting rhc Pov€rty !eln indexi.g lheory of poverl, esrimstion. therc i, a need of

d.v€lopin8. hyporh.ric.t rhr.shotd ro denarcar. b.rw.en rh€ poorand lhe rich. The question ar;ses! how rnd wherc ro draw thepoverly line? Th. nosl popotar mcthods of po!errywere rhe duhi ntrlririon,t norms. As rhe pov.iry tin. was defin.d inlerns or mininun calori. int!ke ..quir€d by Creer and Thorb.cle1986, Ahm.d el-.1. t99r, and Rav! ian..d Biddani t994_ Themajor problcn of rh.se techniques was rhs determin,rion of theninimun food consunption bosket that reprcsenl the food hobir ofpoor. rh. use of rarow judgmeDr snd choic. ot.prrop.iate priceindex rhar deflat. rhcir cufrenl food expendirure.

rhc poveny sas also defi.ed a3 lnc t.ct of comm.nd 10 m..ra person s typical food cdtorie intake jusr sutfici€nt lo neetpr.deterni.cd food.n€rgt consunprion. In lhe cur.nr sludy, theofaicial povedy li.e or Rs. ?48/monlh/pe,son 0a3ed on 25ooCalories p.r capirs per dat ico!t. oa p,kist!n 2ooj) wes adopled..d used as y!rd slick ro id.nrify rhe poor !nd non-poor in rhe3rnple. This po!err) tine refl€cts borh food and non,food aspecls inthe bask.r oi goods. Narionot poverly sl!ristics are sener. yd.rcloped wirh th. sane .hr.shold. Esrin!rion of pov.rr, $irh s!ch.lhreshold eould ce{ainty b. conp!fdbte Rilh olher such neasuresccross r.8ion and ov.rlimr.

72

4.12 Profile ol Pove rty

^ conpler€ profil€ of pov€(y *as dev€toped nor o.ty for ihe

indi!idual lehsils but lor rhe disrricl ss a whote. Sjmitarty, orhcrbirurcalions w.re also nad. in rhe eslination of poverty. The studycstimar.d rhe exre.r of pov.rry ocros5 rhe rchsits of the District T.T. Si.gh by ehploting lhe nosl comnon used indices, nomel! thein.idence of pov.dy (Head Counr Ralio), dcprb ot poverr! (pov.iryCap) ond sev€rity ol pove.ly (squ!red po!e y gap). loinrty. the,cone in rhe purvi.w of FCT ctass

Po!ent are p..sented ih Toble 4.I I

Trble 4.lt A P.otite ot por..!) itr T.T. Sirgh rr.rcerq

of po\erL!. Th€ mc&5u,es ol

T. T. S|rlt38

53 56 52 5a

28 3l 27 29

lhe resulr3 in Tabte 4. | | !evcated rhar 42 pe!cenl, 49 percenland 38 percenr of th. respondents were beto* l,uvEnJ !ne on rhehead count brsis in Krmalia. cojra and T. T. Si.!h respecrivett.The correspooding povertt g!p across rehsits wos jl p.rcenr,56perc€nr. and J2 perc.nr in Krnati.. coj,a and T, T. sinsh. Corsrehsil shosed a highcsr levet of deplh ot pove y qhich ihdicalcdlhat rel!liv€ly high propodion,te increase in lhc te!et of averagerncone rs requir.d to push th. average poor abovc the pov. y lin.,Thc s.!e.ity of povcrry was :8 percenr. jt pcrcenr and 27 p.rcenl inKanrlia. cojra ond T, T. singh respecrivety. o. a. o!.ra basis.In rhe *hole Disftict, nearl] 43 percenr of rhe ,cspondcnls Ner.poo., *hil. rh. porerrr 8rp and s.verir, of poverry tr... r. thcorder of 54 p.rcent and 29 pcrcent rcspecrivety. tt indicarcs that on

7l

a.l3 Sector Wlse Ertin.!ior of porerrlIl wss rurthe! snaly2.d ro nor. rh.r 3.clor {ise profite ofpoverrr inrne re8'on was !aryins *ith hiehcst (48 perceot) in crop se orwhile lowest in crop-litesrock sector (37 pcrccnr). rr rev.dt.d rharnerrner crop sector arone.or separatc lireslock,earing Nas helpt.0lin reducing rhe incidence of pov€.1y. tr w!s rh€ combinrtion ot bothof these secrors which q,erc found lo be pro-poor tor beins tcssnumb.r of frrm€rs below th. poveiy tine (raht. 4,12). Simirarly.deplh of po!.rr, !nd severily of poverty were relalively tower inc.op-livesrock secioi.

6n a!ero8e s4 percenr inc.ease in lhe ov€rage incone ot lhe poor isr.q!ired ro se. lhem cone our ol thc poveiy Iine.

4.12 Overrll s.cror wi3. Esrin.tiotr of por.rry (p€r..!t)

a3 37

5.1 a2 5o

3J 26

4,14 (;ender Perspe.ttv€s ot povertyIn th€ s.he an.lJsis, li!esto.t d.v€topmenr and s.nder perspecri!.s*ere id.ntified pa.licutdr lo nenrion is the sisnificanr paiiciparionof qomen (sonen invotv€d in no.e rha. 60 perccnt ac!iviries) inrrveslock acriviries. with such significanr parrjciparion of $onen.incide.ce. detrh and se!erily of po!erry inrclortv.ly l€ss lhon rhe over at cases. This ct€arly idcrriaied rhe rol.of voneh in livestoct farhiie. tl qas fe!eated white discussin!wi.h rhc farn.B .har wirb rhe involv.n€.1 of *od.n in so,k, rhcir

.ffici.ncy lrc'....d {[ile r.tforDi!! diff...nr firoiot .otiviti.!.Morcov.r, wi.n both tb. scrcr w.r. .ng.a.d i. tiv..aoct h.incr3,thcy colld forE r.rlon.l d.cblon rot onty in rrodocttor iul h.onsoDDtior r. e.ll,

a.l3 Ov.rrll E.llr.tlor oa Pov.rat rlal 8lt!tat.rit t.rttctp.ttoror w.i.r (D.rc.ra)

ara 8o.||...-c|rL CLt d-ai..dn R..I.*rSocio-.cononic chf.cr.rirtlcr d.r.tDinc rbc v..t .tutbrt. ot

finili.! i! r.rD! of r.rio!.| d.cirionr ir diff..eni .cilvltl.. rh.cnief rnolg lh.h Ir rne !.odu.tio. .crivlty, Ration.l b.hlvlou. lncorruoptlon rl.o lrl..tifi.. rtc f.bric of r.l.tio.3tlp .nont m.n.rrl wod.o h I bolr.told.

Gnpr{ D.-ErIl|. q|,ffi df,dro.d{rOd.NF|r-d-ab.rtrrod-

Et5It

?s

l! is revcdled in Craph.1.l rhor rh. responden!s havihg t-jnembe.s of rhc fsnil! are ont! 9 p$cenl ot rhe lolat sampte siz€.while r.sponde.ts ha!ing 4-6 f.mily frembers a!e 4O perccnlir.5po.dcnrs havina 7-9 t,Dit!, sizes .,€ 28 perccnr shiler.sponde.(s ha!ins more rh.n 9 famitt nembers.rc 2l p€rcenr. Thisn€ans lhat respondents ha!in8 4-6 tanilr nenbers are in majoril),(40 pefcenr) a.d tnis shoss. good rurniig poinr in rhe rur,t areaslor ha!ina lcss numb* ot children. The stud} fcsutls are atso inlinc wilh PDnjsb dcrctopmenl sr,listics 2003 in qhich av.rasefanily size is about 6,8 peopte per tdmity. Another srudy co.ducredbt Younrs €r al. in rh. cenlr.t punj.b atso reveated rh€ arhity siz.7 nembers in ihe distri.r of TT SinSh for rhe tear 2Ool.

one oi lhe inpora.! tinks rhcr ha!e b..n idenrifi.d in thischaracterisric was rhc presence of sma famity sl!uclurc thal sasatrrihuted ro th. well bei.g of rhe peopte. tn one ot thc roDs. ilrrs realized rhat *irh a ta18. famity size, *onen were ress Invorvedin thrn work as coopared ro lhe ones who b.tonsed to m€diumlamily size. Th.r. {r3 an etemenl ot tack oa coordinorion anong rhcLmily nenbers i. sociat and domesrjc aataire which certointycont,rn rhe both producrivity and efaici.ncy of raDour

Tibl.-a.14 F.nib CoopGirio! otthe p@r.d ^o!

pmr

stn sftL

r.85 0.49 t.65 0.761.76 0,81) t.5_] 0.85

child 1.t9 t.5a 2)5 t.0E?.30 2.tE 5.41 2.06

l hc ov.r.g. ho0sehotd si2e wascensus, qith 6,5 lor urban and 7.4 for.ha.acr.rized by la.ger ranity siz.s.

6.8 p.rsons rccording ro t993rurdl areas. Poor farmers qere

Th. crerase la6ilies oa rne

poor had 7.30 persons shile non-poor lamiIes \cre having te\scrnumber of lanrilr mcnbers. 1ri1h rhe me,n ot t..t3 pft$ns,c,famil!. lf $e sge resulrs, rhc averaEe number ot chitdrcn in non-poor lafri ies qere onlt 2.25, qhilc the numbei ot.chitdren in poorrcspondents ras as hiEher as 4.t9. Thi\ rhors rhar poor famiticshsd more number ol childrch as compared ro ion-poor tum tcsjrhereb\ a biSh depen!enc) rnrio exisred. the resutts of rhis slud){re also in linc nirh thc rcsutrs ol Sherazi (1994) qhich reads rhatrhe highesr proportion of rhc natc-headcd poor houschords $asprevalent in.!sc of househotds ha!ing 7 ro 8 memicrs.

Trble-,1.15 Familr size and Frrn tDcon.

l-3 9 l]78.25 2644.@ 95L40240 t065.85 2564.12 2t0lJ

7.9 r68 28 730.t4 t428.65 t54.21t.l8 23 597_65 r275.62 89_25

Trble-t,16 Estinrrion of poverry sirh r.speci ro Famil' SizeRrng. t naoity

!.Jl8 50

55 .28,a J2

lr xas Iu(hei csrinarcd lbal ,s rhe fan'ty size jncrcascd.rhcre \as a siEnificanl incrcasc in incidcncc. deprh and sererir) ofpoveitt In this $a!.,t-6 ranse of famil)' \ize qas iound to be p.o-poor ianil) sizc for rhc incidcnce of po\ed) ras 7 pcrcenr tess rhanrhe 7-9 range of famit] sizc while t() pcrcenr /oss !har above 9careAor) of lamil\ sizc. I \Las also observcd Nhit. discussing trirh

thc larminS communirt thal sonen qere tcss invol'ed in f.rmin8r.ri\iric. ir '1e la((r rv..qrcpo \.ot tan it) . /c.

Pakistan is included in one oa rh. importanr devc opiiSc.unrrics Nhcre joitrr familr s)s!em srilt pcrs srs. This s!srem plar-sa pi\oral r.lc in dcrcrmininE rhe srarus of thc houscholds beins poorand ron,poor Unril recenlLy somen did nolourside and nhen rhe) did. rheJ could hardty meer tcrsonaleipcises as the] lound emplor"menr ontr" in to$ pajd jobs. ln a joinifafl lv nor c!cn 50 pcrcenl adutls hr!e had jobs and rhc conri,burionof all trr8c corners kcpt rhc faoitr- goinC. Iabte .1.t6 sho$s rhalrhe l!milt ha!inB lerer membes hdd morc tncome ds comp,fed lolhar famil,r \hich had nore trmilJ mcnbers and hencc tess i.coneResults revealed !hor rhe trmilies hdving t-3 nenbcrs had neanincone Rs. 1378.25 per month p$ person. rnd tumilies rvirh .t 6

ncobc.s had nca. incomc Rs. r06j.85 pef pc.son pcr monrh. qhilethe lanilies ol 7 9 members had mean jncome as Rs. 7j0 t4 perperson per donrh and faniiies haring nore rhan 9 frenbers hrrenean income rs Rs.597.65 pcr person per monrh This neans (har asrhc familJ" si?e increases rhe hc!n income of rhe r€srondenr5dc*.ases and r icc rersa. I hc r.sutrs arc atso n tine qith theearlrcr srudics of sahir etc. qho also conctudcd ihal a bigScr famit\\ rhe caus hg aacrors of povei)

Trble-4,I7Porerl-rnd HousLotd Sik bersen p6r rnd Nor poorRepondenrs

l-3 0.00 5.t.00 t4..29IE,92

'r0.057.9 62.16 43_24 r05,00 24.209+ 11.44 82.00

2r3.00 r@.00 186.00 t00_m

The rcsulis oi thls rabte depicrs tha! poor r.spondenis had

more nu6bcf of family members as compared lo notr ,oorrcspon!ienrs. lr is clcar lrom rhe resurrs rhar famity si/e ha!ins oneto three mcmbers pcr famity docsn r exi\r in puur rcsponoerrs anafamill sizc ran3ing lour ro six mcmberj !rc ontJ abour ninere.npcrcenr $hilc sanc famil! s ze in non poor respondenrs rre innt.ioril-\ i.e.,,10 percenr. uhile seren ro ninc i!hit! mcmbers arc inmajorir) in poor rcspondenrs i. e.. ,1j Oercenr and in cas€ of non poorrcspondenls lhis fahily sizc is ontX ?8 percenr. p.or respoidentsh!vitrg moi. rhan Irhitt m.hbers p.r fanitt in ,.c sruo) arca areabout :18 percent and non poor respondcnrs ,rc ont! t7 tercenr

Trbre.l.lS H.rd Hourrhotd Agr Ld Hou.chotd sr/c

23.00 49.@ m.42 6_00 1.57 I.00 0.12

r6.00 .29.63 56.00 ,2J-J3 l!.00 7_t4 5.00 3.625G59 12.00 22.22 6.r.00 26_67 61.00

1.00 5.56 71.00 7600 45,24240 100 168 t33

The resurls ot rabte ,1 l8 indicale thar as rhe a!e ot lhe headhouschold increasc!, their famit] stze incresses. ue!d or. rhehousehold abo\e 60 Iea.s ot zee had more rhan 9 fanjt! ncmbers.while rhdsc sirh rgc ters than 4O years rere in nr.iortl) and h0d t-3ncdbere pcr famil!. Ihis means !s rhe a!c of hcad houjehotdincrcases, number of lanit) memb.rr increas.s andclar licarion and ittustralion. rhe resutrs of this rabrc arc shorrn inrh. follon in3 fiSurc/groph.

Figure/(;rrDh,l,2 H.sd llousrhold Age lnd Flnily Sizc

:]Head Housohold Ag€ a.d FamttySize

DuriD8 lhe iudr- ir Nas rko tiied to scr somc iniornar on regardiDg the

educarionrl narus ofrhc hcod houschotd. Fo|o\ing Tabte .t.t9 Cira sonc narhi.! abou!

lhc sshoolingyca6ofrhchcadhotrshotd in both n or and ron poor rcsponoens

Tshlel.l9 Educ,tronrt \t.rr! of Head otrh. Hou!chotJ

'ta 20.6-l t6236 t6.22 18.t0 t80 l0

r08 28.57 19812 5.41 43 t2.t0 60 t0

222 100 t78 t00 600 100

havrng rducation of 1.5 years of schooting were t6 percenr. Aboul40 perc.nl respond€.rs. aincd €duc ion.l tevet belween 6-8 y..rsol schoolins. Th€ pooi respondents ha!i.B educarion noie thon 9years of schooling w.r. o.ty 5 p€rcenl of rh. sanpt..

ln case of non poor respondenrs, lwenry seven perc.nrrespo.denls rcre un.ducalld. R.spond.nts hrting educationb.tsecn l-5 y.ars of schooting *cr. l0 per.enr. R.spond€nrs h.vin8educarion fron 6-8 !..rs were sbout 33 percenl and sith cducltionnore th.n 9 years of schootine Fer. !bout lO p.rc.rr. Rcs!trs of rheTable 4.19 indicare rhar rhere wds.. in!erse re/arron ber*esn.ducationrl l.vel and pov€rly oa the r€spondenrs. ,s rhc .ducalioninfeas.s, poverty decreases. It w.s funher nored rnat Nhere theeducation Ievcl $as hiBh anong rhe $omen, rh€ hous.hotd inconewas relortvely berier,

.1.t6 Frrn E.onoDic CD.rrcr.risri., &During lhe surver. sone hasic

part.rn, op..atio.al totdine erc q.represenr.d in lhe foltowinC qa!.

Liv..tock Sr.risricafacts .egarding Ia.d use

also €ollecrcd. R.sutrs ate

Tabk-{.2o arrn Ar.r Disrriburio! !no!a pmr rnd Nor poor R6@nd.nr3

3.45 4.58IJE 1.54

o00Orbdi@dHoldins 5.01 6.12

37t622 4976,19

The res!lrs of rabte 4,20 narrar.s rhat rhe poor respondents oflhe srudy area had aver.ee trnd own.d 3.45 acres, $bile non-poorrc5pord.nrs h.d !n averss€ of 4.58 acres of ts.d. This shows rhat ialhe.rze or l.nd own.d increoses r.spon!enls nay comc ou. o,povedy. becaus. rhey can uritiz. rhis t!nd for.ar.ins norc incom.,

8l

Same is th€ c!s. in operrlional notdings. !oo. respond€nrs had onty5.03 rcres of op.ralionat hotdjng as conpa.ed lo .on poor..spond.nls \ho hav. 6.t2 acrer of land hotdinss, and lhes. r.s!ttsa!c also in line with rhe resutrs or (hushak srudy. One oore thing iscle.. fron the r.sulls rhar non poor have dore cspacjly ro p,y forrh. renr ol rhe ta.dr lhey ofe poying Rs. 4976 per acrc renl qhrtepooi .espond€.rs ot rhc .re. ar€ payina onty Rs. 3716 p.r acr. r.ntfof rhe land lhey are acquiring on rent. Tabt. 4.2 | aives rhearequ.nct dislribution of the respo.denrs accordins to rh€ir siz. of

Trble-,tl I Frequ.ncid tor Frrh Si.. Crtlrifiot,or

t20 20t44 24

l4252600 100

Resulls reveated rhal rh. respondenls ha!in8 farn size norethrn six.cres *cre ih bajoriry i.e. aony rwo percenr. R.spon{t.n(jn.vjng land fron 4.5 ro 6 acres were o.ty fouft.en perc.nt. whiterespondents haring land from I to 4.5 a&es qe.e tNe..! fourp.r.ent and lsndless r.spond.nls w.re lwe.ty p.rcenl of the rorrtsample. Pu.jab pro!ince has diff€renr cropping pa erns in diatercnt.cological zones. Toba TeI Singh disrrict is tocaled atmos! in rheccnler of lhe Pu.jab provirce dnd hod njxed coppinS parlern in il.

8.2

Trhl..l.22 Cropp'ne Pr(.rn oI thc Respondcnr3

0.?8 l,l lr0.87 r5.lE0.15 0.504.36 5.880.09 0,252.60 |.010.I0 0.10t.t9 Lt80.00 0.610.00 7,88

r.351.t.23

2.88 1.583938 J7.9E

0.91\2.49 10.700.92 l. t5t2.11

9..t5t00.00 r00.005.01 6_t2

c !. C!r!cnt) r21_49 r52.74

This rrble .l 22 den.res rhe pr.\riting cropping prncrn ot rhesample disrricr. T.'l.SinBh disti.t ir in nixed cropping zone andalnosr all major crops titc Nhe,1, co onj susarcancj rice. fodders_and \eaerables arc sro$n in rhc di\rrjcr. $,h.al is a srapte food asserl as cr5h crop. il is culrirared on abour 4() percenr of lhe enrirerorar cropped arer b! rhc poor turmcrs and non poor respondcnrsc!lrivared \hear oop on abour j3 p$cenr of rbcir tolat croppedarea. Corron is rhe sccond import,nr crop for lhc non poorrcspondenrt of rhc arca. Thc) r,ere cutriva!ine corron crop on t5percenr ol rheir c!opped a.ea. tr {as a main cash crcp of rhe arca!Dd poor rcspondcnts of rh0 sampte were cutrivarjng il on about npcrcenr ol rhe ir cropped area.

3l

Livestoct is co6ing in a bi8 *a, ro comp.r. human brinB i.Pakislon as rhe land reso!rces ars beconine limited and from rhe

rame land $. produce aood lor thc huhan bcing,.d culrivalefodders for our onimals. Resrlrs of labl€ 4.19 d.picls lhal poor

r.spondent3 of rhe srudy area $er. culti!ating fodd.rs on nor. than

l2 peicent of their cropped area, kharif and rdbi each. These r.sulrsarc also in line wirh rhc sludy conducred by SMEDA. accordi.s to

this srudy abour I4 perccnl ofrhe culrivared land $as being d.vol.dto fodder produclion. Sugarcrne is rhe msin cash crop and can.lsobe used .s iodder for th. livesloct. Poor respondents ol the srudyarea $.rc cultivalins sug.rcane oh ll perce.t of thcir c16pFed area\hil..on poor respond.nrs *€re c!lrivaii,e sugarc.ne on about t0

!ercenl of their .ropted erea. Croppins inlensiry (cI) ol th. poor

fespondents of the sludy came oul to be about 130 peicenl white ctof rhe non-po6r respondenrs q!s .bour 150 perce.l. WhitediscussinB with lhe aarm.rs. i1 s.s r.ati2ed rh.t !orh croppin! and

land use inrensily vas nuch betrer among.rop-tivestock reorinssysrem as conpsled ro only $op seclor fa.ners. similart!, !ilh theinvolvemcnr of sooen in rhe farmin8 .crivities, rhc exlent of su.hinrensiri.s increased significa.lly.

4,17 Liv€{ek Sndsds

Li!esroct is rhe dosr ihporranl sourcc of incone for ru.alpoor oasses. Ir plats sisnificanr rote in rheir day lo da) litetihood.In some arcas ofrhe studyj ir was tound tha. se!crat farners had.osource of incone ercepr srle ol milk (landtess farmers). In o.der lo5ee rhe conrribution of rhis impon!ni secro.. it I,as rri.d ro hsv€lhoroueh inlormotion of nainlaining tiv€stock. Prodo.rive and non-producti!. animals v e also dilierenlisled on poor and non-poor

84

T.bl+'l.2J rrcqkr.k olLir6.ckby Herd sizc

NoI-4 81.68 u!3 71.12 2E.5E

Ll"8 243.88 1t.14 tro.t2 53.EE4.74 t7.54

319.96 t00 tl'D.04 100

R$ulls in t.blc 4.23 indicar. rhat poor respondenrs h.ving t-,taninals were only 24 percenr, whil. non-poor r€spondcnls hlvinssam. numbe. of..inals w.r. 29 perccnt. A bue. n!joriry (!bour 72

percant) or thc poor respondenls had herd size of 4-8 aninats per

fanily. This resulr is in tine wirh (he study of SMEDA, MilkDevelopmenl and Driry Srralesy 2000. According ro this study small

herd size i-e. sii animals is th. mosl econonical to n.n.g. sinc€|nmily labor can nrna8e ihis unir ecsily. San. c.s. sa! tor nonpoor respo.denls. *h.re nrj6rities (44 p€rce,i) of thc r.spond.nrwere having 4.8 anifrals pef fanily. This r€sult is also in line Iilhlh€ resulls ofthe study conduct.d bJ, SMEDA.2000. In case ofherdsize more rh!n 8 animols per family. poor r.spond.nrs w.re onty,lp.rccnt !nd.o. poor respo.denls w..e obout l8 pcr..nt of th€

The resulrs of rable 4.24 sho*s thet poor iespond.nr3 had less

thd. 2 buffolo.s jn milting while in crse of non poor r.spondenrs,th€y had more rh!n 2 buffaloes in milkins. Rhile in crs. of nitkingco*. poor rcspondcnls fiad l.ss !h.n I cov as comp.r.d ro non poor

respond€nrs who had nore th!n I cowt. These r€sulrs rre rlso in

lin. rith th. srud!.onducted by Khushok. About r drr butfato was

with poor respondenrs and no. poor r.sponde.ts had atso about

35

morc rhan I dr] buflalo. Rcs!lts for drr coss rcr. also similar for

Poo. and non poor rcspondenls. Bollalo !nd cos )oung s(o.ks arc

good so!r.c of incomc for rn. li!csrock furm.rs. Young malqs !rcnormall! sold. a vcry ac$ m!l.s arc hcpt for br€eding p!rt'oscs rnd

fcnalcs !ouns slocts a!c tcpt lor furorc troSenr. Poor..spondcnrshad aboul I buflalo rou.g srock $hilc non poor rcspondcnrs h!d

aboor I toung stocls per fanilJ. lh casc of h.vine co\ _\ouns srocl.poo. rcspondcnts hod less th!n I (0,25).o$ )oonB stock \hilc non

Irble.l,2a Pouerrr rnd Ln6r(l popul.rionorrh. R6pondcnk

Llv.rcl l.v.blofi fi ub.E)t_42 2_21

0.9E t.360,.12 t.25o54 oE4|.02 2.580.25 o9E

Bulls 0_58 t.582.J5 2.254.12 6.58

poor respondenrs h.d aho!r I {0.98) co{ !ounB sroct pcr lamil} in

th. stud! area. Bulls arc krpr lo. dual rurpos.. lirsl lor br.cdineond sccond lor draushr porpos.s. Poor r.spondcnrs of rhc studJ_ a.ca

olso usc rhcsc bulls for r.ansporution p!rposc. Onl! lcss rhan I

(0.58) bull ros kcpt hJ poo. rctpond.nts oa rhc are.. due ro

mcchrni2arion bulls ,rc loosin! imporlrnt in rhc rural ar.as. Non

poor respond..rs hrd abour: (1.58) bulls ter fanilt in rh. srudt

arca. Shccp/Coat rcarins ir rnc roral areas is an aclivilt $hich

occounts lor thcir li'rl. emcrBcnr n.cds. Rcsulrs ol rhis ttble snon

rhat poor rcsDondcnts had more shccp/3o0rs as comtarrd to ron Poor

rcspond.nts. Poor respondenrs hod no.c rnan 2 (2.15) nomb$s ofsh.eplso3ts !s compor.d ro non poor r?spondcnts \ho have only

.c!r to 2 (1.25) shccp/sours per famil) in rhe rural ar.as or lhc

stud) area. Poulrry kee0ing ar rhc housshold level i5 a common

lealure in all ruf.l ared! of rhe Puniab. Rcsu ls of rhis rable shosslhal poor rcspondents had !bour 4 (4.12) poull.), bifds_ *hile non

poor respondenrs had about 716.58) poultr birJs pcr famlly.

Rural communiry sas lound !o bc disintcsr.rcd inro dillerentcastes the c h a | 3 c r i s r i c s . I each wcrc found dlflerenr iron lheorher. As for er!mple,6ujjar castc las in!olrcd ii milk produ ion

relrrivel! hore than orher casrcs. la!ticipallon of rvomen in rhc

a.tiriries of li!esl.ck producrion rat quirc treralent am.nc cujjarcaste. Anorhcr impoi.nr tuir of cujjar comnunir) ras rhe high

lerel of efficienc! of labouri both nals and fenale rhan theircounter pais in orher comftunirics. l.ollo\ins rable sho\s rhe

classificarion oa differcnr crsres in'.rms

of mean llresro.k

I.ble{,25 Ln6rel SrRngrh b! Ccarcotrhe k6poDdeDs

|.42 \.25 t.43 L150.86 L34 0.?5 t.40 0.5?0.2E 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.600.87 0,80 0.54 0,980.80 Lt0 l. t0 t.0{ 1.820,57 0.80 0.56 0_67

0.56 0,84 Ll4 0.,10

L3t t.25 2,01 2.52 2.285.81 6,48 6.89 7.J0 6.73

ln the Punjab pro!incc. farm*r dre di!ided inro dillerenrcaste s)stems. Ihey are nofft!lly In.$n rhrough their castes

(clans). Li!enock kccpinB in rur0l !rcas is ms nly associared $irhGujjars. Thc! have Ed.d knoal.d8c abour dificrcnr brccds oflives!ock and !bout lheir characrc!itlics. our resulrs also depict rhar

87

(;uj.iIs hrd orc !riDrl u.irs as co par.d ro orhcr casrcs iD rhc

ru!rl nrcns lh0) hrd ah6\c 7 .nimrls unirs psr iami). \hilcRajturs had Bor second position in rhc disrticr in 1i\csrocl rcfiing.,\rai.ns \crc in rhc nrjorir) in Ll.Sirsh bur in c!s. of lircsrockkc.ping rh.) {.r. trr rhc ho om. rhc) lrc ro.m!ll! knorn xs

\.!.rahl. trodtr.M larfrcrs (Atrim,l unirs ha\. bccn dcs ibcd in

rhd m.lhodolos\ chaprcr-:l rho\.) I h.\c r.rul8 nrd d.pi.rcd 'n rl,c

Figurct.J Li\.\toc[ :\rrengrh b\ ( r\tcIn T. r. \ingh

!tI

'f!b|ct.26ArcrrF. HerdSiucAc.ordingroLrnd HoldirA(Io$.)

I dcpicr rh. rc5ulrs of li\.srocl accordinB ro land

DrvBull

Lddles 2.86 Ll4 0.67 0.7.1 2.02 0.67 t.7914j&c5 2.61 l.l5 0.79 r_15 2.52 t.9l 4.:54.5r{.0 1.08 r.20 0.88 0.72 0.96 2_44 2.00

Abov.6 2.75 L4l 0.85 t_25 2_4n 0.81 2.16 t.67

This t.b1.4.26 shows rhat l.ndl.ss f.rh.rs h.d nor. buffalosas compaf.d to sm.ll/m.rginal a!rn.rs, L6ndl.ss f.rd.rs havs.boul3 buftulos, rhich s.r. in milling whil€ on 3.cond nunb.r com.trh. f.rn.rs who had nor. th.n 6 lcrcs of l.nrl (abour 3 buffllo.t.Farmers hrvinS l.nd from 1.4 afi.J rr. !r third st.gc.s rI.y had

nor€ th!.2 buafllos in nilt.id.r rhc bo|lom.r. rhos. f.rmdsrho had land from 4.51 ro 6.o.s bur lhct had only 2 nunb.rs ofb!ff!lo ii nilk. Alno3l lor rll orh.r liv.slocl rh. r.sulls rr. rh.srn.. Thc logic for rh. r.sults of thir t.blc is rh.l hndl.ss p.oplc

ar. sol.ly dcp€ndcnr upon th. s.l. ol rh.ir d.ily nilt, So they k.epmarimuD milking aninals wirh th.n b.c!usc rhc, c.n nor !flordmore numb.rt ot dry .nin.ls with rh€fr as farn.rs h.d ro fe.d th.n!r lhc cosr of nilting !nimals.

{.r8IloE Sou|golFrm.BThit rabl. tho*s rh.r shccp/golr iclli.g eas rhc n.in sourcc

of inconc fiom livcsto.t inv.ntory. lncom. r.c.iv€d tron th. sale

of sh€ep .nd go.r lor rh. poor rcapond..b was .bour Rr. 926 only

*hilc.on poor r.spo.d.nrs wcrc €lrning rup..s Rs. r7E6, from lh.sal. of lite3loct inr.nro.t. Bufarlo young slock sal. incomc of toorr..po.d.nt' wrr r!p..s Rs.456 only *hilc no. poor r.3pondcnrs

*.rc .rrning Rs, 3986. lncoh. lron lh. ral. of cow young stoctw.r Rr- 49, for poo. r.spond.nt. and Rs.37l5 ror non poor

rcspondcnls, Aull iicorc s.s nor. for poor rcspoid.irs i.c. Rs. 5?5

lnd for non poor r.stondcnts *.s only Rs. 439. Poulrry in.on. rorpooi fespond.nrs w!s R3.41 rnd for non poor r.spond.nrs ir w.3 Rs.

518. At vill.8€ l.v.l poultry is r.ir.d lor hon. ulili2rrion purpos.3

borh for c8g and m.rt consunprion. Again, in such c.s.s rh. son.nploy a rc6ark.blc rolc qhich h.s good corrriburion io d.iry

89

Trble-1,2? Inconr from Ln6r k Idvehroe Sold

Liv6rclIrvc on tRt,456.25 1936.41

Cos Youn8 n6r ln@me 495.26 17t5.r5515.14 4t9,t5925_54

40.68 5 t3.95

T.blc-{.23 s!le of Ltr hrtr[ hr enron ^cordi

si

Livesrock tlays an inponanr rote in rhe tivdtihood ot rhe

iandless frrmcrs. Livcslock nor ont) \orks aor rhcm as a socialsccurlrJ- rgartrsr but atso is a nai! rourceof iDcome l!r rhen. thc resutrs of ltris r.btc atso depicts rhat rherandless l..ners {cre sclring Rs. t9l8(] from thc sate of tivcstockin\€ntor). Respondenrs harinB tand fron l-4.j acres qere c.rninAincome rfon lhe salc of tivcsrock in!enrorr- equivalcnr ro Rs, 9,147

only. Respondenls having la.d size tiom,1.5 ro 6 acrcs werc carningRs 5510 lroh lhe salc of ij!e5roctt in!enrorr. \hite respotrdcnrs\ere havinr iand morc rian 6 acr€s \ere earnin8 i..6me f,om rhes.Le of li!esrock invenrory equi!atc ro Rs 9129 ll qas,jue ropre!alence of li!estock adonE rhem thar rhe frrmins conftunit! wasrelarirel) lcss rulnerablc ro internal and erre.n!l shocks.

1000 5900 3 t50 6900 191802JJJ.3.l t19t.61 25@ 2J54.t1 ,r08.3J1285.71 7t4.29 1450.m t392_86 t89_29 5512.t427t4_29 1428,57 2280,00 2424_57 217 38 9123.31

Milk producrivirt of animals dcpcnds upon factors lile. breed.

i.ed. housins and he.lrh coreroBe. Milk pioducriviiJ_ of poor

lirenock frrners tras loN bccausc rhe,\ can not p$vide upper

mcnrioned facrors i. froper \La-\. Rcason being nilk pioducriril! olpoor respondenrs $as lesser as comparcd ro non-Foor r$pondenrs.

when we calcularcd milr producrivilt ol poor larmc!s. it \as!rotrnd I 13,1 liters pcr lactation. This mill ptoducrivit, *as in li.e$irh the Pati5ran milk productivirJ_. qhich is l2t0 lireB pet

l!darion Milk producri\irI of non-toor respondenrs \as on hiShcr

side due lo berlcr breeds. propcr accdinB, aood housin3 and

covftaSe of animrl heolrh facilirics crc. ln addirion ro lh!1. 'r was

lhc man!gerial ski I rhai nade a mark Ior the

rrtional decision bt pro!iding otpodrniries for lhe *omdn ro come

Table-4,29 Mill P.orluctivitv ol P@r dnd Non Poor FrrncK

8.15 r6_90

1.85

r85_00 225.23

223.64 216,47

1184.38 269J,t7

Trbl.-,1-30 Milk ConsunDlion Plllcrn ud MilkPric6 rl Flrn

Cou Mill Consumflion (lir'day) L68Bu Falo Milk Cdsumprid 0it/d6r) 2_14 1.57Bufalo Mil* Rde (RsIn) t2_15 t2,70

9_?0 10.35

This table sh.ws rhe quanrirt ol milk c.nsufred a( ho'nc b] rhe

l0mily nenbers oi lhe respondcnrs According ro rcsulls aboui half

lire r cor frilk Nrs consumed b) rhe poor respondenrs lor lhc it home

9l

consumprion. whilc ion poor respdnd.nrs sere using abour 1.5 ljiers.J co$ nilk c.nsumplion p$ lamily per day. ln casc of buffalom1lk. poor rcspondcnrs sere utili2ing frore rhan 2 lircrs pcr d,! per

lamil) and non poor respondenrs $crc con\uning abour I5 lire.sper da) per laoilt, Vorc quanrirt ot buffalo mill co.su6cd at home

sxs due ro peculirr rrrir0de or our rur!l masses, uhe!e bulfalo milkls considered belrcr as cotopared lo co$ nilk. ln oass ol builalomilk price receivcd ar rhe farm e!tc. poor respondenrs of rhe stud!crc aerri.a abour l2 rupees per liro \hile non poor rcspondenls

$cre Setine abour l:l rupees due ro be er bar!ain po\cr \ilh the

milk collecting man. f_or co{ friLI price ar rrrn lcvel poor

restondents $e!e 8clline aboul l0 rupccs per lirer shile oon poor

rcstondents wcic !clline moie rhan l0 rupccs per liter ol rheli toilkproductio.. The rcsulrs ol rbe s!ud) .fc in tine rirh rhc resutts ofIFCN. Dairt Repod 2005.

TrblF4.Jl Sourc6 orlhomc ulPour rnd \otr Por Frrn(^

9851 I5.65 t6435 t4_11

11548 t8.35 3l!45

2tva.25 11.23 10274_@ 26.19

20000 31.77 25000 2t,79

t0o r41t6.26 r00

This table elrhorares differcnr sources or iicone lor poor and

non poor respond.nr\ of rhe sludJ arca Resulrs sh.\v rh.r incomc

derired arod crops $as narimum i.c. Rs. 215,18. \hi.h i5 :ji 23

percent of rhe lor!l ircone of the poor rcspondenrs. This neans rhar

poor l.rners cullirarc crops like v.gclebLcs and ger more lncone as

comparcd ro major cfops. Second najor source ol incomc lof poor

rcspordenrs {rs oif-larm i.come. $hich is i.e Rs.20.000 (rt.77

9.1

p€rcenr). Poor respondehts had nore famity henbers and rheirfadily mcmbers did off,frrn jobs, lit€ daily labore! !nd ihus ca.n.d

as comp.rcd lo fsrn rclat.d activilics. Third majo.source ol income for rh. poor r.sponde.rs was tireslock ehichoccounrcd for Rs.l 1548.

ln case of non-poor respondenls tiv.sroct jnveitory sold

lhe 1op, rhey *rr. earning on rn !veraSc Rs.

42966.66. shich accouot.d for 3?.45 percenr of th. rorat i.con. ofthe noo poor r.spondenrs. second major souice of income for nonpoor respondehts wrs incone derived Rs.30274.60 (26.39 perccnl)f.om th. srle of.rops, in crops reeerrbtes are impo(anr sou.cc ofincone. Third impoiant source of incone aor non poor farmers Nas

incone derived rrom non f6rn acriviriesi this was.qui!atent to Rs.25,000 (21.79 peice.r). This includ.d salaries ond orher incomesderived froo differcnr non faro sourc.s. Tn. nain differeic. ofi.cone b.rs.€n poor and non poor tarm.rs cones rh.ouBn livesrockincone, This hrs been clearty depictcd by the foIIowjng aiguie.

Figur. a,aIrcon. Source3 of Poor ..d Notr poor F.rn.13 in T. T. st.gh.

50000

20000

ll is re!.rled lrom l able 4.:r2 rhe composjrioi of al incohesderi!ed lrom th€ diffe!.nt ti!esrock irens sc ins a jvilics.

Accordins to our rcsuLrs bulfalo milk qrs nain source ol income iorpoof fespondenls rnd conrributed !bour 62 percenr ro rheir inconc.

Corv milk sale \as rh. sccond sourcc shich conrriburcs ahour 13

pcrscnt to rheir income. Third maih source of incomc lor th€ poo.

rcspo.denrs \rs rh. salc of frrn J_3rd matrure. rhc) scll ir h the

bigger landlords ai poor respondcDls h!d snaller unils of laDd or

lhey are landlcss livestock farmers ln ihe ca5e ol non poor

respondenls. buflalo r_oune stock ii.onc \as thc nain source ofincone as abour 1l pcrcenr of their incone comes fron ir. Second

mrjor sourc. ol income \as bulfalo nilL sale !hich accounts lnr

!boLr i2 percent oa rhcir income. Third major source .l income for

tron poor farmers sas the income derivcd from lhe salc of co\ milk

which {as aboul l2 percenl .rc.

T.blc-.t,.12 Co6lrosition ot Tol.l Liv.srock Incone f.os rll

456.25 .t.5428 10986.4 | 41,185549t,26 .1.8457 37t5,t5 4.962575.14 419.t5 0.53659.!5.54 7,1363 4186.54 6.1929,1o.68 0,Jt59 518.95

fm Yard MnuE Incme 641..t I 4,9E06 1298.t9 t.73198010.95 62.2052 24t05.t0 .)2.,1619

lTll_0.] 13.457 8823.20 rr_?8.13

11878..:6 t00 14an_69

Vain prop.dion ol lhc cosr Ior keeting litcstock lor podr

rcspondenrs of thc ar.d go€s lo lsbor cosr $hich \as.bout 50

tercenr or their roral cosrs. Second major lircstock rc.p'ng cost

c!mc lrom cosr of rhe conce.trates shich poor a.rners trorided ro

rheir animals for berrer milk )- ields. lhird o.e imporlsrl ..n \asRabi loddcr cosr. bccduse ln Rabi scason there *aJ shortage ofloddft and piicc ol fodders sent hish. In case of non podr livestock

farm.rs sinilar rcsulrs conc rs rh(i nain cosr ras also on tabor.nhich is equal ro il2 percenr of rheir rorrl corr on li!esroctfrardlcnance second ftajor cosr inc0rrcd trton livcslock rearins Nas

Rdbi lird'lcr cost aid 1l,ird major livcsiock raising cosr Ior non po.rrespd^dcrrs \as \hich \as u\cd Ior arrainingha\1num milk ]icld from rbe oitkinr aninats.

T{hl€-4.33 Livesrock Mrintenrncc Cosr of Poor und Non,poorFrrnc.s

I

|]51.35 9.08 52i8.t0 20_22662.\6 2\12.,70 3_t6875.68 5.89 4.802402.70 16,15 1876.t9 14,97114.92 49.10 1091t.90 42.t4447.97 5.10 1.65t40t.72

14878.50 100.00 2i90t..: l t00_007.58

Ihcse results arc illustared n thc Iorm ol rottoq,ns srdpn.

Fiaur.-t.5 Lircstoc* Mr i n.enr trc.Farm€rs

tt

Iblxrrrii;;ii;!.r{!li I

t.lE F.rner! Per.cptlod R€s.rding Por.rry R.ducrio. rn.oush

Ferm.B oa rh. district lob. rct Singh $c.c rsk.d aboui

prr.ep(io. reSardinS por..lt allc!ialion through lircsto.l raisi.tacrivirics. Iollo$ ing rablc illusrr.(cs rhcir pc.ceplons.

ti t rPT.T.Si.d

6l 54 59 58

24 3I 2l 21

8 l1l

r00 l(x) r00 tm

According to thc rcsrlts 58 pficcnt ol rhc larmor of lhcdistricr rold rh{t lircarock $as rheir firsl priority ro rcd!cc thcirpr.vailinS povcd!. 27 pcr..nr of rhc larn.rs of rhc districl rold rhar

lircsto.k Nas on second priorir! in r.ducrion ol rh.ir po!err). \hil.I I pcrccnr larmcr respondcnr savc third triorit) to lircstock and

onlt 4 p$ccnr gavc nil reoarts sbour conrributio. of liresroctto\!rds rhcir po!c{r nducrion. lhcs. rcsults c.n b. \.ll sho\n in

thc aarn of !rdth giv.n bclox on nerr Dagc.

Figu.e-.1,6 Fr.m.rs opiiion p..t.r.n.. r.g.rdirg tror.rtrR€d!ctao! bt r.iiinB liv.3ro.h (P.r..nt)

rn.

I &.Ir

$one. produce as nuch as 80 per cent of the tood in nosrdcv.lopins counrri.s. Men's poriicipation i. agriculrure, on rhc

olher hand. has bc.. dccli.i.g in.ec.nr years, as men c.e nieraringto lowns and ciii.s in scorch of job. wonen ar. involv.d in a

.unber of on-farm a.rivilies like w.edins. hoeing. grass cuning,pickrngj a.d cotlon srick collections, besides separation of seeds

froD fiber and in colron sinni.B factories. Tbey conslirule abo!r 25

p€r cenr of all family sorkers in .Sricrlture houscholds .nd 75 peicc.l ofpai rin€ *orkers. Y€r lh€ir decisire r.d i!.ag.rial rot€ inf.rn d.cisio.s is nor esrabtished. Th. rurat wode. consrir!re 36 per

cenl ol the totrl populalion, but onlt 7 per cenl can jusr read and

arile. The liter.ct rale in rbe provinc.s is eve. low.r i.e. only t.75p.rc.nt in Bdlochislan! 1.8 p€r ccn! in NwFP and 5 p.r cenl inSi.dh. protinces of PaIitran

Aboul 70 p.r cenr of rhe f.6ate la6or forc. is .ngag.d i.atflc!lture secto. and rheii iole beinS rhe loughesl of al lhe wone.folk of our socier! and te1 their contrjbulion soes urnoti.ed and

undocumerled. sinil.r tirds of rellecrions *e.e observed i, rh.surv.y .rea. Th. o!jor'ry of rur!l son.n w.re u.educared.unskill.d and tradition-bo!nd. Th.ir produciive .ffi.ienc! sasexremely Ios, due ro illirera.y and Irck ofskil|, No doubtj wonencarricd ou1 indeed mo3l of lhe caring aclivilies ot tivestock. For.x.npre. var€ri.B, nilkins. nitk proc€ssi.s. pr.tarins sb.e and

fc.dins elc com. u.d.r rn€ p.rriew oa womenis r€sponsibiliries. Th.nrl. took rhe herds to rh€ pasrur.s and cafied ttjem back hone.Wonen rlso played o viral role in po0trr! farding ar househotd

4,20 C.dd.r P.rti.iD.tior ir Liv.rrocl Acriyiriet

In g.n.ral .ural *ohen provide mosr ol rhe trbor tor posGh..veslaclivities. irkine r.rponsibiliry for storage, handting. srocking,

processine and,narteting. Ho$evcr. rural ronen ha!e do.e or lcssthe sane kind of acrivities in dai y lile elseshere in ihe rhird Rorld.While obser!ins the behariour ol households in lhe lield arc! sh.relhrs resc.rch $ds condu*ed, ir revc!lcd lhat

{.21 acririlics in the fil€d of tiresio.tr\\.nen tu.m$s orien possess uniq!c kno\ tedse ot ttresroct rndrend to sho!lder rhe primar! rcrponsibilirt for onimat car.Ho\e\er. \ofren s role in livesrocl kcepine ofren dcpends on

region.l trddilions and raboos. ln some.trlrures, \omen rais. tdr!eanimals, n orher5, rhey do nor qork sirh tircstock ar a|. Soncronen orly trocers li!eslock producls or clean rhe animaLs. Othere

care for small sDimols kepr near home. such as goars or chickens,sometimcs a \oman-s ac.e5s ro tiv.iock is timired ro hfi idnit]

Ho\e!er rh. lerel ol inv.lvemrnr varies aron dne acririrt ro

cosre ro rh. orhcr and fiom place ro placc. t hey

have also d.scr bed collection ol farn)ard manure. pfcp.riig dunBcakcs. nilkins and processine rhe dttk as highll siCnificant temdtcactiviries. lr is tresumed thai rhe lcmale pa iciparion in Livcsrock

managemcnr !raclices in rhe stud) arc, trillbe quire sienificrnr.

Tlbl.-1.35 C.nd.r l,rticiprrior in Lir.srocl a.ririrics (P.r.cnr)

29 1lt6

27 13 100

2l 79 10015 r00

l0o43 57 I0o30 ,20

5 95 t0o100

93

severrl studies have documcnr.d rh .urat vom.. p.(iciparenor. in Iiv.stoct r.l!red acriviri.s rhcn $op producrion acti!ilies.wone. ha!e besn iraditio.ally linl.d *itb livestoct k..ptn8 in

rural ar€as, lhoush their role has never been aclnouledEed and

appreci.led. 'rn.re is, howeve!, an overalt dearlh of rreciseintbrnrrion on women and rhe rol. lh.y play in ti!estock !aisin8.According lo our .esutrs fedates, p..licipation for culrinS fodderfo. litesrock is.boor ?0 perccnr whilc olh.r 30 p.rc..r is don. bynal. mcmbcrs ofln. f!milt. Fodd.r chopping is a tough job cnd isnainly don. by nale 6enbers of th. farity (64 p.rc.nt), whitesone remale do fodder chopping also (36 perc€nt). serving fodder10 lbe aninal3 is mainly done bt f.nate members (73 pcr.eir) and

only 27 pcrc.nt m!le m€mbe.s performed rbis duly. War.rinB toaninrls is another acrivity which is doninanrt! perforned byremales (?9 p.rc.nl)- snil. o.ty 2t p.rcenr nate n.nberr said rharrh€y us. ro do rhis activiry. Cte.nirS ot a.inat3 is atso drrt offenale nembers, 75 pcrc.nr femate m.nbers do ct€oning ot th€jranimals whilc onll 25 peicenr mal. nenbers ctea. rheir animals.cleaning of manger dnd area wherc animats ti!e js another acri!irt.shi.h is m.inly done by f.male m.mb.rs (76 perce.t), Nhitc onty2.1% nale m.nbers of lh. frrily p.rforo.d rhis .ctivity. Cr!zinsaninals is ! mixed acrivily borh mat. rnd ten!le ncmbcrs rrl. th€iraninals fo. !r!2ing. Results shov lhal 5? p.rc.nr grazing ot !ninalsis done by f.m.l. members and r.sr 47 p.rcenr srazing is don. byn2le nemb.rs of the family. M itkin g th. anidal is acliviry which isnosrly perlormed by male neob€rs (80 peeeit). while 2O p.rcenlmilkin8 is done by the female mcmb.6 of the fanity. Sal. of hitkis lh. rcri!iry whicb is rhe mojor aclivily of fenat. neobcrs. g5

p.rc.nr of lle milt sale acliviry i! donc by fcnal. n.nb.,s of rhef.mily.nd only aive p€.c.nr mat. ncnbers are enB.ecd in rhisaclivity in th. study ar€a. MatinS d!ns for fu.l purpos.s is ont!

99

tcti!irr_ shich s hundrcd perccrl dohc by thc icmalc mcnbers ofrhc lanily and there i5 no folc ol mrlc mcmbcrs in this o4i!it].

Ir !an rafely bc concluded rhar womctr crn play a much rvidcr

role in pronorion ol liveslocI providcd thar lhe] are 8i!en credirfa.ilities ro buy lireslock I'hcir ltno$lcdBe abour bertef pracrices

can be imprcred throush shorr ind ldng lerm trainines lt car also

be concluded thar any imtrovem.nt in liv(srock is bound lo reduce

po!enl and bring pn'speriry ro poo. houschoLds in rural arcas.

Dinensions of poverr)- as ourlin.d cun c.rlainly be add..ssed b)

inreslmenrs in livcsrocI rhrouBh ruruL $oncn.

Ttbl.-t.36 Tim€ s0enr b!L irca

0.58 l_42 20.36

0.4.1: !_r680.!05 0.t95 0,50.1:5 0.t750.t2 0.18 0.50.:t5 0,285 0.5

0.6 0.t5 0.750.0D5 0_2175 0.15

02.8J 3.1

Cen'i.r Ior rh. \|rin.enrnce ofLrH

Livesrock producrlon is lirsclt a romaD s job 6nd, according

ri, rl.e r.{ .rulic. a\r lablc r rc u In.rr.n h)

for s Large p.opori otr of thcir da!. ^ccord

trs ro rhe re!ults or dur

sludr- , lem!le members ol lhc famil! spcnt or an averase about 1i!c

hours per da! in loolting aJter livcsro.k rnd lheir allied alivilies.our resulrs arc in line Nirh rhc srudt cofducred by HrmdaD

ccordinB ro rhis srudt. e:rinarcs ol rimc spenr by Iemales on

li!estock relrred a.tl!i1ics rrngcd bcrwccn I ro 5 hours per day.

Wonen i.ke primar) rcsp.nsibiliry l!r curring fodder- cLeaning

sh.ds, procetsins of anin.l product3, ol disers€ ide.rificarion. a.dc.r. or sick aninrls. Thc sale of lir.sroct producrs is a major

sou.c. of earnings for ru.al women, A.t elfon lor poverty

allcviario. s'rhorr inco.poratins won.n s rolc ir deslined to cnd inruriliiy. Unless sohen are enabl.d ro h!rn€ss lheir polenlial, lhe

ruttl sce.e vill always renain parh.lic ond full of injusli.e,wonen mole a consider.bl. conrribuiion to li!esloct

produclion and this contriborion is hore !isible !han their work ingop production. A rural ronon in Palist.n uorks 15.50 hours a

day. spending 5.50 hours in caring aor livsstock. but provide only

50 minules for th. crre of het oqn childr.n. wom.n involved itcarihS ond reorihS ol livestock !nd poullry, crrry our wide rang. oftasks su.h rs mEkins feed €onc.n|r3r.s, fe.ding, collecring fodder.

gr.zin8. cleaninS arinals and rh.i. shcds, m.kinB dung cakcs.

coll.crins manur€ for o.Banic fdtiliz.r, .s vell !s nilkins.proccssing and nark€(ing of anin!l producrs (making gh€e- sclli.Eeges, erc.). l. Patistan- qonen ar. r.sporsible for 60 percenr ro 80

percent of lh€ feedinB rnd nilking of crrlle. $om.n in Sindh and

Punjrb sp.nd lron one-finh ro a quarrcr of rheir daily vorkinshours in li!enock-relared !ctivilies, Dairy produclion is very

importanr for Nonen ii hosl proviices.xcept Brluchisran where

rh. climare is nol fa!orable to d6ii! caltle raising. Wilh lh.cxc€ptioh of a fe{ large cilies.6ll fr.sh milk consumed i. Pakislan

is bas.d on snrll donesric producrion run rnd nonaBed by wonen.

women or. playi.B a cfucial rol. in rural poultry farminc. Over 90

p.rc.nr of rhe rural famili€s k.ep .n .v.r!8. of l2 adult birds per

hoily and hatch chicks under ! brood [.n. The romen appl] rheir

own methods of rearins, brooding. br.edins. aod franagenenr based

on rhe exp.ricnc€ hand.d doqn lron !h. elder itnilt nembe.s

l0l

GnDl a.TTi.e SFlr tr God.r for Ll€tel lvLilid.rc

Livcstoct produ.tion is the secoid bigS.st economic rcrivity.fi.r crop husbandry for rur!l topul.tion in Patislan. Liv€slock rndpouhry .re raised prinaril, .s ! soorc. of c.sh incone and for

8.trin8 milk and mear. In rlral .r..3 of Punj.b voD.n.r., in

8.n.ral, r.sponsible for livesrock rc.ring, Accordi.g to findin8s oa

. !r!dy, a rlrtl won.n in Puij.b *orl3.bour l5 hou.s a d.y,spcrdi.g 5.10 hou6 in c.iing for livcarock. won.n irvolved inc.ring.nd r€aring ol livctrock.nd pouluy, ca.ry our wide r.dg. ofiasks such ss f.€ding, coll.cting fodd.r. gr.zi.8, cl.!ning anim.ls

.nd rh.ir sheds, narking dong cat.s, securi.S iheD properly ror use

a5 fuel, collectins manurc, iilti!8 processing and eve.6arketingof aiihal products (nakins and s€llins sh.., burt€r etc.) villogeqon.n are responsible foi .bout 60 pcrccnt ro 80 p.rce.r of lh.fc.di.g.nd nilking of c.trl.. R!rrl won.n rr. obs€rv.d ro bc

hcavily involved in .lmort all .sp.c13 of liv.stoct productior, wilhrh. .xc.!rion of h.rding !nd mrrkcring, sinc€ thcae raskr ..quirerb3cncc f.om rhe hone.

r02

4.22 won.n Proj..t3 i. Putri.b, P.ki.rrtr:A CTZ !ssisted projecr rirl.d Pdxoki Livesrock Producrion

P.ojecr" was laun.hed in more rh.n t00 villaees of Parroki dislrictKasri (Punjab, Pakisrar) fron July t983 to December 1992, wlth lhemain objecrivc ol raising incomc ol smrll liveslock farners by

increasinC livcstock prod!clion. Anong olher funclion6l s.clions.rh. soneo s.clion impart€d baininS lo 18035 woncn

'n thc fi.td of

'recding and nanaa.m.nr iechniqu.s in liv.sroct. Th. s.tccr.dsomen wc.c.rso rak.n ro liveslock producrions i.siirur.r and d.irycoope.arives. The wonen se€rion provid.d 214 goats to rh. tr.in.d*omen for raisinB lheir li!elihood.s well as enhoncing lhei!

Fo! in!oNemenr or !onen in mod.rn asricutlure and odvanced

li!esroct farnina lechniques, a dcr.lopn.nr p.ojecl iislfalsSi.s orinvolting ru l women in ag.icullu..t .cononic dev.topnenraclivirics" i. disrricl V€har' (Purj.b, P!tislan) during t99O.9t ro

1992-93. UNICEf and private s€cior sponsored rhis project. ti rhisproJ.cl, poor .nd l..dless wom.n of the rafgel !illases wer.piovided wirh poultt unils and teddy godts on credil bssis. Theremales in th€ pro.ject a.ea w€re cspcciatlt r.ained in rurat poutfykeepins an.t gort husbondry ihrough th. collabofalion of Liv.srockand Doiry D.v.lotmcnr D.pa neni, Covernmenr of rh€ P!njrb, Thisprolecr cr.rr.d . posirive impa.r ir fui5ing incon€ of rh. poorIonen in rhc proj.ct area (Haidani)

t0l

4,23 Logistic Modcl. Or.nll S.nplc oa th. ifh€6ln order to esrimrle the €ff€cr ol some inporranl !ariabtes on

the incone level of th. respondenls, a binary logisric hodet uasapplied. The resullr siven in rhe labl€ 4.37 elucidrts rhe eff€ct oa

thc !!riables on rhc d.p.ndent va.i!b1.,HYBUFF: rhis vari!blc r€pr.s.nts trobEbilily of the ealecls of highyi.lding buffaloes on incone of lhc f!rners, The coeificienr for thisvatiable sas positi!e and sienifjcsnt at I and s pcrcenr levet otsignificance. Ihus th. results revealed lhal hish yicldins buffatocsia maint!ined by sm.ll livesrock farn.rs cout{t improv. rheir incomcand henc. reducc poveny of the tarm.rs.HYCOw: This was the variable rep..s.ntinC the h i8h yietding cows.lf fsrm€r responded ",es" ir sas rccord.d as I otherwise 0. Logisric6odel indicared rh!r ir also h,d eood eff€ct on rhc income of rh€rrrm.rs as lh. co.laicienr valu€ *as posirivc and signifjc!nl al lopdc.il lcvel of significanc..HYBCr This variabl. represe.rs rh. high yielding buffaloes and

coqs bolh. The f.sults rev€rled lher rhe coelficient lor lhe !ariabte(0.674) *as highl! sisnificanr. Il indicares lhot ls.n.rs slrohstyprrc.jv.d th.i if bolh nish yieldins buff€ro.sdaintained. n will .nha.ce rheir incom. up ro nrxinun timirs.MILKRATE: It accounrs for villa!. rares for nitt sotd ar turns.Losistic model rcsulls revealed lhar irs coeaficient wds positiv.showirs thar os rhc rdle for lheir nitt *ss increasrd rheir incom.would have also b..n incr€as€d. st.tislically. ir pos significanl al 5

pcr..nr and I perccnt level ol signilicance.HEALTHCARE: This importarr variabtc was inrrodu€ed i. rhe

nod.l to see !he .ifect of snimat heatlh on thc incone of thefErmers. The coefficienr ior rbis v.riable sas hot nes!liv€ bur nea!to ne8!iive showin! rherebt thal farm.rs did not.etpond posirivet!for this f.ctor. Ir may b. due to rh. r.a.on rbar eirt.r f.rmers were

not auare aboul h.rl1h care ser!iccs fo. the animals or lhey don tcare for il. Th0t is why nosl of rh. respo.denrs could nor ansler!boul rnis facto. t.lisfacrort. Henc. signific.n.. l.vel for rhisv!riable *as .on sisnifica.r. But posilive sisn shoss rhar if hctllhcoveraa. of rh..nimals is nainr!ined it could improvc rheir

TECHAWARE: Il rccounts fo! !isualizing rhe effecl of the

l.chnological or.r.ners of lhe ftrm.rt on ibeir income. Modet

r.sulls r.ve.lcd thrt I€chnological rsar€ness of rn. tlrn€rsr.sardins n.i.tcnanc. and f.ed palt.rn had posirivc cff.cl on rheirincomes. Morc *as rhe iechnological a*areness of rh. f..ners;higher vould ha!e been their ihcones. whe.stalistically, il w!s hishly significanl at I perftnr le!el of

LSCREDIT: Anolh.r yaria6le for lhe incone e.hanccn.nl of rn.farn€rs was th. tinel! avlitabilit! of ihe &edit ror tivesiockrctivities. Th€ lo8isric mod.l rcs!lrs were sinit.r ro rhe

lechnological swar.ness fEctor. tl mea.s lhat il 9as equd y

inportant for thc incode improvenenr of lbc farm.m. )ts coefficierr*as stalistically signific!nr ar I t€rc.nl lev.t of signilicanc._INFRASTRUc: This was ihe vcri.ble i.rroduced ro hav€ rhe

kno$lcdec aboul thc cff.ct of rhe .vaitabitity of ihc infr!structure.vailability to th. livestock f.rF.re al viltase tev.t. Th. resuttsr.!ealed the eff.cl of rhis voriabte was .on sisnificanr. tt misbl be

due to lhe r.sson lhat eilher farmers were .ot awar. of theinporlance ol th. infraslructure tacitili.s av!it€bitity rr lheir formlcvcl or rh.y not rcsponded po!ilively rh!r i.lorn,rioo h.d !ny good

impacr on ibe producriviry 6f liv.srock.

105

Lhl.{J? Loenh. R€Kiotr

3 SETryBUFF 0.08tr. 0.0145 2..317

HYBC 0.15? 4.291MILKRATE 0.058 2.133HLALIlICARE 0.0498 0.05E 0.859IECIIAWARE 0.245. 0.048 t.104LSCREDII 0.248. 0.0t7 5.211

0.02530,004 t3.5

.68

600.=lndicat€s I Dercenr lev.l ofsioincmce.r=lidicat€s 5 p.Eent lev.lof sisitmc.ri.=lndicacs l0 Ddcent lqel of sienifico@

HY(Ol Hish Yieldingco$. Fn BC-HiBh y'.tdrns Bufiatoud (,s,MII KR,ATI= RokolMillFr Lis. HEALTIICARE- H€nh (e Cos

LSCREDIT=Avsilsbiliryof Cedn fdLirc;iekINFRASTRUC= l.fEsalctuF sdlaltihry,

424 tiailri. Mod.t sigriti€d P..ri.ip!tio! ofwoD.rThe sanc loaisric model sa3 run for lhe part of lhe sanple

showing significail porticiparion of *onen in farmi.S acriviries.Thus lhe probability of ih$eaae or decreos€ in farm incone was

associared wirh the same i.depend.nr binary !ariables as in th€pre!ious dodcl. A sepanre resr.ssion arrang€nents !e.c aimed at

!isualizing rh. diff.renc€ of inpacr on porerly (income) due ro

livesrock relring. niltins a.d rrendt in th. d.terminanrs oa d.nand

HYBLTFF: Th. co.fficient for this v!riebl€ *as lou.d to b. hishly

Pe..enl le!el of sisnificance. Results

bulfaloes if mainlained by womet

sould be lilety hiBn than rh. overall

positive wirh sig.iricanl at 5

re!e!led lhat h i8h tieldincfarmers. lh. l.!cl of income

LSCREDIT: Th. rctulrs Rcre nc.. to lhe

HYcow: Th. efaect or rhis rariabl. -as .ts6 found lo be

sig.ilica.rly (or l0 percent lcv.l of significanc.) posirive .nd rhe

bela co.ffici.nt is r.laliy€ly high.r.ElSl:: Und.f joiit cases, rhe coefricienr *as hishly sisnificanr !ndhighly elfccrive on the d.p€.denl !ariobles. The probabiliry ofi.come is e.hanced sirh the norc r..rin8 ol liv€srock by the Nom.nseements of lh. condunily.MILKRATE: Sliehr diff€rence wrs norcd under such siluation.HEALTHCARET women wcr. fou.d ro b. morc conscious aborr rhe

heal.h of th. anihals. wiih such 6n arrirud. of rhe won.., theprob.biliry of diseos.s was fo!nd lo be low white rhe p.ob.bitir) of

IEeCSIXAB-q: rcchnologicol awarencs3 or rhe sonen qas round ro

b€ morc impolrnt as a delermina.r of ffn incon€ !nd rll.viarion

INFRASIRUC. Th. resulr

t07

I.bk 4J8 L.*irric R.aKion: Sig! ific.nr Prnicip.tion or won.i! SE

HYBUFF 0.08E.. 0.014 | t.7190,(x3 t.211

HYBC 0_78. 0.151 3291MILKRAI! 0.r50. 0.06E r.835HEALTHCARE 0.055.. 0,051 0.795TECHAWARE 0.275+ 0,038LSCREDIT 0.250.. 0.011INFRASTRUC 0.026 0,62 t.2vCONTANT 0.059 0.00! t2.4

0.613E1

.=lndicG I Dse hv.lofsicnilic.E+.=hdiqr6 5 Dc6r l*l oliiF ficrrer..=lndierca l0D.c l4l of siclifiae& vsidlB.nc!d on sl.9 I: HYBUft=Hirh Yicldinr Butr lo.3HY@W- Hid Yi.ld'nr Cow. HYBC=Hid Yi.ldinr Bullllo &d Cow.MILKRATE= Adc of Milk DCr Lir.r. HEALTHCARE- Halfi Cs Co6rTECIIAWARE= Tahnicd l}Iq* .bool l.rcar dairv Ghnolori6!ISCREDIT=AuiLbiliw olccdit tor LiwnekINFRASTRUC- Inli.nrucirc.uil.biliw,

r08

CHAPTER.5CoDclusions rnd Recommendatiors

Thc nudy rcv.alcd a aood numbe. of nc* findings *hich had roreltbcc. id.nrifi.d by lhe pr€tious res.!rchers p6rlicularly in

Pakisla.3 perspeciive. The app.r.nr idenrificarion indicrr.d lhalcrops rlong sith livesroch wcre thc mrin source of inc66e for .bour69 percenr of soch incone wa3 coming fron lhis head. As rhe

manogerial in!olvenenl of female in vo!ious activilies of li!esrockr.aring was incress.d. rheie was o rsise in rhe proportion of incohefrom thir sourc.,nd subsequently r.duction in pov€rty o!.rrime.The core l.sson f.on th€ pooFnon.poor conparison establish.d rhrrthe elinindion of povcdy amo.g rhc small farmers s.tsiBnific.nrlt posiriv€ly rclared to liv.stoct farmins in conjun.rio.Rirb crop tro*iia. Th€re was found io be a. ample scop. ioenhanc. incone l€vel ofpoor farmers because nilk yield in case ofpoor fd!mers was abour half of rhar of rich fsrne.s (16.90 lir.rs per

da!) while rhe former tuced 20 rim.s higher per unit coi of hilk.Morc lh.n 70 p.rccnt of rh. liveslocl rclaled aclivilies w.r. done

by fcm.lc n.nb.rs spcnding o. an.e.r.sc 4.71 ho!rs per day. Withrhe acrjvc involv.n.rr of feiales in litesiock r.ari.8, ir sas nol

only that p€r !nir cost of milk yi.ld w.s .nhanced bur rheir socialslslus 'n running rhe donesric afa.irs w!s dignified as *cll, Andwilh the impro!ed soci!l capilal of {omen folk. ihe ihpacl oili!eslock d.!elopm€nr in po!erry allevi ion is relatively good as

conptr.d lo th. conmuniiy where *onen remained a d.p.ndcnreriil) wilh no.conomic work a.d social s"y in domcsric lif.. Mitrprice, hc.lth inilirtives, credir.nd inara.iu.rur€ qealed eoodprobabiliry of incrcsse in rh. incone or rhc farmers.

Covernne.i should incr.as. borh aornol ohd i.lorm.lt.chnical educalion ol th. f!rming comnuniry rowards

redrins of healthy animal3 !nd <t!iry rarfting- For betl.rnilk markering gover.henl should inslall milk coolingranks

'n each tillage. lr r!s observed rhar mosr of rh.

probl€ms se.e relrt.d to milk e.re du€ 16 poor li(€ract rate

and use of co.vention.l pr.ctic.s. The focus should b. on

rh. educalion of farm.rs, csp.ciall, school going children,foi they are farmers of lhe future Thes€ childr€n c.n play

an impodant role in lookiig after the anin!ls if they or.properly tained al young.r cg..Lrr.sl lools !nd tcchiiques (ransfer of t€chnolosy) forincreasins producliviiy of anin!ls should b€ inlroduccd

'nth. rurcl pais ol lhe counrry panicularly among rhc

women. launch m!ssa!. b.sic snd funcrionol lit.r.cyprotrann€s for wom.. ro.nrbl. lhcm ro lc.rn and applyinproved agri.ullural l.chnologi...

Er.h village Nirh ! pop!lation of 500 larneis should bc

Provided a dairy developmert rnd extension cenlre by th.Sovernmenl. The c.ntre should r.sisler the formen ol th.area and pro!id€ th€m facilitics of nilk colleclion, suppl!ol processed feed. rriifici!l ins.minalion servi€e, hc.lrht.r!iccs. parosir. conl.ol, n.tural breedi.g s€.vic.s ihrough

high pedigreed bull, suppl, of nulli cutlins foddcr s..ds,t.d arraDBing c!(1. shols to crcsr. ! s.nse of conp.ririonamonE the iarm€rs. This c.ntr. should also arranS.rrainings.f farmers borh nal. !nd female o. dode!n

t,

2.

Thc on. wi.dos c.edit f.ciliry should be rvailabl. to

Itndless and sn!ll turners for doins liveslock €n!crpris..

|l0

6.

5.

1.

3.

wonen enfietr.neurs in lh. field of liveslock developnenl

should be fd.ilil.led on priority basis. The recovery olcredit, fc.d and orher scrvice chcrgcs should be nade fronth€ income of mill on weekly b!sis.To exclude th. niddlenan Dodhi a bcrter and ellicientmarketinB st3r.m should be devis.d. Ersy loaning,

excellent extension s.rvice.nd iidividurl respect can give

lh€ favorable resulls. Th. vill.g. ossociation can play

impodanr rol. i. thji r.sp.cl.N€w sysrems oi nilk mlrk.rin8 on part.rn oa lndio nay b€

intoduced i.e, srlc rhrouSh nilk boorhs. both in localities

of rich and poor. with hiBh !nd low f.r cont.nts along wirh

other producrs like yogh!rt, ic. cr.cn, ghee. lassi etc.

H€alrh initiarives.r..lso impo(.nt to livcatock and diory

dev€lopm€nr- Thc ch..p bal.nc.d drjry rarions should b€

pr€p...d and i.trodoc.d in rh. rur!l afca.. Th. high qualiry

and nulticul foddcr se.d should b. trovided io farners.

Wom.n should be rr!in.d ro rh. levcl oa mrinlaining th€

he!hn of rh€ir sroct lor qutlir!rivr d.iry produclion. Th€

livcslock cxt.nsion s.rvi..s should bc nore praclical,

based upon farnq s participrtory principles

A.imal hcalrh, p!.asile conlrol. br.cding and Iraining

services should b. provid.d frec of charge. where as orher

s€rvices should b. prorid.d on no-loss and no-!rofil bssis.

Tne poor Ben€tic mrk.!p is anoth.r problem associated

Rilh poor productivit! ir th. srudy 6!ea, The nali!einseni.alion silhout consid.rinS rhe genslic qualilies ofbull is sinsle biggesl rcasoi of in.rease in lh. poor quolity

anim!13 in ared. lfAl, is not feasibl. of problems ore b€ins

faced by the farm.rs, lhen high qusliry bulls/should be

introduced in the area !r lowfi ch..g.s. Th. silcnl hear in

t

t2.

ll.

buffalo is mojor p.obl.ns, Th. u.. of reas€ bull sbould be

inboduced in lhe arsa cnd frrm.r should bc educltcd abour

lbe r€producri!c bchavior of d!iry animals and esp€ciolly

A nodern denonslration frim (liv.stock or diary) should be

developed to shov lh€ farm.rs thot hov *ilh lhe use ofnodern lech.iques ond good in!olv.menl of some.. rhe

le!el ol milk production is ii$e!sed both qualit!rively and

Reliable d.ta avaibbilirt in Patisren is a probl€m:

covernment should l..p upd.tinS rcliabl. dala avail.biliryto*!rds bert.r futur. 3lrar.gi.s. A pa.el kind of dara

should be dev.loped lo e.ug. th. real inpacl of livestock

developneni on th..h!.gi.g l.v.l of welfare of (he

Covcnm.nr shorld inprovc policy and pl.nnina proc.ss.s

ro be parlicip.lory rt well .s gcnde.sensnive. The.e itdir. necd of provision of rr.ining fem!1. asriculrure

extens;on workers so rs 1o atproach won.n farm.rs noreersily rnd provid. rhcn lhe knowl.dB. of !himal diseases.

vaccin ior and tr.atm.nl of 3inpl. ! il m cn.s.

Rural *onen nusl be lr.in.d in preser!ing and pro..ssing

or various fruils, !eterables and liv.stock producls and

assisr in naikelinl lhcir producrs rhough r h e . s t o b I i s h n e n r

ol coopeirrives. ln lhis regard, lh. skills end efliciency olrural uonen should b. impro!cd throuBh appropriate

l.chnoloSt and r.nge of.rt.nsion servicc.

l12

Ad.mr, R. H. ii.. and ran. l. H. (1995). Sourc.s of l.com.In.qu.liry r.d Povcrry in Rlral P!ki3r.n', R.se.rchRepo.1 102, W.shi.gton D.C,, Intcr.arionrl Food PolicyR.s.rr.h lnsrirurc,

Ag..e.l, S,8,, R.K. Par.l rnd C.B, Si.gh. t9E9. A sud, o. Lctor!.tf.cting rh. s!lc pricG of nilt anim.ls. Indi.n ,. D!irySc i. 42 (2)r 305-31L

AhD.d, M, 2002. Econonict ol r.rring of Buftulo, Soniw.l .ndCro3ebr.d n.ia.rs up ro oarurily, l.l.rnation!l J, Agric,.nd Bio.2002i 4(l): 153- 155.

Ahm.d,.t.al, (1993). F!rn M.r.g.n.trr H.f,d Book, Univ.rriry OfAgriculrurc, F.isahbld.

2005,

Dri.y

R, M, B.nsod., R. K.

EconoDi6 of nill(in Akol. Dirtrict ofnan.,57(l): 48-52.

W.ykrr .nd R. H- Shind..production lion crorsbrcd

Mah.r.shrr! Sr.r.. lndiai

2002, Liv.3rock lmport.nc. in Pov.ny All.vi.rion in

Ug.ndr, D.l.g.tion of rh. Europ.rn Commission

U!.nd., F.brua.y, 2002. hnp://qaw.u3.id,org.o!

H,.nd M, Cdr.ir, (1993). Pov.rty, Hous.hold Food

S.curity..nd Nutririon in Rur.l P.kiir.n. Inron.rion!lfood Policy Rca..rci Insritul., R.3.!rch R.porr No 96.

VrrhiDSton. pp, l O8,

l

Amrm..n, C.A. a.d L. Olir.rca 1990. T..hnolosic.l b€hsvior ofdtiry frrner3 in. iur.l .r.r of south€rr Chil..Comportlmi.nto t.chnologico cn p.oduclors de l.ch. d.un.comuna dcl 3ur d. Chil.- A.chivos d. Medicin.veterinari. 22(l): 35-44.

Anont. 1996. Liveslock Ccn!us-1996, Livcslock and D!iryDevelopmenl Dep.rtm.nr, Oov.rnn.nl of the Pu.j.b,P.listoo.

Anony, 1997. Eco.onic Surv.y, Miristry of Fin.nce, Govt. of P.k.,Islanab.d, Pali3rin,

Anony, 2000, "Economic Slrvct 1999-2000-' Econonic Advisor's

Wing, Financ. Divisio., l3l.ntb.d. Ptkisr.r.

anony, (2000)- Pakist.n Agricuh!t.l C..rus, Punjrb Provincc

R.Dort, St.ti{ica divi3ion Agii. C.nsus Organizllion,Isl!nabad.

Anont, 2001, "Repoit of Fcderal 8!r..u of Slatisti.s 2001"

St.tisrics Divisio.. Financc Mini(fy, Islanabld.

Anony. 2003. 'Econonic S!r!.y 2002-03", Econonic Advisoi s

Wing, Finarc. Division, I3l.nib.d,

A.ony. (2003) Punj.b Dcyelopn.nr St.tisticr, Burclu of Sratistica,

cov.rtrnent of P!nj!b, L.ho...

l14

Anony. Decenber, 2003. 'Pot.rrt R.duction Str.leAy PaF.r

Secretoriat, Minisrrt of Fin.nc.' Accelerarins Economic

Cro$rh & Reducing Povcrryr Th. Road Ah.ad.

Apl., D.P- I989. Employmenr !nd inconc d!c ro doiryins silh one

or lpo nilch .nim.ls. ln lir.stoct €conony of Indiar'.

Ne\ Delhi. lndio Oxford.nd IBH publishing Co, Pvl,

Lrd. : 201-223,

Arion, M.A. ohd A.H. somroo. I998. D.iry lndustry. AvN,.,uly. 10.

1933.

Babcock, B, A.2005. Are dor. liv.srock i. !o$as future? Iowa.

Agric. R.v'ew. 2005; I l(4): l-3.

Badr, M. A. M 2005. Th. econonics of nilk producrion and

consumplion in Esrpl, Ann!l! ol Agric. Sci.. 43(3):127-

140.

Aal, H.s.. B. sineh and LP. Sineh. 1989. Economics of milkproduction and ils mdrtcting in .urrl Puhjab. In''liveslock economy of lndi.', New Delhi. lndi.; oxfotd& IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Lld., 141-152.

Barb.r, B.M., Odean, T.. 2001. Bo,3 *ill b. boys: g.nder.

overconfid.nce, .nd confton sroc* inv.s.m.nr. Q- r.Ecoi. l16- 261 292.

Brrdh.n, P.C. 1939. Op€r.rion Flood-irs evolulion, rhe sharegy

followed snd pro8r.ss achie!ed. Indian Dairtnan.4l (12):609-623.

ll5

t 29- l3l,

D., S. R. Srivaslava and S. P.

of bu lfalo milk production

India. J. Dd iry Sci..58(2)l

Baruob. D.K and A.B. Sarker. 1r97. Proaitsbilily in milk produclion

in operation flood !reas oi Assan, lndian L Animrl Sci.

67(l):54-56.

Bhalti. J.A, S.H. H.njra. R.A. Gill, Z. Ahm!d !nd A. Khan. 1989.

Pro5pects rnd linir.tions or Livesrock Prodrcrion on

snall rrrm3. Prk, J, Asri, Sci,26(l)rl-7.

Bhatry, LZ. 1989. Th€ rol€ ol d.iryirg in rb. .Ericultural .conomy

ol lndia, Indi.n D!iryn.n. 4l(8):40-r4.

Bh€nd€, M.l. !nd J.V. Venk!rar.n- 1994. lmp!cr of diversificationof nous.hold incon. !nd risk . wholc f!rn modeling

approach Agric!lt!,rl Sysrcms. .l4rl0l-112.

Bhossl. T.s.. r.s. sh..n., L.R. SinBn. I989. Optimum crop snd

milt produclion plans for sm.ll and m619i.al farme's i..nd LC.D.P, disricr of Uil!r Prad.sh. Agriculrural

Situalion in India, 44(4)1259.264,

crrne!. D.1993. Impl.ncnring rhe Sust.inablc Rural Livelihoods

Approach, in Cariey. D, (cd.) Suslaihable Rural

Liv€lihoods: what Con|ribution Cah Wc Mate? London:.

Cha!dhr!. M.A..nd A.J, Ch!udhry, 1992. F!rning sysrems and

resourc. allo.rrion: use of lin.ar programni.B mod.l on

24(3):t8-29.

Chsudhry, M,A.. M, Rrfiq, M.A, H.hjro a.d M. Ahn.d. 199?.

Econonic a.tl!sis of milk productioh in dislticl Oldra.

Pak, Vet. J. l?(3):135-138,

i.

P ard J, One.2006, lndic.lo13 10 monitor li.nd3 'n

liresrock producrion rr n!rional, regional and

inr.rnarionsl l.vels. Lir.tlock R.search fo! Rural

D.r.lopmenl l8 (8): 2006.

F, Misturelli,, and L, Ni.ls.n. (2001). Restocling and

Pov.rly Alleviarion. Perceplions and R.6lili.s ofLit.slock- Ke.ping among Poor Pss.orali3ls in K.nlaVctdinlry Epideniologt.nd Econoni.s Res..rch Unit,

Univc13iry or Rerding, R.ading, UK.

Delerdi.6nrs of Po!.rty in Maurit.nia,D.v€lophenrj24(6). Ju.. l996,pases l0l5-l | .

Cones, F.rnando,l99? "Dererminanls dc la pobrez! dc los hog.res

M.xico. 1992". ievisra M.xicsna de Sociologir. vol 59,

ni6,2 abril-junio 1997, pp. ll l -160.

Din. z.U. 1984. Economics of Liv.stock produclion i. O.tr lsnailKh.n, M.Sc. Thcsis. D.Pt, of Liv.stock Man.g.menr,

Frculry of A.inal Husbrndry. Univ. of Agri. Fri3al.btd-

ll?

Dudziuk, w, 1989. Facrors d.rcrmi.ing progr.ss in .rinalprod!ction. Czynnili posr.pu w produrcji 2{ierrc.j,wi.3 wspot.zesnr. 33(l):51-59.

Durui. U.N. 1996. Potenli.l for in.r.rrinS milk produclion. AvN.Nov.,:10.

FAO, 1995, Gcndfi Is3u.3 in ASriculrural !nd Rural D.tclopD.nrPolicy in Asis.nd thc Prcific, FAO R.gion.l Oftic€ torAsir.nd rh. P.cific, Ban!tot.

FAO, (2002). "Aq!.culru.c ch H.lp Rcduc. Pov.rty" R.porr ofthc Unitcd N.tion. food Agcncy for rh. y..r 2002.

Gr.ci., O-, ct .l. 'A r.vi.e ol Mill Prodlcrio. i. P.kii.. wirh

Particul.r Emph.!i3 on sn.ll-sc.lc Prodsc.rc" Pro-Poor

Liv.rtocl Policy lniri.riv.. PPLPI Worting P.p.r No. l.Inr.rn!rion.l Farm conp!rison N.twork IFCN, FAL,

Bund.r!llc. 50, 381 l6 Brlunrchvcie, Gcrm..y.

C.zd!., H. (1998).'R.vicw of Prli!tln Porcrty Data" Mihco,D.p!nn.ir of Inr.rn.rion.l D.v.lopnent. London, pp,

76,6 Atril 1998.

Cill,6.S..nd l. Sir8h. 1986, An cconomi. an.lysis oa millprodoclion syst.ns in diff.r.nr !gro-clihaiic r.gions ofPunj.b. lid. J. Ecol. ll(l):t2-59.

Cill, C.S. .nd R.(. Prt.l. 1983. Milk producrion dnd disposrlp.ncin in lh. ru l Pu.jcb. Asirn J, Dairy Rca,2(l):50.54.

lt8

Gosuani, S.A. and N.A. Rao. 1992. Economics of 6i1k prod!clion

in the Easl (h.si hills disirict. Ind. J. Driry Sci.

45(2):80-83.

Greer. J. And Thorbecke, E. (1986): Food Poverty Profile AppliedTo Keny!n Smollhold.rs. Economic Dcvelopmenl A.dCullural Change, 3til), I l5-l4l

Crecne. w.H. (1993)r Econom.rric An.lysis (2'd edirion)-Engl.wood Cliffs. NJ, Pr.nrice H.ll. Washington, D.C.

Grover. D.K., P.L. Sankh!yen cnd S.K. M.rha, 1992. An cconomic

an.ltsis of nilk producrion ir B!rhinda districr ofPunjab Ind. J. Driry 5ci.,45(80: 409-415.

Gryseels, G- 19E8. Rolc of lir.sloct on hircd tnrllholder farns in

th. Ethiopion highlands. A..s. srudy from rhc Baso and

Wor.na !vereda ncat D.brc Bcrhan. Th.sis. Aeric.Univ.Waecnins.n. Nerh.rl.nds.

Hrid€r. A. S. and M, M, Asl.n, I982. Economic ol milt lirestockproduclion bl th. l!ndlcss produccN uhder complet. and

tarlial conm.rci.liz.iion lron Faisel.bed. Eco.onic olvillage li!esroc!. publishcd by P.E.R,l., Lahor..

Hamdahi, L.A.S., 2002, Role of Rur.l Woh.n in Po!ertt Alleviationthro!gh Keepine Liveslock. Participsnl of 82'" Advance

Cours€ in Public S.cror M.nag.m.nl. NIPA-Lahore,2002.

I19

Hanne. N, 2004, Socio-Econonic lmpact of Sd.llhold€r LiveslockDevelopnent Projecr, B!nsl.desh". DARUDEC.

stamholmen I12, DK-2650 Hvidovr., D.nmart. E-n.il:darudec@in.r.uni-c.dk

Hans, A, J, 2004. Poullry in Pove y Alle!ialion in MalaNi.*w*,poulrry-dcv.lopnenr,dk/do.unen, vision.doc.

Hasson, W.E.Il.. R.H. Phitps .nd E. Os.n. I989. D€velopnenl ofsnrllholder dairy unirs in M.laysi.. Tropical AnidalH€!llh and Prod. 2l(l):175-182,

Hudgens, C-. Fotkin, L., 1985. S.x difl€ref,ces i..isk taki.girep.ar.d sessions on ! compurer simulaied ra.k..,.Psychol- I 19, 1970-2206,

IFAD, 2001. TendinB ro a pov€rty fr€. Futur.: l-iv.siocL serriceslnrer.aiional Fund ror Agriculr!r.l Detelopmenr (IFAD).Rone, llaly (2001). w.bsit.r www.ifld.ors

IFCN. 2005. Dairy R€porl 2005, For a B.tl.r Und€rslandins ol MilkProducrion world-Wid.. Inrerndrionsl F.rn Conpariso.Network, (2005), Websil.: ww*,ilcnnet{ork.org.

IFPRI,2004. 'Liveslock lo 2020, The nert Food Revolulion" Food,

Agricullurc. qnd Eivironfrent Discussion Paper 28.

Inlernaliohal Food Policy Rcse!rch lnslilule,2033 K

S1r.et, N.w., Washingron, D,C, 20006-1002 U.S.A.

Iqbal. Z. 1984. Effici.ncy of resourccs allocation of liveslocttarns. M.Sc, tt.rir. Dep.rln€nr of livesrock

t20

Managencnt, F.cully of Aninrl Husb!ndiy. U.A.

Fais6ldbad,

Jena, A.C. 1988. Eff.cti!en.ss of d.livciy systcm3 for dairy

d€velopn.nt: A c!s. !tudy. t. R!rrl D.v. lndia.7(5):561-571.

Johnson, J-, Powcll, P-, 1994, D.ci3ion mltin8, ri3k, rf,d 8cnde.:rre m.n.8.F diff.!cnr? Br, r, Mlnrgc.5, 123-138.

Ka2i, S, (1995). 'Rur.l Won.n, Pov..tt .nd D.v.lopm.rt i.P.lisr.n, A3i.-P.cific ,o!rnrl of Rur.l D.vclophcnt,Vol.5, No l, ruly 1995, pp, ?E-91.

Xh... M,2001, Milk pricint.nd Dilution i. P.sh.w... P!t. r.Agric.Eco.200l,

Khsr, R. N., R. H, U3m.ni, 2005, Ch.r.ct.ristica of rur.lsubrist.ncc an.ll hold.r lir.stock producrion sysr.n innounl.ino!3 .r.rr of NWfP, P.tin... P.k. V€r.rin.ry.J.25(3): | | 5-120.

Kiln.r, L,H.. B.J. Conlin r.d N.R, Bro.ds.tcr, 1992. Mirncaol.dai.y f.rn sur!.y pfi3on.l v.lu.r, J. Dairy Sci.

?5(l):l9l

Khush.k, er..l. (2003). Socioccoiomic R.3c.r.h Srudi.s 2003-2004.

P.kislan Agricultuial Res..rch Coun.il, I6lEn!bad-ISBN:969-409-139-X,

t2l

A. End A. T. N.jad. 2000. Economic !specls of fourwi.ssal!bush (Atriplex caiescen3) in lr!n. Fodder shrub

dev€lopmen( in a.id.nd seni arid zones,vol, I 27 Oct.2November 1996, H6nn.nct, Tunisid. Ppl84-186.

and J.N. Gupt.. 1988. Conpar.ti!. cost ol nillproduclion from diffcrenl rp.ci.r of milch Aninals. Acase study of Zaffarna!ar Disrrict (Ultar Pr.desh).

Indian L Dairt Sci,4l(4)r4l l-419,

Kunar M., R. B. Pras.d .nd S, Kunar. 1999. Econonics of buff,lonilk producrio. around D.lhi. Buff!lo Bullclin.. l8(l):I I-ll.

Kunr. D, A. S. S.d.a and N, Si!!h 2004. Economics of niltproducrion on sn.ll holding f.rn.rs in dislrictAllohabad, U.P. Biov.d l5(ll2): 79-82.

Lohato, D. H a.d r. M. Soomro. Unit Root T€st !nd Forecasr ofMill Produ.tion in Pakist.n- l.t.rnario.al J. of Dai.ySci.2006, l{l):63-69.

c. s,

Mahi. P. and R.l-. Kheide,i..o!atioos btol D&i ry Res. I

1991. Differ.nt level ofadoption oid.irydiffer.nt catesories of fdrmcrs. Asion I

0(2 ) r73 '8 0.

122

Munshi K.D. and K.S. Parikh. 1990, MilI suppl, behrvior in lndia:Darr inregr.tion.stindrion !nd inpli4tion3 for dairyde!elopdent. Discussion Papet, Indira Candhi. Insliluleof D€velopm.ht R.search Bohb.y. lidi!. 38:34

Naidu, R.R. v.J, Babu s.d K. Jayach.ndr!. 1992. lntacl of dairycooper.lives on incomc .nd cnploym.nr of n!rsinsl and

soall frrmers a c.s. srudr. Indi!n D!irtnai 44(l):9-ll.

Nandar. s.A and M. El.hi. I991, Milch anin!l .nlcrprise in RuralPuijrb. Purj.b Econonic Rcsc.rch l.3lilul. Lafior..

Nataraju- M.S. 1989. A sr!dy oa.doprion bchsvior of small and

narg'nrl f.rmcrs in Karnar!ta. Livesroct Advit.r.l4(ll):ll-19.

Nataraju, M.s. a.d M.B. Ch.nn.!osd.. 1987. B.cksround facrors

sin r€larion ro dairy .doprion beh!viour of rural poor.

Liv.sroct Ad!is€r. l2i9):2 t-29-

Na2li. H. 2001, Rural L.bour Martcrs in Pakistanr Insritutions ond

Conslrainls. Background papq piepai.d for Pakislan

Rural F.ctor Market Sr!dr, World Bink, Washingron

D.C.

M, Njavro and V. P.r,2002, Profitrbilirt of li!csrock fornscrooria Acta-Agiaria-Kaposvariensis, 6(2): 2ll-217.

Ngongoni, N. T.. C, Mapiye, M. Mwal. .nd B. Mup€rd.2006.Foctors alf.ciing hilk D!oduction ii lhe smollhold.r

dairy sector of zinb.bsc. Liv.stock Res. Rural

Develop., l8 (5).

Ni!2, M.S, 1997. Th. Prim. Ministfi Packag. of AsricullureReform s. AvN, Scpt, l0

Pandey, R,N. 1988, Conlribulion of buffaloes ro seneralion ofincone dnd enployhent for lhe rural bousehoids,

especially lor th. sndll fdrd.rs, lndio. J. Ahin5l Prod.

ond M!hagi. 4 (3-4):124-132.

Pardue. F.E. and J.A- B.ir.nd. 1990. Futur. direclion of the dairyindustry in Sourh Crrolir!, r. Ddiry Sci. 73(l):271.

Po{.11. C., 1990- Onc nor. limc: do mal. !id t m.le naige6differ? Ac.d. M..a8.. Excc, 4, 68 ?5.

Peacoct, C.,.nd A..,ow.n. (2004), Rcachins lhe poor a call toaclion tbr Inv.stn.nt in smallhold€r ASriculture" in sub-

Saharan Africa Prepar.d jointly by srral ar FARM-

Africa, Harv.sl H.lp.nd lhe Cent.r for Developnenlsnd Povedy R.duclion, Depa nenr of AsriculluralSc iences, Impcrial Colleg., London,

Poare. C.D. rhd P,F, Daplyn, 1993. Dala for Agrs.ian De!elopmenr.

Canb.Univ. Prcss, Canbridgc, UK,

Prdeogbare and N.K Biistlach.ryya. I994. Econonics of buffalonilk produdion in the Malhut. dislricr of U dr P.adesh.

I.dia. J. Anin!l Sci. 64912:1368-1372,

124

Prco33. S. 1989. Buatulo D.nlg.ncnr wo,l .llon.d to wom.i in rh.Ponjab. Enrei.llurs + La.dich.r R.un 2l (l) t8-20

ID...n. pl., I r.b., oQEHI P.noti liv. ock producrion

Proj.c1. P.O. Bor 3046. Culb.rs Colonr, l-ahor.,P.tisr.n.

R.j.idrln, K, 3nd R. Pr.bhghrran. 1993. A srudy of.conoDicr olnilt producrion. Indi.n r. Dairy Sci. a6 {5):206-210.

R.jiv. s, ,.P. oh.la .nd R.S. K!i.on. 1992. EcoDo.ics of buff.lomil* p.oducrion in rurrl .r..s of Rohr.k Disrricl. J.

Dairying, Food3 .nd Hom. Sci.nc.s. I l(l):8-12.

R.ju, v. T.. s. Hyn.jrorhi ..nd S. Rcddy.200l. Econoni$ ofbuft lo milk production in w.st Godav.ri Dinricl ofAndh.. P.!d.sh. c.s. srudt. Indiai r. Dairy Sci,,56(4):254-260,

R.nan, A, a.d K.K, ,.in. 1992- Drirying por.n1i.l in l!lAndt!rdistricr of Punj.b. I.dia. D.iryr.n. aa(12):57E-5E3-

Rao, 8.D., T.G, Rcddr.nd C,B. Sin8h. 1991. Econonics ol bufailonill produclion on comm.rci.l d!iry a!rhs. Ind. r. DsirySci.44(l):15-19.

R.o, M.v. l9EE. Scop. of insrirutionrl fi..ncins ir promoring d.iryf.rming eirh blffrlo.s. lnd, r, Aninll Prod. Mgnr,4(3& a):lll-139.

R.o, M.V. 19E9. Th. Anr.d p.rtcrn- a nod.l for dairy d.v.lopmcntin lndia. Indi!n D.irynrr. 4l(l l):582-593,

I'J

Rashidi, M.2002."Diary of Ceitl.wom.n Farm.r" Tn. Doiiy Down,

Ju ly 14.2002.

Rarrllion. M. And Bidani, B. (1994)r How Robusl ls d Po!€(yProfile? Th. World B.nl Economic Revie$,8(l)r 75

r02.

Raz., S.H., S. Ahn!d and A. lqb.l, 1998. Rc!d, Rccknor lor Animal

Scientisrs. Isl Ed. Pub. Sofr Logo. Unir. oa Agric.Faisalabad: | 64- l6?.

Rodrigue2. Adria. G.: Snirh, Sr.phcn M. A comparison oa

Der€rmin.n.s of Urb.n. Rur!l !nd Farn Pov.rty in Cosla

Ricr". World-D.v.lopncnti 22(l), M.rch 1991, p!s.sJat-91

Srdiq, C., M. Ish!q .nd S. H. S!dd02!i. 2001, Esrin!rion of cosr

and rev.nu. .nd .n!ly3i3 of rhe diff.renr flcrors.ffectins liv.stock production. Sarhdd, J. Agric. l9(4):519-544.

saha. A., o, Garcia and T. H.mm.. 2005. Th. €conomics of nilkproducrion in Orissa, lidi6, With parli.ular enphssis in

snall-scale prod!c.r, PPLPI woiking plper No, 16, FAO,

Sahaoa. G,2003, Sustoin!bl. dc!elopm.nr of livestock production

slslem, lndian Dsiryo!n,5t(4): 19.4 5.

samdani. z. 1998. Liveslock s.cror in Punjab nol fairly lr.aled.AVN, July:7

t26

H U. 198:. Denand, Supplt and Marketi.g of livcstock

P.oduciion. Repod No.9. Livestock Ptoductron end

Marteting Surve, Punjab, CTZ. Erchorn:21'28.

(2001). Nor by Br.!d Aloner Th. N.xr Food R.volution.

Th. Liresloct R.volution. A P.thvsy fron PotgtyR.cord of a co.f€renc. co.ducled b! rhe ATSE Crarford

Fund Parlianenl House, Canb.rr., Aus(alio.

D,, Bowman-Upton, N., 1990. Femole and mal.

.nlrcpreneurs: psychologi.al ch.tacletisrics and lh.irrole in gender relal.d discriminalion. r, Brs. venl.5.29-36.

Shah. D. 1992. Dairy d.velopm.nr ar . n.ans of inproving In.nuirilio.al sralus of rur.l poor. l. Rur!l Dev€lopncnt.

(Hlderabld) ll(2):229-218.

Shaina J.K., S.S. Saihi ond M.S. K{at... 199J. Fool dnd noulh

dis.ase in Puijab. A r€trosp.ctive srudy. Indian J,

Anim!l S c i . 6 5 ( l ) : 3 5 - 3 ? .

Shdrm.. A.K..nd S.K. R!spol. 1989, Rcsourcc use efrici.ncydrirying und€r exisring man.gcn.nl l€Yels. lnditnDoiry S c i . 4 2 ( 2 ) : l l 3 - 3 1 5 .

sh!rif, M. I981. An Econonics A!trais.l oflivesloct Production bv

rural lsndless Houteholds in Punj!b with Spccial

reference ro Monr proj.cr Area (sarBodha), unpublj5h.d

M.sc, Thesis, univeisity of Agriculluie, Fsisolobad

t27

Sheirzi, Nrsim Shah.l994, An Anslysis oi Pakislan s Poverty

Problen and its All.viarion throush l.faq."Ph.D. Tbesis,

Intefnarional lslamic Univ.rsily, I s ladabad,

Shirazi. N. S. (1995). D.rerninrnrs of Po!erl, in PakislEn',

Pakistan Ecoooni. and Social Review, Vol. 13, Noose

l&2, Sunher/Winler 199J, p. 9l-101.

Shiyrni, R.1.. R,D. Prtel and D.B, Kuchh!diyr. I939. Econonics ofbuffdlo milk produclion in Khed, dislricl of Cujralesiare. Indi.n.l. Dairy Sci. 42(l):l-6.

Singh. A. N. and N. Toshihiko,2003. Role oa buffalo in ihe

socio.conomic dcvclopm.nl of rur!l Asia: Current sl.tus.nd roture prospecrus. Anim.l Sci. .tourn!l 74 (6). 443-.r5 5.

Sinsh, LJ. ind A.C. C,ngsar, 1989,

A. Eco.onic A.alysis.lndia". Ne* De lh i. Indi!.(Pvr.) Ltd.: ? 7-8 7.

Boti.. Econohy of Haryana:

In "Liv.stock Ecoiony olOxford & IBH Publishirg Co.

Singh, R.P. a.d R. Singh, 1988, Role of dairt enterprise in

inc.ersine income and.nplolmenl, L Rural De!. lndia.

7(5):583-590.

R.V. and A.S. Si.ni, 1988. lnl.Bration ol improved

rechnologr of.rop rnd mill production for 'n!rer.'neincome and.mploym.nr. ABriculrural siruolion in lndia

43(9):751-755.

S i nsh,

128

SM€DA, (2000). Siratesy Dev.lopncnloisrrihurion. D.iry Dir ision.

and Mediun Eir.rpri3.Covernm.nt of Faiislan.

Sraroric, L. I989. Primary cosr analtsis of milk production,

An!lyza vlaslnych nak.do! pri vyrobe nli.ka,Zemiedelska Eknohila. 3t(8)r651 -662.

Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980, Principles and 9roced!!es olStalistics. McCraw Hill Book Co., New York.

in Milk Produclion and

AgriculrDr. S.€tor, Sm!l I

Dcr.lopment Authority.

S., T.C. Rajasop,l.n !nd C. K. Thomas. 1999,

Conpararive ecoromi.r of hilk produciion in o.8!nis€d

!nd unors!nised s€crors. lndian Journ!l of AnidalProducrion rnd Manag.m.nr., l5(2). 45-47.

S., J. s. M. Farooq, M, N. Ahm.d and S. K. Hanid.2003.

Land holding, herd status and ccononics of buffalo milk

production al €ommercial dairy farDs in P€sha$6i

Divisio.- Journal of Anim.l !nd vetetinatt Adrancss.

2(l): 4 I l.

Trilor, S.P., S.T. Bori*ar, L,S. ,.in and C.L. Chrwala. 1992.

Econonics of milk produ.lion in surti buffaloes. lnd. J,

Dairy s.i. .t5(4):l 78-180.

Teufal. N, 1993. villaee milt produclion in Punjab (Pskistai),

CTZ:Vieh and Fisch, Eschborn, Cermany.

t29

Timothy, o.w. 1998. Policy and institulional issu.s in crop-

livesrock (€cbnoloSy tr.ns,.r a.d adoption in Seni !ridwesr Africa. Inr.rn.taon.l Liveslock Res€arch Inslilut.(ILRI) Ecoregion.l Progmm for Semi-Arid Sub Srh.r!nAfrica B.P. 1204. Nian.y. Nig.r

UNDP (2000). Sourh Asia Porer|y all.vi.tion P.ogrande: Region.lProSr€ss Repo 2000. U.ilcd Nalions Developdenl

Progfrnme (UNDP). Regional Support Unit, Nepal

UN (2001). Unit€d Nations De!.lopn.nt Assistance Frrhe*oik forP!kisra.2004-2003.

Upron, M. 2004. Trad. in liv€slock .nd livesiock products:

inrer.aiional r.8ulation and Rolc ror econonic

dev€lopdenr. Lire!to.k policy Discussio. Paper No. 6.

Livesrock infornation. S.cror .nalysis and polic'Brrnch, ACAL. Ron.r FAO.

Vy!s, D,L. 1988. Resource productivily in nilk produclion on mixed

drylrnd farner in Nagpu. districl (Raj,), Annals of Aridz o n e . 2 7 ( l ) : 1 5 - 2 1 .

w.hla, M.A. 1982. Economics of Liv.3lock Raising in Faisalobad

Disricr. M-Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Agri. Markering, Untv.

of Agriculrure. F.is.|lb.d.

W6.cpal, M., A. Pellum. N. wons..n, S. Malaral, S. Khaopa and

P. Roulinson. 2007. lmproring Crop livestock

Prod!ction Slst.ms in RcinLd Areas of Norlheasr

Thailand. Pak. J. Nutlirion,,6 {31.241-246.

rl0

Wilson, R. T., S, Ehui-.rd S, M.ck (eds) 1995. "Liv.tlockD.v.lopn€nt Slrsl.gi.d for Low Incom€ Countrie.,

Proceediogs of the joinl FAO/ILRI rou.dtabl. on

li!.sto.k developn.nr sir.t.gi.s for low incomc

countri.s", lnrernrlion.l I-iv.srocl Researcn ln3tilul€,

Addis Ab.ha, Erhiopi., 2?,f.bru.rt-02 Mfch 199t.

world Arnk, (t995)- Plkist!n: Poveiry Ass.ssn.nr, RePorl No.

14397.PAK, wlshinslon D,C., PP 91.

Yadov, B,L, rnd M,C, Yrdav, 199?, Dif&r.nt l€vels of !doption ofbuff.lo nusbandry p..clic.3 .nong farmers of diff.r.ntl.v.ls of soci!l pdrricip!rion, Indi.n l. Aninrl Sci,

6115):445-449.

Younus, M., .nd H,M, Sabir. 2001. 'E.oronics of Exirling f.rning3yst.m i. In. C.nrral P!njab", Ag.i. Economics S.clion.

AARI, Faisal'bad, Pakistan,

Younrs. M,,.nd M. Ylqoob 2003.'Rur.l Livestock Produclion in

P.lisl!n"hltp://wvw.prkiss.n.coD/allabouvli!catocl/tural,livcstocr.prlisr.n.rhlnl

Youna3 M, .nd M Yaqoob. 2005. F..d ie3ourc.s of liv.stock in thc

Punjsb. Pakislrn. Li!.51ock Research for Rural

D.v.lopnenr l? (2) 2005.

Zlffi, A. H. 1982. Economic Tr.il3 of Rur.l dairy Anim!13, pP 98-

I I l. A..ual R.port l9Ea-85 livesroct Produclion

lcr.rrch Inslitulc, B.h.ndurn.grr, okarr.

lll

Zh.nyu.4 V., .t.tl. 2004. Rol. .od Srr.t.gJ of Gori R.fi.tIndo.trt ar Pov.ny Au.vl.rlon .nd D.v.lopnc.t. LlnylCily B!...o of AllD.l Hrrb.ldrt, Sh.trdonA 2?600,1,

Cnim.

Zlntn.tr, G., K.r...|., K., 1991. Cullrr.l url gctrdd.liff.r..c.t i!risk t6tlnt b.h!vior rnonS AE.rlc.r .nd sprni.ld..isio! D.t.is, J, So.. P.y.hol, l3l,11l-142,

132