prr localizing development ch1

7/29/2019 PRR Localizing Development Ch1

1/34

C h a p t e r o n e

Wy D piciiM?

over the past DeCaDe, the WorlD Bank has alloCateD

m $85 bii c iciy dm.1 o d-

m gcibi d d gi dm b bby muc, gm m

dig cui.2

t cu w i i icii bg ci

igy cizd dm gi 1970 d 1980,

wic cd widd ci mg cii d g-

m gizi (nGo) -dw dm id w

dy diccd m d , mgiizd, d

xcudd. Udyig i i w bi giig

g y i dcii cd i i by iig m

i m c jc dig d immi wud

u i c cci bw dm id d i idd

bcii.

lc icii cquid i i w dcd.

I i w d wy ci iy g, icudig

imig y gig, buidig cmmuiy- ci ci,

d icig dmd gd gc.

o y bjci icii i ic c

wdg d c i dcii-mig c

gm, i id, d d gci. W ibcii b m y dcii, icii bcm -

iiid ciw i w xci ic d cic,

mwm. picii i xcd d b-digd

dm jc, m ci ic diy, d imm

i gig b. Uimy, i i xcd d m

Local participation has be

proposed as a way to imp

poverty targeting, build so

capital, and increase dem

or good governance.


2/34

l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?

16

quib ci ubic uc d duci i cui

d -ig.

t w mj mdii ig c icii cm

muiy dm d dcizi uc d uiy

c gm. Community developmentu

big ig, ub igbd, d ud guigi c mgig dm uc, wiu yig

my ciud c gm. Cmmuiy dm

jc bd cmmuiy-di dm, cmmuiy

bd dm, cmmuiy iid jc, d ci ud

I c y, xd cmmuiy ggm i ic

diy iducd iciy duci d j

c, wic m m u cmmuiy-di d

cmmuiy-bd dm jc. Dig i y id

c g m cmmuiy-bd gig, i wic y ci bcii i dcizd, jc i wic cmmuii

id yig dg i jc dig, jc mgm

d mgm uc.

Decentralization g ig d muici

gm b dmd d uy id. o dmd

id, i g ciiz icii i c gmby,

xm, iiuig gu ci, imig cc im

i, d ig mcim dibi dcii mig. o

uy id, i c biiy c gm id

ic by icig i ci uc, gig cciy c ci, d miig d iizig dmiii

uci.

Cmmuiy dm d dcizi cmm

icu dig, my d i iic i ici

y gm. p icii d i iii

ubcu i c -ci iig, g ciizi

d b m icui ciic ggm. I ig i

cmmuiy dcii mig buid cciy -ic d

cci ci (w i mim cd ci ci), ici

i ium u.W uccu, icii c

m i id i ci ubic ciiz, w u i

d d m ccub d ifuc dcii

c i i.

The two major modalities or

ostering local participation

are community development

and local decentralization.


3/34

w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t

adc cmmuiy dm iw i mcim

cig uibiiy, imig cicy d ci,

cig u y duci gm, mig dm m

icui, mwig , buidig ci ci, g-

ig gc, d cmmig m d ubic c

ciii (, xm, Dgi d 2001). ty gu cmmuiy-di dm i icu i b ci

u by igig dm iii wi cmmuiy g;

cig cmmuici bw id gci d bcii;

xdig uc ib (ug miccdi,

ci ud, d ccui iig); d gig cc-

iy cmmuiy-bd gizi d dc

i cmmuii. Cmmuiy-di dm xici

bjci ig w i i m c gcy

d ic d gi m m c d-m ic. I g i cciy ud d

mg -iiid dm ciii.

adc c dcizi mid by cy

d gic gu ducig dic bw g-

m d ciiz w gm b cy bd. Ciiz

c cmmuic i c d d cd ci d

cy mi i mc, wic im b cy

d ccubiiy; y m iy ic w c g-

m ici my m cuci jc, gg i

im, d i budg wiu ig iw ciizi ccu. ecd iibiiy i cud wi g cciy

ciiz mbiiz d dmd b ic d d c

gm ciy ccub by ciig c cciy

cci ci. Dcizi, i i gud, im c

ccubiiy, bcu b-imd ciiz m cb

mig m imd c cic. Fum, c g-

m ciiz b ug dic ici dibi

um, wic ic ic ciiz. tu, ccdig d-

c, dcizi im ic, ccubiiy, d cy,

mig gm m i d ciiz.

adc b cmmuiy dm d dcizi

gu m iciy dm c b i-

ig gud ciizi. lc dmcci c ciiz w

Community development

and decentralization share

common intellectual pedig

rmly rooted in historical

notions o participatory

government.


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18

gg i dmcic iic d gg, dib, d mbiiz

i wy g cii ciy.

ti ii i uiy d. sm ic migiig

bu bic c c; ccd bu

cic cg immig g iciy jc

ig imi (C d ki 2001; hi 2001; li 2007; M2002). picuy w ici y c y igd

wi d jc, imm my g dic

wii g gu d c w ucu d dicu

iiui buidig i m iy dib d m

ub ucm. Cmmuiy dm my b iy

ubjc i cu bcu cd ifuc c i

(abm d pu 2004).

t cciy d-d icii duc d m

cmmuii b cgd gud. Fi, mc gu xci ic d cic c b cy

(Mui d r 2004). I my i ci b

cii, bcu im quid u dqu icii

picii my d ycgic yic du

m ciy d cmicy didgd, bcu i my qui

y ii i cfic wi i w

u gu. t mi iciy c i i i

b uwig uc c, bu ciic gu i i by m

ci.

scd, icii bcm mimd, i b ud m gmic icy i, uc c-ci

diy w-c mic ic dic

ci mi, by iig m c ic diy

i bcii. Idd, i b ai (Bw 1986) d aic

(rib 1995), icii b dcibd m cd

corveb, wi ud i mig m ubi

cibui ic.

tid, ciic gu bi iciy xic

wi m iud d immi y uii

buucci (gm d) my b i. t uiiz

i iciy ig xci i w ubic c

gci c ddii u uc wi ig im

m uc bu imici i w ccubiiy. a

xmii iciy jc d i jc

The capacity o donor-led

participation to educateand transorm communities

has been challenged on

several grounds.


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wi ig icii, c wdg w c-

uc ig cx d ccd udyig iic

wdg duci d u (M 2002). Fu i i

w idid:

piciy xci ubic dd gdig g gu d gm ciii. tu,

uc iy iic, d uig jc

dig i d by c w d gd i.

ouid gd xd c wdg. pjc

cii d dic iciy xci, d

d bcii d by ci w

jc c di.

pici my ccu i c bm dii

d ig i d miu gm i

w i. aug i ccuc c b b j-c d bcii, i c cu d ci b

did ig.

piciy c c b ud giimiz jc

iuy bid iii d i u m

cmmuiy.

Fu, ciic gu c gm i dig cui

ciy m ccub d c

gm bcu bc quii c ccu-

biiy w (Bd d Mj 2006). t quiiicud ducd d w ciizy, i ci d cmic

quiy, w d d, biiy u d i ci wii

ciui ig, ib d uwy imi c,

d ig by ci d ci cii ciy.

ti u i mid gig db

ci iciy dm. D i w? D i

ic ccubiiy? I i cud by i? D i ic ic

d cic? I i mwig? I my dicd wd ici-

y dm w ? sd by cc x-

i i udig b ccmid by cu ui d

idd yi (Mui d r 2004), i c y

b ic i c, icuy imc ui,

cmmuiy-bd dm. sc m iy dicii

ubiy icd uddig iic

Critics argue that local

governments in developing

countries are not necessa

more accountable andtransparent than central

governments.


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20

cmy dcizi. t g i i c i

c wii igd ccu mw, ummiz i

ccui, d dw imici icy.

The History o Participatory Development

t id ciic icii i d id dmccy (e

1998); i xid i my di cuu ugu iy. I

ci a, icy dcii w md dibiy, i ubic

ig, wi y m ciiz gi uiy i i

iw. I hiduim d Buddim, ubic db d dibi

g b ui m dicu (s 2005). lc

dibi iiui i su ai, w igi dmi

, b dcumd dig bc bu cuy BC(a 1949). t Qu qui cmmu i b dcidd

by muu cui (shura) (ayi 2008). I Im, cmmuiy

(umma) u shura y dib bu id iu i

ubic icy, wic u (khalifa) mu cid.

I -eu aic, Zuu ci cud m dcii

wiu cuig i cuci (chila ya njama). aug

ci xcid iu w, i ifuc ddd i biiy

ud d cic, cc. amg a i W

aic, uiy ci w gy cicumcibd. h w

quid c i ccuc wi cu; m c iw w giim gud dm.

lc dcizi g iy icii

acgic idc w m ciy- i Mmi

d diic i egy ud my udd y b big

uid (ud 3200 BC) i cy ud i. tug c

qu, i md g mi, bu cii d diic

wii cqud ii, ug bigd y ibu d

cibu di i d mi, iy jyd m

u. I ddii, d cqu d, c

gmy gw g (Gdi 1961; km 1971).

aud 1200 BC, ic, w g w egy

d Mmi cd i bm d ii m

, pici cii izd uiy dc i

The idea o civic

participation is as old

as the idea o democracy.

Local decentralization

has an even longer history

than participation.


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iddc. aug c ciy ciud u i, cii

gd m giic ic. F x 600 y,

duig id ig u, i m pici ic

id Mdi d dd ugu i cmic

mi (M 1986). W pici w cqud by

G, by rmi cii w cd y, cc,d d bc u c w, bu i muici i

ciud i. rm cuy cugd (ubi) ciic

ciiy, cibuig dmy ubic buidig d ciii

c mi (abb d J 1968).

Dcizd bu y id ucu w u i

su ai duig Muy (321185 BC) d Mug (1526

1857) . vig gm d cidb uiy d w

cic i; c w gy c m d

ymbic uiy xcd x d ibu. I aic, ud cci dcii mig d cii i cc, d cm-

muiy mmb ud cui d u mbi d

gm ccub ubic g.

t md y icii w cy icud

i 18 cuy by J-Jcqu ruu, u The Social

Contract. ruu uid ii dmccy i wic qu cii-

z mb m dcii i idd, dibi m-

, uc g wi i, g icy i wic

b d bud quy d (pm 1976). ruu w

cig ii um g i wic cmmuii dccd cud cmm eigm i idi-

idu iby, d i wic um u w m im

cic (Dmc 2007). t ruu, icii w m

md dcii mig. I w c by wic idiidu

dd my i iw d d

ccu ubic i i d gi ci. picii

d im duci uci: idiidu d

w bcm ubic ciiz, d cmmuiy mmb dd

bgig. ruu iimy id i ici-

i wi dm ciic i id d ud

ifuc ubqu iic ug.

amg my 19 cuy i w bui

id, m b w J su Mi (1859, 1879),

Rousseau rst articulated

modern theory o

participation in the 18th

century.


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22

w mizd duci u icii. Ifucd by

axi d tcqui udy dcii i Democracy in America

(1838) c iic iiui i Uid s d ii

iciy dmccy y d, Mi bcm dy i

c cizd m gm. hi d im gu

ui ug d icii i i gm iu i ciiz b d icii c

Mi id i gic i icii i iduy, w,

gud, cci mgm wud d idiidu uig ubi

idiidu i.

Mi ii iciy ciy w wd by

G. D. h. C, hy Mi, d i (w

egi pui), w jcd id cizd d gud

idiidu dm wud b b izd i gu d ci

i md u bic md cii ciy (M 2009)hy Mi i icu c cmy dm

ug. s Idi i 1860 di Bii gm

g m, cm c ccu by Bii dmii

iig idigu ym umu ig gm

d my cciic iciy dmcci. t d d

im icu y ig cmmuiy i

cizd (Mi 1876). I Mi iw, ig cmmui

i, d by cuci d (panchayat), w ubjc

w icud m b bu d m fuid g d gc

ucu dd cgig cdii wi miiig icdc dii cum (M 2009).

Cmmuiy dm d gm dcizi u

cmm icu iy, mmig m bi

icii b iiic d ium u. picii i

dcii mig, Mi bid, m idiidu i ubic cii

z by iig m i i m ubic gd

my i i; i buid cciy cci ci d

w md ci i wud c gcy. picii

ium u i dig biiy ciiz d

d m ccub d ifuc dcii c

i i. a cc d, w diic m ici

i mgd: icii i ruu buidig cc

i idiy d icii i cig i

gm.

Support or participation

stems rom a belie that it has

both intrinsic and instrumental

value.


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Participation in Asia, Arica, and Latin America

ruu, Mi, d Mi d d ifuc ci ug.

I Idi, wic bcm i iy ci xim i g-

c, ib Bii vicy ld ri iiud c g-

m m i 1882 imy u idig iicduci d iig d xdig Idi idigu ym

gm (ti 1967).

Mi dcii umuy gd d -i

Idi ig cmmuii ifucd Md Gdi, w

md i c i iy dcizd cmic d

iic w, icud i i wiig ig -ic,

ccd i i bVillage Swaraj(Gdi 1962). Gdi w

-i ig c ym gm d

cmic i. t ig w b cm ubic, idd

i igb i w i w, d y idd my w ddc i ciy. Gdi ig-ubic

wud b mbmic c dmccy, uig quiy c

c d igi d -ucicy i d; i wud b di

by ci d ic. Gdi mi c gu i

iciy d dcizi mm i b Idi d

dm cmmuiy g, icuy mg w

icii id cmmuiy-cdig c

cmic gw d mdizi.

Dcizi i ci g aic wd imi

jcy, ci w dd icy dcizd

dim (Mmdi 1996). t ici ciz bid

dmiii ym ciy g d xc u m

cqud ii. t Bii bid idic u

w, ccdig Mmdi, bd y d d i

Idi m ii i c -gm iiid by ri.

t Bii cd dii ci i dmiii ci

ib uci w cii dmi-

ii, gig m c d uci umy g y

did cg ci . Dcizi i ci Idid aic w muc miig ci w i

w gd gc.

I Fc ci, by c, dcizi id

dic ici Fc dmiii ucu, cuu,

Autonomously governed a

sel-reliant Indian village

communities were a centr

tenet o Gandhis philosop

o decentralized economic

political power.


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24

cii w, d duci ci. t y ci, uc

sg, w gizd ccdig Fc c gm

md, bd ub cmmu d by muici cuci

Ciiz u cmmu sg (D, G, s. lui

d ruqu) cd i Fc im i

pi. Dm i sg cmmu mid iic dm i Fc: w, i 1831, Fc cmmu w gi g

u d ici cd muici cuci w bid

cg id cmmu i sg.

a Fc cquid m iy d xdd i c

g ui, y d i ici d bg u i

w aic ci idicy, ug aic. ty bid

code de l indignat, wic uid g ym ud wic idig

u ui w b gd (li 2004). ti w

idd bim dmiii cerclesud by ididigu uii, igiu cu, d i ic. Cercle

cmid c, d c cmid ig. vig w g

d bychefs du village, c bychefs de canton, d cerclesbycercl

commandeurs, c wm w id by d ib

Fc uii. t dmii w uid ci w

cuid, id, d dd by c . rib (2009) i

u i dcizd ym, ci u ud c

cumy ci dmii u wd i, mii w

d d, cc x, d cci b. t ym w cd

mg aic ud c dmiii u.I li amic, si d pugu u cizd

gcy (s d tuci 2004; Gid 2007; e 2008). Ci

ym w bd xci w d quid igy

cizd ucu cdi c. I Mxic, xm

cquid id c cuci d wi miiig

w d d d ig d d w ui (Gid 2007)

cuci w uid d d i cc by diic g, w

w ib x cci.

a iddc, cui i li amic mdi id

ucu cm wi m di i m Fc

d Uid s. I Bzi, ic, Fi rubic (wic

wd cizd mi bid immdiy id

dc) d ucd d u bu idd i

u c gm muiciii. Wi i c, i

Ater independence, countriesin Latin America modied

their centralized structures

to conorm with the more

ederalist notions rom France

and the United States.


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1930, dcizi g wy cizd iiui (M d

rzd 2004) d, dxicy, muiciim bcm m

m cizd dmi id.

History o Policy in Participatory Development

By d Wd W II, diigi ci gim

md cuci d dm c d i aic

d ai. Di by B Wd iiui, dm w

iwd big udig, ifucd by ucu i d

ig md. sm dm d , icu-

y mg icy m Uid ni d U.s. agcy

Ii Dm (UsaID), w dd wd cm-

muii ii um g. ti ifuc d w

iciy dm i 1950 by 1960 d d m 60 cui i aic, ai, d li amic (Wi 1999;

aiz 2004).3 By 1959, UsaID d umd m $50 mii

i cmmuiy dm jc i bu 30 cui. I c-

x Cd W, cmmuiy dm w m

cig wy idd gi du x

miiy ggi d i ubi. p m im

mi w id dmcic i Cmmuim (Wi

1999; aiz 2004).

I 1950, cmmuii c w md i

Idi, imiy by U.s. gm d Fd Fudi,w i d bcu i cmibiiy wi Gdi id.

t Fd Fudi c dw id m gi

i Uid s w w ccd bu i cm-

muii wi mdizi d ubizi, w

Gdi id bu uib ig cmmuii (Immw

2010). I 1952, Fd Fudiud gm bd -

iciy md cmmuiy dm w ucd i 16,500

ig; gm Idi xdd gm c

i cuy.

Fudig cmmuiy dm gm bg dy u i

y 1960, bcu i cid iu d bcu c-

mi i ai md m -dw, cic c

dm m m ug. Wi (1999) gu cm-

muiy dm gm duig i id w udmid

In the 1950s, the U.S.

government and the FordFoundation promoted the

communitarian approach

development in India.

Funding or community

development programs be

to dry up in the early 1960


12/34


26

by ibiiy d ic d bu i

cu gg i gui i wi bcii. a

cquc, cmmuiy dm gm w widy cid

w ccy , ig id ci i d bjc

i. ty w m cmy bdd by d

1960.a d i i c iciy dm wd,

w i i mg dic i. picuy ifui

w Fz F TheWretched of the Earth(1961) d pu Fi

Pedagogy of the Oppressed(1970). F w, wic w mim

ccud xig d ic, w b u ui

wi cim, u, d idici ci dmii

i i agi. I TheWretched of the Earth, ciiqu b im

iim d iim d c diibui w d

cgy i ci w i .Fi w iucd by F d by ibi gi i

Bzi. hi ig cmmim du duci d im x

wy i wic d cud cm w d

udm. I Pedagogy of the Oppressed, d

d duci ym i m digic, i d i

ud id xic, d u c d di id w

dg. ti id duci bcm cciizig ii

(d d) ui. I c, Fi gu md

duci d cid ud mid tabula rasa. Id

duci i m ud m -w d ii i ii d m y imi ruu

i g wi.

Duig 1960 d 1970, icy m bg i i

cu gicuu d idui gw. ti i w gi i

cu u m ucc iduiizig ig

md si rui d m y cic gw md

t Mcnm Wd B cud g i

ucu jc d cizd ii uig

duci, d . piicy, cizd ii d b

ib d dib. e i bid dmcci, mim

dmcic i mizd i ici

y u dmccy d dibiiy biiy

im w c. Dmccy cm b ug

my md gggig c by cig d

During the 1960s and 1970s,

policy makers began to shit

their ocus to agricultural and

industrial growth . . .


13/34


d dibi d ciic mwm c cc

w dmizd ( scum 1942 d D 1963 yic

mui).

a duig i id, cmi, w d g b ic

cmmuiy-cd dm, bg ud ifuc

dm icy. t y iu dm icy wgy ifucd by w Mcu o (1965, 2), w gud

wiu cci m ci dic m idiidu

c i i cmm i i -id idiidu wi

c ci i cmm gu i. o w c-

cd wi xii g by m, bcu wi

m i i ubic gd wud d -id

wi g i.

hdi (1968) wu id gdy cmm d

bd imici g cmic iu, icudig dmi ubic d i, dcizi w

c gm, d ii d mgm cmm-

uc. li hdi, y ig i uc Dmz

(1970) d n (1990) gud cmm y uc

wud b xid dmd u cmm w

cd cd by g gui. ti iw gd

g d imim i mui dm iiui bu

ibiiy c ii mgm ubic gd

cmm. I cd g imu cizd ii

ubic gd, c gui cmm- uc, d mi i y ig.

a m im, w g u mg cmic

i dcizd gm wi c dmccy.

ecmi cd i bm i wy. tibu (1956)

w y c gm xdiu mizd

cicy dcizd gc. h gud i cmmuiy

cx, i mbiiy w iy c, idiidu wud

i u c d cmbii ubic gd -

ii by ig wi i mig ciy d

i d x-b mix. Cmii mg juidici u-

yig di cmbii c ubic gd wud u d

ci uy uc gd.

t tibu yi cm ud y c

gud i umiu imi bu cmmuiy

. . . and economists, who

had long been skeptical

o community-centereddevelopment, began to ha

a proound infuence on

development policy.


14/34


28

cciic, c mbiiy, xii, cmi c

d ic cw ub i dig cui, d

idd i my dd cui w. n, tibu c

iu b widy id u iw cmii mg

c juidici i ii ubic gd ic ci

cicyd cquy juiy u wd dciziBy mid-1980, ciic -dw c bg cm

i my g-c, cizd, gm-iiid d

m gmm cig cdi iigi

ymw mig y wi idy dgdig cmm

uc d ig igiic gi im d

y imc. t cmi wd i i c dci

i mig d c mgm uc. ld by Cmb

(1983) d , w iciy dm mm id

id m-c jc i wy wd c imd ici, wi x g ig miy cii

d uc ud. Fu u cm m icigy

ciiqu dm m cdmic ci cii uc ecb

(1995) d sc (1999), w gud -dw ci w

b dimwig d ici. Mwi, igy uccu

cmmuiy-di dm iiiiuc s-emyd

Wm acii i Idi, ogi sum Imm pjc i

pi, d Iig nuii pjc i tziw idig

im g d (ki, U, d em 1997)

tiig i mim dm cic w igicycd by w hicm (1970, 1984); C (1985); d

om (1990). hicm (1970) i ic d xi d

dm cii udd w cci gcy cud

im w-big. hicm (1984) w m y

id iciy dm d cm i i. C

(1985) wd w g gizi uc Wd B cud

u by wig ymicy c . om

(1990) w mgm cmm- uc id

ci bu i cci ci i cmmuii

s gud w md o d hdi w m wu

md i dgu udi icy mig, i

u ddd ci imd u y

i. t c i i icy mig, cdd

w qui g ccui. I

By the mid-1980s, critics

o the top-down approach

began to complain that many

large-scale, centralized,

government-initiated

development programs were

perorming poorly.


15/34


wd, cbiii id c b cgd, ig

ci. om d mbd cidb idc

m c udi wig dgu iiui m-

gd cmm- uc uccuy. tu, hdi m

gdi w iib ucm cmmuiy mgm.

s (1985, 1999) i cu dm mmi w-big bd-bd cbiiy c dy

ifucd dm cmmuiy. C i c w

gi mw gd by Wd

B d d i ciicim -dw

dm. agum iciy dm, dcd

by Cmb (1983) d , d icui icii

cuci m wig m c dcii

cd m.

t icu dm d i -dmccymm, wic d bdw uii gim i

my wd (lwic 1993; oD 1993). t 1980

d 1990 wid c ii ym i e

eu, m si Ui, d Idi d dic dii-

bui w d uiy i Bzi d piii. t i

dmcic mm d cici cizd iiu-

i w cu, uccub, d ub di ubic ic

d gwig bi i u dcizd gm. Mxic

i yic xm. By 1982, ii d d bgu di

cuy c gm b iii ucu djumd dmiii d c ibiii wi w i

gm (Mizi 2004; Gid 2007).

UsaID w mg i d xd xici u

dmcic dcizi. I 1980, wi

Cmmuim i e eu, gcy d u i gd

u dmcic c gc. I iwd dcizi

m mw ciiz cy d di w m

c gm cii (UsaID 2000, 4 ). By y 1990,

Bii d Fc gm, Dm aic

Cmmi, eu Cuci, hd s d Gm

ogizi aic Uiy, d Cmmw hd

Gm d ()cmmid gig dmccy, -

icii, d ccubiiy ug mcim dciz-

i. t Uid ni Dm pgmm bg xiciy

USAID was among the

earliest donors to extend

explicit support to democ

decentralization.


16/34


30

xd ic dcizi i 1992; by 1999, i d m

$138 mii dcizi jc.

t Wd B w m ium i uizig

cc dcizi, by icuig ig igicc

gc iu, ciy i aic. I cu gc w

mid by diicu cmic cim 1980, cudwi izi im dig quid i

icy mw ci i bjci. I ifui ubici

Governance and Development, ummd u b c dc

izi uig i igic imm i cicy d

ci (Wd B 1992).

su dcizi w by m uquid: m

b d u dcizi c dim

y (pudmm 1995, 202) cud jdiz mccmi

biiy d ic gi diii wii cui. nby 1996, B cgizd ciiz icii i dig

ucu ccub y ci c gm.

I m wd c dcizi w di gy by

di b gc, cmmuiy dm w di by

bi iig i ci ci cmmuii wud d

i mwm d gi m uib cciy i

dm i i w m. t icui iciy

m i g-c dm ic cm quicy Wd

B, i ci im ud (ny d ebb 1997) d

m ic. Iiiy cud gig y, jcmd wd m iic cug icii ug

iiui giz d buid i cbiii c

cciy i i w i (ny 2002). t Wd B

(2001) World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Povertycud

mwm y iiy dm icy. I ubici

d bd-bd B c u cmmuiy-bd

dm. t World Development Report 2004: Making Service

Work for Poor Peopleidid c ccubiiy d c dc

izi im m gm im

diy ubic ic (Wd B 2004). M cy, d

cgizd gig gc i y ci d

m d imig ciic icii, dmd id

gc, ud b im bjc cmmuiy dm

d dcizi. Wi i cd w i i iciy

The World Bank

was instrumental in

popularizing the concept o

decentralization.


17/34


c dm, iciy i , c gi, b

bbd i mim dm ug d cic.4

tu, w y c iciicmmuiy d-

m d c dcizi cmm g d icu

igi. ty bcm diic mdii md by diic idgi-

c cm i cd 20 cuy. I cu (21cuy) w i i c icii, icy d dii-

gui cy bw w ii. My dcizi

gm wi c c dmccy c c dibi um

dcii mig (xm icud iciy budg-

ig dgram sabhas[ig mbi]), d my cmmuiy-di

jc buid c ccubiiy i i di ci

c. tu, m idc ig dmccy cud

imici dig cmmuiy-di jc, d

m iciy um i cmmuiy-di jc cud imici dig dcizi gm. F i

, b d wii cmm mw c

iciy dm.

Organic versus Induced Participation

aciig iciy gc d buidig ciic cciy

iicy b gic -d c c

ud by ciic gu cig iddy , d i i-i , gm. ogic icii i uuy di by ci

mm imd cig wu idiidu d iiu-

i wii idui d gm d imig uci-

ig ug c cfic, ci, d

ccmmdi.

suc c ci bcu y i dguy,

wii cuy jcy cg, d dicd by igy

mid, cimic d w mbiiz ciiz gi ic

i i (gic, ig, d cc) d xi iic

uii. sci mm dmd cg by cig iu-

i y d ub; y uimy ci i g w y

b ifuc iic c bi iic w. ty

gg i c ci duci. Fi, y imgi wd i

wic ci d iic ii m quiby gd

Organic participation is

spurred by civic groups ac

independently o, and oteopposition to, government


18/34


32

ucud i m cgu wi i

mmy icu i ii i wd xd i

ifuc. t, y mbiiz ciiz w bi i i ii

g cu, cidb c.

Organic participationi bd m c iy cii

ciii. I iicy b m ciic xi. Iicud ci mm g g dmcic xi

d ig udiigd, uc cii ig m

m i Uid s d i-id mm i su

aic. I icud m buid mmbi-bd giz

i im iid d iig dd, uc Gm

B i Bgd s-emyd Wm acii i

Idi. ogic icii my icud b mm

m ui c w d d cii md

i icu iduy.Induced participation, by c, icii md

ug icy ci d immd by buucci

( c icud x gm wig ug bi

d mui gci, wic uuy wi c

ig ). Iducd icii cm i w m: dc

izi d cmmuiy-di dm.

t im dic bw iducd d gic icii

i wu iiui xiicy m iducd ici

i, uuy i m c g umb cmmuii

m im. I c, iiicy mid c c digic icii.

t i m bw gic d iducd ici

i. Gm my dciz bcu ci

mm, d dig iducd iciy gm

bui gic md. a gm my dcid c u

m-c gic iiii d u u m i

iducd iiii. a im qui i w iiid

by gic icii c b cd u by icy ii i

m jc. r wi w c dg

u dm ciic cciy, c icy ii

cciy ciiz m d im quiy

gm d uciig m?

t gic dm ciic cciy i cmx c

i dy imbddd i cuy iy, i i cfic

Induced participation reers to

participation promoted through

policy actions o the state and

implemented by bureaucracies.


19/34


i cci iim, i duci d icy,

diibui duci d w, u , u

cmic d iic m, d iy cdii.

ogic icii i di by -mid d w w

iy, wi i cmi, ig uiy c.

ty cy iig, wig, d gizig g mm uccd. W i cmx c gic cg,

di by iiicy mid , i ud i icyjc

d ii iduc iciii b md i

mgb, buucicy dd ii, wi budg, g, d

xiicy mid id g cg. ti -

mi i cmm g-c, -d icy iiii; i

b muy ccizd by sc (1999) ig i .

Bu iciy ii di m y icy

iiii, bcu y bd i iy: gmi cig iiui ucud i iu i gm. W

gm iduc icii by m jc, i g

mu c gi i -i by mig iiui w u-

i u quiibium gi m cidb

dg. M, by dig w c , ig

gm cd w, uiy, d c cmmuii

wic y my i c.

Di cg, i c y, m cui

uccuy iducd icii by ciy mig ici-

y c wii dcizd ym gc. o b-w c i iciy budgig i p ag,

Bzi. Bicci (2005) iw iy Bzi ii m

dici dmccy i 1985, cig p ag xi-

m wii cx i i. By 1988, dcizi

c w cdiid i w Bzii ciui, d

muici ci w d. tw y , cdid m

W py, wic d bcm d i ciiz ig m-

m duig dici, w cd my p ag.5

t w my iducd iciy budgig. a m y

ximi, by y 2000 iciy budgig mbi

w dwig m 14,000 ici m ciy

c d ciig ubi ucc i imig g d-

m ucm. abu 921 c ciy u budg w

ddicd - im, dig m u wg d

Some countries have indu

participation by actively

promoting participatoryspaces within decentralize

systems o governance.


20/34


34

w cg, d ic i muici c m, d

igic ic i uig mii.

a im, i id, xm i cuy

yig iduc mwd iciy gc i pan

chayat(u gc) m i Idi. B cm

73d mdm ciui, i 1992, ig dmccy iIdi w xmy u, di c m ciu

i mdd gu ig ci d g ig gm

m dg c uiy. t mdm ddd b

m i wy:

I u -idpanchayatym ciig gram

panchayats(ig cuci), block panchayats(bc cuci),

d zila panchayats(diic cuci).

I ymizdpanchayatci , bid

idd ci cmmii, d g panchayatm c uiy d iic w.

I mdd gram sabhas(ig mig) b d

gu i ugu y, w y i

ig dicu budg, dm , d c-

i bcii d iggram panchayatd c

dmiii ci y iu.

I d i gram panchayat, icudig

ii gram panchayatid, mmb did-

gd c (ccdig i ig u-

i) d wm (w cd id i

gram panchayatd id gram panchayatidci

ig bi).

By mig dibi c ug gram sabha c

ig gm, c uii i Idi cd

ciic w gicy did bu, , d by

i c, buig budy bw d cii

ciy d bw gic d iducd icii. By ducig

i my w d ig i ii wi ciiz,

gm cgd m ciiz ggm wi w

ucu. hw, ug ciui mdm d

m i ig dmccy, ibiiy immig

m mid wi gm, wic md quiy

immi ib, d dd c iic.


21/34


vig dmccy i Ci i xm cy di

icy cg wd dcizi d icii. tug

muc Ci g iy, c ud cuy-

id y idicy. I c, duig Mig (14681644) d Qig

(16441911) dyi, imi buuccy xdd y

xian(cuy) , ig c cuyid gy i d c gy d i. I w ui md

(cmiig rubic pid [191149] d p rubic

Ci [1949]) c gm cidd i

c cuyid. Bgiig wi d m i 1949 d

ccig wi cciizi gicuu i mid-1950,

bid ci buucci cuy, wi, d

(ug Cmmui py sci d bc) ig .

Di ig gm c u, w, u

ciiz mid mgiizd w i cm ci ic, d mjiy i uc w buid cii d iduy. I

w ui 1970 dmiii w w dcizd

u cmmu, wic w cd i wi d ig. I

w ii, m ui ci bg uig

i wud uiy d dici dg u-

ii d u by m ibizi. Wii w y, Ci

cuyid bcm dymic w uc cmic gw.

piicy d dmiiiy, w, dcciizi d

b-u cmmu cuum i gc bw w-

i . t i g, Ci cd D vig ogic lw(1987) d vig ogic lw (1998), wic md ig

ig -gm, u ci c ci, d

c Cmmui py i ig u. t m cg-

izd ig m im ud d id c

ubic gd d ic u ui. ty d d

wi ig i ig cci d cd u ig

ud m gud by i w. ec dmccy

c w cxi wi mid id Cmmui

py u x. sic 1998, Ci d dic ci

ig cmmi, gizi bc u i

ib ubic ic c . t c c,

id i aic 14 ogic lw vig Cmmi,

cmbi c ubic mii wi c b. t

dig i c w bd i i cugd by


22/34


36

gm i my 24 ic (Zy 2007), mig Ci

w cui i wd w u dibi

b gizd dmi c mcim.

I Bzi d Idi, iciy ii w cumi

i g id ggm by ci mm xid

iic uii c wy m c iciy dmccy wd. ti w c i Ci, w

iduci c dmccy w iy u cci

dcii by c. a uc, c dmccy i m dmii

i md, wic cud b widw.

Ui iciy ii i dcizd c gm

cmmuiy-di dm ii uuy cgd

jc d digd g w wii, d

immd by, xiig gm iiui. ty c

quy gy ifucd by iiui ucu d ici d d bud by i im m (uuy

y). a i b, jc m d u ii

ui cg by udgig m i dici wic i

gm dy cmmid. M yicy, cmmuiy-di

dm jc w i wi c gm,

byig m by ig u cmig uc uiy wii

cmmuii. sm jc y mbiiu g (duc y

by 20 c, buid u, c ciic cciy). o

m cicumcibd bjci, uc iduci ici

y mcim i icu (c wi -ccii, u ciic wi ig cmmi). My j

c cid cmmuiy di u dibi d

iciy c imid bjci, uc cig dig

bcii gd gm, mig ig cmmi m

g cuci ig iucu jc, biig

miccdi gu.

Figu 1.1 iu dicu ccizig di

mdii iducd icii. t u icii

i ifucd ju by ci d iic cx i wic i i

iud bu by wy i wic i i digd. B cx

d dig g ifuc ici imm

d bcii d, cquy, ccubiiy d ui

biiy ii.

a cuy iic ym m g d. I dmcci

c ici iciy ii. piciy

In China, the introduction o

local democracy was entirely

the result o a technocraticdecision by the center.


23/34


Figure

1.

1

A

typolo

gyofinduced

participation

Typeoflocal

participatoryproject

orintervention

Induced

Democraticstate

Nondemocraticstate

Organic

Central

government

Local

reven

ue

Donor

Funding

Central

government

Implementation

Multiplepurpose

Community-driven

development

Deconcentration

Political

decentralization

Singlepurpose

Local

government

Independentproject

implementationagency

Directimplementation

byNGO

Shortterm

Longterm


24/34


38

jc ud ug ju b ci y wy

d u my . t i c i bw c

d c gm, wi c gm mig cim

w b cy dd. sb dmcci w

m b jci dcizi. ty iy

mwd icii uciig i c g ciiiiui, wic c y im i c mwm.

ndmcic cui, icuy cui iy

cig bw dmccy d dici, m ub

ii. a u, ciiz c wy c i wy ci

wi xci g-m cg. ti uciy, i u

duc i cdc ic i c w bug bu

by jc wi u i ig cg, mig m m u

u ii by c i. e dmcic cui

b, ccicy di dmiii c dm cmmim c dcizi, mid by ci cicy

tu, c b iui i wic dmcic icii

c i cud wi m uii ucu c.

t x d i igu 1.1 cgiz icii i

mdii: iic dcizi, dcci, d cmmuiy

di dm. I iicy dcizd ym, cmmuiy

d dmcicy cd ug cdib d cmii

ci. a m im, w d c dd c

gm. admiii dcizi ccu w c

uii c m uci gm w- dmii, w gy c . Cmmuiy-bd

d cmmuiy-di dm jc i wic cm

muii, uciig uid m ym gm, gi

ud y mg imm ubii. I cic

mdii , xi i , wi iy ub

mdii. F ic, m cmmuiy-di dm jc

digd g c dmcicy cd gm

c i w ucu cu w cd

c dmii.

t biiy iic dcizi dd x

wic c i cmmid c dmccy; dcizi i

m b w ig d muici dmcci b gd

ciui ci. piic dcizi y ic

ici c ccubiiy d uid

In democracies, electoral

incentives shape participatory

interventions.

The stability o political

decentralization depends on

the extent to which the center is

committed to local democracy.


25/34


mwm ciiz, bu i c b iucd by ciiic

iic. I dccd ym, c dmii d c

ici di by c; y uuy ccizd

by uwd dwwd ccubiiy. eci dcc-

i, wic i ccicy di, c u i ci

ci . I i, w, gy cduci d-m uid c icii.

t ci cmmuiy-di ii c

i igy cdiid by c cciy, i icu cciy

cci ci. lc ci ucu d i c

c y g i i uciig. I uc ii,

cg i gci ib jc iiz

iiic d ium u icii d u

jc immd i m m i d i-

i. I icii i iducd ici-g bmi iui i wic c mg gcy c

imi d cciy mi quiy ic i c

cmmuii, icii wi iy b cmm i

bjci. I c, i c gci md i xu

ccmmdi d cu wi c i, wic wud b j-

dizd by ci icii, c gm ci wi m

iy icii .

I i y g, c icii my b m iy

uu; cgig i dymic qui uid ggm

d g cmmim m c. t u uc quiy icii. a i by ci

d im i biiy di c ubic gd d ic

cud id big im icii. a w

i dmid by i d md i ucu xii

d iduc icii y i x d

u bby wud id uc im.

t x d i gu 1.1 idic iciy ii

cu ig bjci (uc c c)

udmy di m ii wi mui u

(uc dui w ig gm ii-

d jc id yig m cdi d jb uii

d ii). t ucu ici i c i di. I c

x d u cmmuiy icii d im

ig gm.

The eectiveness o

community-driven

interventions at the local

is highly conditioned by lo

capacity, in particular the

capacity or collective act


26/34


40

a im cc, dicd i x d i gu 1.1, i

w ii g iz. Ii wi

g-m izy, iduc c dmccy

c ciui ciudmy im

ici ciiz c c i d g i i

Ii wi -m iz wi iciiz idiidu xc y c m jc duig i u.

t gu 1.1 m m mui wii

wic iciy ii c b digd. ec mui

u i di ici, wic ifuc ci d

uibiiy jc. I ugg cmmuiy-bd

mg ig c u wii iic dcizd ym

wii dmcic cuy i m iy d uib d

quib imm i w w-udd cmmuiy

di dm jc wi -y iz i u by dccd dmiii wii ub uii

cuy.

t bm gu 1.1 w w jc immi

m. C gm, c gm, nGo, d id

d jc immi gci c u iducd iciy

jc. tyicy, m cmbii bdi u jc (

ic, c gm jc gcy my i nGo

imm jc c ). W mg jc im

mi imici ccubiiy d quiy im

mi. I dmcicy cd, c gm c b mdwwdy ccub. nGo d jc immi gci

dy cd by ici i gizi; u i

gizi ici u i wy cug m d

, y my b ccub dmd cmmuii.

Fudig m. I udig did iy m c c

i c cmmuii? I i dd c u gi

ug x d cmmuiy icii, i i iy dd

d ud? ec iui i cd by di iic

cmy d ici cmmuiy icii. I, xm

cmmuiy-bd mg c i mgd xcuiy

by nGo d dd d ud, i mig b w udd d

w mgd i m bu i wud b ubjc i

iu i g m. I c, i ii i mgd by

c gm d udd by c x, immi my b

ici i m, bcu ciim d ibiiy

Funding matters.


27/34


c gm cc x. hw, jc cud bcm

m ci g m cmmuii bcm m ii-

cy mu.

Scope o the Report and Roadmap

t c i i bd. t cu imc

iduc icii. I d iw g

bdy iu gic icii, ug i dw

m c-u gic mm ug iducd

icy ii.

t cu i iciy dm; muc i i

id im uy-id c gc (c dc-

izi, xi icy, c gm cdu, d buu-cic icicy). t iu i iu b ubjc

d iw by Wd B, i icu i

b did by aw s (2006, 2006b, 2006c, 2006d).

lc dm d m dcizi ubi

bdi, uc diic gm. Dcizi i

id i ubjc g bdy iu d c dim

d i i. t cu i c iciy dm.

ai i cd w gm, yi-

cy muici d ig , d cmmuiy gizi,

ig cmmi, d igbd cii.t xmi g-c iciy jc

b ud bd i m g ui

wi dqu cucu ( ci w wud

d gd cmmuii i bc i-

i). t id cucu wud b m cmmuiy i

bc ii iui c b bd.

ecmici d iici did iu

md m xim i id by dig md

cig c gu. t md icud dmizd i,

gi diciuiy dig, w-digd md mcig,

d u xim.

a imii cucu ud by ui ici-

y jc i y gy cm cmmuii wi

ii c cmmuii i wic u qu i mi-

id. Fw cm iciy ii y


28/34


42

ii ( m) cud im dig. F xm

y w udi cm ucm did by iciy i

i wi -dw ii, imiig biiy dmi

w iciy md w b w

dig. exmiig imc iciy ii wi

c u qu mi xmy uu, w, bcui w c cdiby imc ii

s uu mg m iw g bdy uc

idc. M dig, , di m cmi

yi, ug c udi ud d id d iu

ccu mw. s bi udi um

mizd iu y i ugu .

a cii ud c udi iw i y w

ubid i -iwd ju wi by c wi c

cd -iwd ubici. sm udi d iy cii w icudd bcu i i iu

icu ic m cmig . I uc c,

i bm wi udy cy idid b ccui

dw m i. (tugu , g d w i

mdgy ud by c i d d ccui

dw y m udi w mdgy c b ddd.)

t i i gizd w. C 2 id

ccu mw iciy dm. I d

i cii ciy iu d x ici mg cii

ciy iu, gm iu, d m iu y digig bm i c dm. t c xmi

imici cii ciy iu d w uc iu

iz gu d i c d cu.

C 3 cu cg iducig icii by

dig m icy imici i iu ig. I

d cii digig cii ciy iu d ud

dig w ici m, gm, d cii ciy

iu c dymic c dm. ti mw i

ud xmi cg immi, icudig

d d cii, d wig wii mui uci

i igy i cx d uw jci cg. a

y i did m ccu mw.


29/34


C 4, 5, d 6 idc i u d dd

wi y. C 4 cu idc i cu

d i imc wii bd cx di d -

i wii cmmuii. I xmi iic

d c ici i dmiig quiy di d

c c cui, iigig w cui c bcud by b ccubiiy mcim. t c m

w i qui: hw d iquiy i cmmuii

c c uc ci? t w x d i dmi-

c dcii mig? t w x d iducig

c dmccy m gm m ccub? t w x

d i cg iic ici? D dig ci

ud cmmuii m m m ucib cui d

? Ud w cdii d icii mw ciiz

c i i w i?C 5 xmi cim icii im di-

y ubic gd d ic, mgm cmm y

uc, d iig dd. I bgi by xmiig ci

cmmuiy-bd c i gig . I i d-

mi w cizd jc um cy di jc i

gd i d w c jc c

ubic gd i m b mc d .

t c imc icii cmm-

uc, c iucu, cig, d . D iig

cmmuii i mgig c ubic ciii im mic?a cmm-y uc m uib w cmmuii

mg m? D iig i mgm c

im ig ucm? D ig c ubic ciic d

i by idiidu w cm wii i c i

im ucm? W ciiz ici i dcii

c ubic gd d ic, y m id wi w

g gm id ic? M gy, -

iciy jc ci i xdig iid i

d gig w?

C 6 idc w iciy d-

m c buid cii ciy. t idc i xmid w m

udm qui: hw d dibi c cuy w


30/34


44

i dig cui? I dibi quib? I i uib

Ud w cdii d i buid cciy gg? C c

iquii i w d ci ucu b mdid by mdig

icui wm d dicimid gi miii i d

i ii? D imig, d quizig, cc imi

u i b ucm? D icii buid ci ci? Di im cmmuiy cciy mi d ci g

m? hw w d iciy jc w i cfic ig

i icuy dyuci ?

C 7 m miig qui d ugg m

dici uu c iciy dm. I

Wd B c iciy dm

iwig x wic i fc m ici

i ci immi. t c iw dig dcu

m m g m Wd B iciy jc d dig m uy jc mg. I m icy

cmmdi Wd B d gci ggd i

digig d immig iducd iciy jc.

Notes

1. lc d ibiiy d bm wi dii m i dicu d ccu im Wd B dig c

accdig B sci Dm Dm, di cmmuiy-bd d cmmuiy-di dm w $54 bii 19992011 id, wi $7.8 bii cd i c 2010 Bw 1990 d 2007, $31.6 bii w cd dig jc wi dcizi cm, iig ci c iciy dm bu $85 bii.

2. rib gu d cm by bcu g umb ucgizi d di wy i wic y i d.

3. Cmmuiy dm gm w i gu i caic animation rurale, ic 1945 (Wi 1999).

4. Wi (1999) idi cd w i 1970 d 1980, iiidby Un ym. I c, i m m i w, i d

i ifuc g dig gci. Wi c cu ii cmmuiy-di dm id w, wi ddd imugi by ci Wd B cu (109).

5. t -ig W py w udd i 1980 y w cimm c .


31/34


Reerences

abb, F. F., d C. J. 1968. Municipal Administration in the RomanEmpire. nw Y: ru d ru.

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