provisions for greater reuse of steel structures · provisions for greater reuse of steel...

Provisions for Greater Reuse of Steel Structures

Webinar 1 Reusing existing single-storey buildingsThursday 7th May 2020

Context

• 50% of all resources attributable to construction

• Global floor area predicted to double by 2060

• 2°C scenario requires steel sector to reduce GHG emissions by 65% by 2050

• Current consumption patterns are unsustainable

During this 90-minute webinar 142,000 tonnes of CDW generated in EU-28

CDW recovery rates in EU-28 MS

EU-28 average recovery rate = 89%WFD target of 70% recovery rate by 2020

Eurostat, 2016

Building end-of-life scenarios

Deconstruction and reuse Demolition and crushing (downcycling)

>80% of demolition waste are mineral products Landfill avoided but low-value recovery & backfilling

Construction sector needs to improve its resource efficiency

Waste management hierarchy Circular economy concepts

Steel already has good recycling credentials

Steel recycling• Versatile 3,500 different grades• Durable and strong• Infinitely recycled• No loss of properties• Magnetic properties assist recovery &

sorting• Economic value ensures recovery• Global infrastructure for trading scrap steel

Going beyond recycling to reuse

Recycling

500m tonnes pa ≈ 30% global production> 95% structural steel is recycled

Going beyond recycling to reuse

Recycling Reuse

€1130 per tonne≈ 5% structural steel is reused

500m tonnes pa ≈ 30% global production> 95% structural steel is recycled

Although steel reuse does happen……

……there are many barriers in currently-configured supply chains

Demolition v DeconstructionRecycling v Reuse

Demolition of a steel structure Deconstruction of a steel structure

• Provisions for Greater Reuse of Steel Structures• Jointly funded by the European Commission’s RFCS

programme, Ruukki Construction, Jernkontoret, Ramboll, Peikko and project partners

• 36-month project – ending 31.05.20

• Reuse of existing and new single-storey buildings• Scope includes primary, secondary structure and envelope

Why single-storey buildings?

• Represent a large proportion of the EU steelwork market

• Easiest building type to deconstruct and reuse

• Relatively short-life buildings• Applicable to a board range of

building sectors• Existing reuse market in some

sectors, e.g. agriculture

Two reuse scenarios

Reuse today Future reuse

The challenges and the solutions for each scenario are very different

PROGRESS dissemination

• A core part of PROGRESS• 7 formal workshops/events

• Across 7 EU countries

• 16 additional dissemination events by partners

• Final 3 workshops cancelled• Netherlands, France, Belgium

• In their place, 4 free webinars organised by PROGRESS awarded 1st prize at the Barcelona Building Construmat

May 2019

PROGRESS webinars:

Webinar 1 Reusing existing, single-storey steel buildings 7th May

Webinar 2 Design of new single-storey steel buildings for reuse 14th May

Webinar 3 Life cycle and reusability assessment of single-storey steel buildings 21st May

Webinar 4 Overview of the EU project PROGRESS 28th May

Webinar 1 - Reusing existing, single-storey steel buildings

Pre-deconstruction audits - Petr Hradil and Margareta Wahlstrom (VTT)

Reusability of existing structural steel – Ricardo Pimental (SCI)

Reusing existing envelopes - Kevin Janczyk (RWTH)

Provisions for Greater Reuse of Steel Structures

Webinar 1 Reusing existing single-storey buildingsThursday 7th May 2020

Questions and answers

Freely downloadable from SCI website

04/05/2020

1

Reusability of existing structural steel

Ricardo Pimentel

07/05/2020



Particularly attractive for reclaiming and reusing structural steel:

• Use dry and lean construction systems that facilitate the deconstruction system (structural members visually exposed);

• Building layers easily detachable;

• Have a repetitive structural approach, allowing good standardisation possibilities; opportunity to reclaim a significant number of members with the same cross section;

• Considerable member length on it’s original form – long spans (free of major modifications)

• Members are easily accessible at relatively safe working heights

• Are readily disassembled and can be easily reassembled

• Each building component is simple to document

04/05/2020

2



71%20%

3%6%

UK 2018

Industrial buildings

Office buildings

Multi-storey residential

Commercial buildings

Hot rolled and fabricated profiles

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

1000

tonn

es

Year

Residential

Buildings - Non-residentail - TOTAL

Buildings - Commercial (retail)

Buildings - Offices

Buildings - Other (health, education, leisure)

Power generation

Industrial

Bridges

FIGURES CREDITS: World Steel Association, European Steel Association, Primary Interviews, Grand View Research; SCI

Structural level of reuse


Constituent product (individual members)

Structural component (truss system, cladding

panel, etc.)

Whole structure or part of it

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Scope of steel reuse


• All members to be reused should come from a building structure constructed after 1970;

• “Building” as groups of members can be easily pointed out based on cross section and structural application (say columns, rafters, bracings), minimizing testing costs;

• 1970 as a benchmark for current Eurocode design rules and for tests used tospecify those rules (buckling curves rely on testes from 1969-1989); material properties similar to the ones we use today;

• Damage-free building structures, i.e. structural members that have not been subjected to extreme-event limit state, e.g. large-scale earthquake, fire, fatigue etc.;

• Members to be reused shall not have areas of accelerated localised corrosion (> 5% thickness lost);

• Welded/built-up members of members with welded splices: welds need to be tested according to execution standard;

Most relevant barriers for reuse


1. The reclaimed material satisfies the performance requirements, which are

the essential mechanical, physical, dimensional, chemical (CEV) and/or other

relevant properties of steel to ensure their adequacy to be used in

structural design to EN 1993 (Adequacy assessment);

2. The salvaged material meets the quality requirements from nominal

specifications to ensure their reliability to be used in the structural design to

EN 1993 (Reliability assessment);

3. Relevant material properties need to be known and documented to achieve

CE marking (documentation and certification);

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4

Product conformity, quality and traceability


To which specific product standard was the material manufactured to? (say EN 10025-2 or EN10210)

• Check for product conformity, quality and traceability:

o If mill certificate/documentations is available, it is possible to trace back the reclaimed steel and check if:

- the steel meets the relevant material requirements

- the steel meets all reliability requirements for design to EN 1993Note: this can be the case of a steelwork manufacturer by a non-EU standard

o Otherwise, the steelwork needs to be tested to justify material properties and show it meets all the reliability requirements according to Eurocodes 3 designNote: it is expected that the steelwork available to be reclaimed will fall into this category.

Material performance requirements – CE Marking

Adequacy assessment for steelwork with no documentation – EN 1090 clause 5.1Item Property To be declared Procedure

a) Strength (yield and tensile) Yes Determined by destructive and non-destructive tests.

b) Elongation Yes Determined by destructive tests.

c) Stress reduction of area requirements (STRA) If required Generally not required to be declared.

d) Tolerances on dimensions and shape Yes Based on dimensional survey.

e) Impact strength or toughness If requiredIf required, determined by destructive tests. Conservative assumption as the default.

f) Heat treatment delivery condition Yes Conservative assumption as the default.

g) Through thickness requirements (Z-quality) If required Generally not required to be declared.

h) Limits on internal discontinuities or cracks in zones to be welded If required Generally not required to be declared.

In addition, if the steel is to be welded, its weldability shall be declared as follows:

Item Property To be declared Procedure

i)Classification in accordance with the materials grouping system defined in CEN ISO/TR 15608, or

Yes

Not applicable for reclaimed steelwork.

j) A maximum limit for the carbon equivalent of the steel, or;Maximum to be declared from manufacturer’s test certificates.

k)A declaration of its chemical composition in sufficient detail for its carbon equivalent to be calculated

Determined by non-destructive and destructive tests.

XRF spectrometer (Chemical analysis)

Hardness testing

Tensile testing

04/05/2020

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Material quality assurance requirements


Reliability assessment for steelwork with no documentation :

- Use guidelines from RFCS Safebrictile project

- Ensure that the required level or reliability by EN1990 is achieved while using EN1993 partial factors

Steel grade

Yield strength (N/mm2) Ultimate strength (N/mm2)

StandardMinimum Mean Minimum Mean fu/ fy mean

S235 267 293 397 432 1.47 EN 10025-2; EN 10219

S275 313 343 452 492 1.43 EN 10025-2; EN 10219

S355 391 426 505 540 1.26 EN 10025-2; EN 10219

S460 490 529 560 594 1.12 EN 10025-3/4; EN 10219

Eurocode 3 material partial factors rely on the fact that the mean values for yield and tensile strength are higher than the characteristic value. This is why we have a partial safety factors equal to 1 according to most of the European national annexes. While documenting reclaimed steel, this “overstrength” needs to be justified to allow reclaimed steel to be used in structural design to EN 1993.

Classification of reclaimed steel


Reclaimed steelwork classes

04/05/2020

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Sampling and material testing – SCI P427


1. Categorise structural members by groups, e.g. according to size,

structural function (from the same building); 20 tonnes is the maximum

group weight – similar to current EN10025 rules;

2. 100% Non-destructive testing (NDT) for each group (hardness &

spectrometer) in combination with limited Destructive testing (DT);

3. Sampling for DT: Regions of reduced stress to minimise the effects of reduced

area, e.g. flange tips at beam ends for simply supported beams; detailed testing

procedures provided and how to evaluate results;

4. Destructive testing for each group to confirm mechanical and chemical properties of reclaimed steel (Class B);

o CC1 and CC2: one coupon from each test unit;

o CC3: three coupons from each test unit;

5. Guidance about how to handle test data provided, ensuring that appropriate uncertainties from the test procedures are accounted for;

Sampling and material testing – SCI P427


Testing protocol for reclaimed steelReclaimed steel work

Class A Class B Class CProgramme of material testing

Optional Mandatory

Non-destructive testing

10% (randomly)

100%(CEV if steel to

be welded)

Destructive testing (per test unit, 20 tonnes)

1 test (coupon for tensile and CEV) for CC1

3 tests (coupons for tensile and CEV)randomly selected for CC3

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Assessment


Yes

Check for material documentation to try toimplement Class A steel.

Testing


Yes

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1st life

2nd life - elastic design?

Residual strain

E E

Design overview


?

Global plastic analysis is recommended while used reclaimed steel;Applications with seismic action are restricted to structures with a low dissipative behaviour or for secondary members that take no part for horizontal stiffness and stability of the building (e.g., pin-ended floor beam)

Scheme design

Structural global analysis

(Sway/No sway, Elastic)

Stop

Yes

No

Structural idealisationFrame

(Geometry, members, etc.)Joints

(Simple, continuous, semi-continuous)

Design value of effects of actions d F, rep, d;i iE E F a

Design value of material properties k

dM

RR

Design values of geometric data, ad

Characteristic value of material properties, Xk

Representation of actions

rep, k, 0 1 2 1 or , or i iF F

Structural response

Limit states(ULS, SLS)

Design criteria(Elastic/plastic sections, Joint M- behaviour)

d dE RRemaining ductility

Design overview


Partial factors for resistance:

• Reclaimed steel members are expected to perform as intended for new steel, without accounting

for any material property changes (these do not deteriorate with time, as long as there is no

fatigue)

• Although steel members have to meet the geometric tolerances from EN 1090-2, cross-

sectional imperfections may affect the member buckling resistance (therefore, change

relevant M or the buckling curve); increase reliability; see SCI P427 for more detail;

M0 M1,mod M21.0 1.1 1.15

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Design overview


Partial factors for actions:

• It is common practice to lower the required safety level when evaluating and upgrading an existing structure,

as long as the human safety levels are not exceeded shorter design life

• If need be, assume a shorter design life for designs with reclaimed steel, say 15-30 years, and

compensate for lower partial factor by a high level of quality management and control/inspection (only

recommended for scenarios where the whole structure is relocated or for existing structures)

• For reuse of existing steelwork on new structures, standard reliability levels according to Eurocode 0

are recommended; adjusting members/frames spacing of number of buckling restraints may be used to allow

for reclaimed steel reuse;

Design overview


Partial factors for actions:• Shorter design life, say 15 to 30 years (not 50 as usual):

50 years → β 3.8

15-30 years → β 3.3 → KFI =0.90

Minimum for human Safety → β 2.5 (ISO 13822)

• Equivalent to say that an Utilization Factor of ~1.11, say 1.10, is

acceptable for in situ reuse of existing buildings or for relocations;

ReusePersistent and transient design situations

Permanent actions Leading variable action

Accompanying variable actions

(i > 1)Unfavourable Favourable

15-30 notional design working life (KFI = 0.9)

Eq. 6.10

(not 6.10a and 6.10b)1.215 Gk,j,sup 1.0 Gk,j,inf 1.35 Qk,1 1.35Ψ0,i Qk,I

04/05/2020

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Testing and Design procedures overview


Property/procedureReclaimed steelwork class

Class A (with documentation) Class B (no documentation) Class C (no assessment)

Test programme Minimal (optional) Comprehensive No testing

Adequacy assessment Yes Yes No

Reliability assessment Yes Yes No

% of NDT 10% (randomly) – with a minimum of 3 tests per group 100% -

Minimum number of DT - 1 for CC1 and CC2, 3 for CC3 -

Geometric tolerancesVisual inspection or assessed if steelwork was previously erected

Assessed Assessed

CE marking Yes Yes No

Global analysis Elastic Elastic Elastic

Section analysis Elastic/plastic Elastic/plastic Elastic/plastic

kM0 1.00 1.00 1.00

kM1 1.00/1.151, 2 1.152 1.152

kM2 1.00 1.00 1.00

CC1 structures Yes Yes Yes

CC2 structures Yes Yes Not recommended

CC3 structures Yes Yes Not recommended

1 – For the cases where the steelwork was never erected the value of KγM1 = 1 can be used;2 – For in-situ reuse of steelwork erected after 1970, the conservative value of M1 is not recommended (i.e. kM1 =1)NDT – Non-destructive testing; DT – Destructive testing; CC – Consequence class according to EN 1990; kMi – The material partial factor is adjusted with a factor kMi. γMi,mod is obtained byKγMi x γMi, where γMi shall be obtained from EN 1993-1-1 or the National Annex for use in a country.The KγMi values can be defined for different regions/countries.

Final remarks


1. Steel buildings, in particular single storey buildings, can be easily dismantled and their elements

reclaimed;

2. Steel is a high reusable material; properties don’t deteriorate over time; there are opportunities for

re-fabricating reclaimed steel as done for new steel;

3. Most issues can be overcome:

• Justify material properties

• CE marking

4. Design to EN 1993:

• Restriction to elastic global analysis; no application to primary structural systems for seismic

design, unless the structure is classified as low dissipative structure;

• Reliability: modify M1 and possibility of using lower partial factors for actions (M1,mod=1.15)

04/05/2020

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SCI is the leading, independent provider of technical expertise anddisseminator of best practice to the steel construction sector. We work inpartnership with clients, members and industry peers to help buildbusinesses and provide competitive advantage through the commercialapplication of our knowledge. We are committed to offering and promotingsustainable and environmentally responsible solutions.

Reusing existing envelopesKevin Janczyk

PROGRESS webinar 1, 07.05.2020

Reusing existing, single storey steel buildings

Reusing existing envelopes | Kevin Janczyk | PROGRESS webinar 1, 07.05.20202

Introduction

Motivation for Sustainable Construction

17% 25% 33% 30-40% 40-50%

of fresh water consumption

of timber use of CO2 emissions

of energy use of raw material consumption

• The building sector (worldwide) is responsible for

• Sustainable planning, construction and operation of the built environment

• Saving resources during construction and operation


Introduction

Sustainable Construction

Life-Cycle

Raw Material Extraction

Construction

Use

Maintenance

Reuse/Recycling

Deconstruction/Disposal

Renovation

Conversion


European Building Stock Data

Renovation market

• The renovation market overtook the market for new buildings since 2010

OPENEXP (2016)

31 25 21

23 2522

30 32 37

16 18 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

2005 2009 2015New Residential New-non-residentialRenovation residential Renovation non-residential

46 %

54 %

50 %

50 % 43 %

57 %

• Market share per building segment in European countries:


EU-RFCS Project „PROGRESS“

PROvisions for Greater REuse of Steel Structures

• Project duration 36 months (1.6.2017 - 31.5.2020)

• Focus on single-storey steel buildings

• Existing and future buildings

• Design from reused elements

• Design for improved reusability


PROGRESS

Reuse case study buildings

• Seminar Building RWTH Aachen

Thermal Power Plant Seminar Building


PROGRESS




PROGRESS

Reuse of steel cladding systems


PROGRESS

Market Analysis Germany 1991 - 2018

SP 300 Mio m²

TP 700 Mio m²


PROGRESS

Energy Efficiency – Developing of requirements in Germany

U [

W((m

²·K) ]

1950 1985 2010 2020

1.40 W/(m²·K)

0.40 W/(m²·K)

0.20 W/(m²·K)0.15

1970

0.80 W/(m²·K)

• ca. 9 Mio. Residential Buildings• ca. 2 Mio. Non-Residential Buildings• only 15 % with U < 0,30 W/(m²·K)• Umax = 0,24 W/(m²·K) for renovation


PROGRESS



Reuse of liner tray profiles and over-cladding with sandwich panels

Energetic aspects

• Hybrid-Façade− FEM – Model

Hybrid Solution:Existing Cassette(100 mm ; MW 035)plus Sandwich Panel(type I, 60 mm, PU 024)

Existing Solution:Cassette Profile(100 mm ; MW 035)

Steel

MW 035

PU 024

Sealing Band

Air



Energetic aspects

• Hybrid-Façade

Hybrid SolutionU = 0,29 W/(m²K)

− FEM – Result (temperature distribution)

Existing SolutionU = 0,81 W/(m²K)

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9



Energetic aspects

• Comparison of solutions

0.81

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Ther

mal

Tra

nsm

ittan

ceU

[W/(m

²K)]

... + separation stripe

... + Ω profile, 60 mm MW 035

... + Z profile, 60 mm MW 035

... + Sandwich type I, 60 mm MW 044… + Sandwich type I, 60 mm PU 024

100 mm Cassette …

0.81

0.43

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Ther

mal

Tra

nsm

ittan

ceU

[W/(m

²K)]





100 mm Cassette …

0.81

0.430.36

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Ther

mal

Tra

nsm

ittan

ceU

[W/(m

²K)]





100 mm Cassette …

0.81

0.430.36

0.41

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Ther

mal

Tra

nsm

ittan

ceU

[W/(m

²K)]





100 mm Cassette …

0.81

0.430.36

0.41

0.29

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Ther

mal

Tra

nsm

ittan

ceU

[W/(m

²K)]





100 mm Cassette …


PROGRESS

Reuse of Sandwich Panel Constructions



End-Of-Life of Sandwich Panels

• Separation of materials on construction site




• Scenarios End-Of-Life

Material recovery Reuse

Separation of materials

PUSteel MW

Recycling Energy Recovery

Landfilling

Relocated In-Situ (Renovation)

Core materialLayers




• State-of-the art− End of Life scenarios according to Environmental Product Declarations

Double skin steel faced sandwich panels with a core made of polyurethane

Double skin steel faced sandwich panels with a core made of mineral wool



Challenges for Reuse of Sandwich Panels

• Screw holes− “Push through mounted fastener” are

usually used− Connection to the substructure is a direct

or hidden fixationdirect fixation

hidden fixation

• Insufficient thermal performance and airtightness

• Outer layer is aesthetical not sufficient



Thermal Performance – Requirements in Germany

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320

U-W

ert [

W/(m

²·K)]

Dämmstoffdicke [mm]

SE Typ 1MF 044SE Typ 3PU 024SE Typ 3PU 018DIN 4108-2,≥ 12 °CEnEV Ref.,12 bis 19 °CEnEV Ref.,≥ 19 °CPassivhaus

EnEV San.,12 bis 19 °CEnEV San.,≥ 19 °C

SE MW 044

SE PU 024

SE PU 018



Airtightness



Over-cladding sandwich panel construction

Reusing existing envelopesKevin Janczyk

PROGRESS webinar 1, 07.05.2020

Reusing existing, single storey steel buildings

Pre-deconstruction audits

PROGRESS webinar 1 Reusing existing, single-storey steel buildings7 May 2020

Petr Hradil, Margareta Wahlström

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Picture credits: Ruukki Construction

05/05/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious

Public sale of building for demolition,1879Collection Felixarchief / stad AntwerpenPicture credits: Inge Bertels, University of Antwerpen


Basic principles of pre-demolition or deconstruction audits

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

European Guidelines


• Circular economy action plan for closing the loop: Construction and Demolition is a priority area.

• Tightening EU regulation puts pressure on more sustainable use of materials. Mandatory selective demolition/sorting isrecommended by the Commission.

• The Commission is now considering reuse and recycling targets for material-specific fractions e.g. wood, plastics, cartoon.

• Implementation of mandatory audit will most likely be recommended by the Commission.

https://ec.europa.eu/growth/content/eu-construction-and-demolition-waste-protocol-0_en

https://projectsites.vtt.fi/sites/parade/www.vtt.fi/sites/PARADE/project-outcomes.html

European Guidelines


Pre-demolition/deconstruction audit is for example:• inspection for the presence of asbestos required by law• analysis of the building documentation (e.g. BIM model) to obtain materials bill• voluntary audit (e.g. BRE SmartWaste) to obtain credits for sustainable certification

Pre-demolition/deconstruction audit is not:• inspection organized by the contractor to plan his own work (NOTE: contractor can still

do the audit for the building owner)

Definition“ activity organized by the owner of the building or infrastructure resulting in the inventory of materials and components arising from the future demolition, deconstruction or refurbishment projects, and their management and recovery options.”

European Guidelines


Pre-demolition/deconstruction audit contains:• identification of all hazardous substances and materials required by building authorities• any other compulsory information about the hazardous substances and materials• information about the building, its owner, the auditor and description of the methods used

Pre-demolition/deconstruction audit can also contain:• identification of materials and components that are not becoming waste• recommendations about the management of materials and components• cost and carbon savings by diverting material from landfill• any other information about the materials and components required by the owner

Definition“ activity organized by the owner of the building or infrastructure resulting in the inventory of materials and components arising from the future demolition, deconstruction or refurbishment projects, and their management and recovery options.”

European Guidelines


Man

agem

ent

of o

ther

was

teM

anag

emen

t of

recy

clab

le

was

te

Man

agem

ent

of e

lem

ents

Responsibility of the waste producer

Responsibility of the auditor

Responsibility of the waste holder

Not contaminated

Contaminated

Elements Reusable

Not reusable

Reuse

Not reused

Materials Non-hazardous Recyclable Recycling

Backfilling

Energy recovery

Landfill

Hazardous Not recyclable Not recycled

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

Documentation research

Field survey

Condition evaluation

Recommendations

Qua

lity

asse

ssm

ent

Rep

ortin

g

Waste or product?


PRODUCT

WASTE

END OF WASTE

‘waste’ means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard(Directive 2008/98/EC)

Waste or product?


WASTEaccording to

the EU legislation

Owner wants to ...

EoW for material?

Reuse

... recycle it

… reuse it for the same purpose as manufactured

... remanufacture it

Manufactured componentor structure

Fulfills tech. conditions?

EoW for component?

NO

YES

NO

Preparing for reuseYES

Recycling as raw material

YES

Recycling as wasteor disposal

NO

Hazardous?NO

Processing of hazardous waste

YES


Pre-deconstructionaudit for single-storey steel buildings

Picture credits: Paul Kamrath

Main goal of the audit


Class A

Original material test certificates are available and constitute evidence of conformity with the relevant product

standard

Class C

Original material test certificates are not available.

Most conservative steel grade in accordance with structure age and

location is adopted.

Class B

Original material test certificates are not available. Comprehensive testing

protocol is applied.

The main goal of the audit is to ensure that the recovered building components can be accepted by the building authorities as products in the new construction process.

For the steelwork, three possible reuse classes are recommended


Step 1Documentation research and survey planning

• Collection of drawings, previous inspection reports and material certificates

• Identification of the building age

• Identification of possible hazards and needs for decontamination

• Planning of the field survey


Step 2Field survey

• Visual inspection and photo documentation• Labelling of components for testing and reuse• Overall dimensions, details and cross-sections according to the plan:

Detailed construction

documentation

Details to be checked during the field survey1

Members to be checked for cross

section dimensions1

Building dimensions and structural solution

Available (limited on-site

inspection recommended)

10% min 3 detail types,

details selected randomly

10% min 3 different sections,

members selected randomly

Minimum inspection for a regular single storey building (e.g. a typical frame): Span; Eaves height; Apex height; Frames spacing; Vertical and roof bracing arrangement; Eaves struts; Fly bracings; Etc.

Not available (comprehensive

on-site inspection recommended)

25% min 5 detail types,

details selected randomly

25% min 5 different sections,

members selected randomly

1 Percentages to be applied to a group of elements with same geometric and load history (e.g. for a portal frame the three types of details to be checked: base connections, apex and eaves, three different section can be columns, rafters and vertical bracings), if the number of sections or details in the assessed steelwork is lower than the minimum required, all details or sections will be checked.


Step 2Field survey – preliminary testing

Minimum-invasive testing- Small punch tests or Instrumented

Indentation tests - Sub-sized impact tests- Chemical tests

Non-destructive testing- XRF/LIBS spectrometer- Hyperspectral camera- Hardness testing

Standard coupon tests


Step 3Condition evaluation

• Final decision about reusability of the components

• Evaluation of other non-reusable components and materials

• Optionally evaluation of additional indicators (e.g. recovery costs, residual value, remaining service life or carbon footprint)

Picture credits: Ruukki Construction


Step 4Recommendations

• Recommended material testing programme• Limitations for re-designing and future use

• On-site management and interventions• Optionally also off-site management

Picture credits: Arnošt Balcar


Reporting template A1 Description of the building A1.1 Building description ………………………………………………….……………………….. A1.2 Address, site number ………………………………………………………………………… A1.3 Year of steelwork fabrication …………………………………….………………………….. A1.4 Floor area …………………………………………………………………………………….. A1.5 Main dimensions ……………………………………………………….……………………... A1.6 Envelope ………………………………………………………………….…………............... A1.7 Crane (description, type, tonnage)………………………………………………….............. A1.8 Steelwork is already deconstructed yes / no

A2 Purpose of the deconstruction (if A1.8 is yes) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A3 Description of the future use of deconstructed components (if known) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A4 Building owner (name, address, e-mail, phone) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A5 Information about the auditor (name, address, e-mail, phone, certification(s)) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A6 Information about the demolition/deconstruction company (if known) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A7 Building documentation and drawings

A7.1 Design documentation yes / no

A7.2 Fabrication documentation yes / no

A7.3 Documentation of use and inspection reports yes / no

A8 Certification

A8.1 Mill certificates of delivered steel yes / no

A8.2 CE marking of delivered steel products or steelwork yes / no

A8.3 Other certification: …………………………………………………………………………………..

Recommended reporting template is divided into four parts:

• Part A: General information• Part B: Audit report• Part C: Inventory of reusable

components• Part D: Inventory of waste and

hazardous substances

Parts A, B and D contain machine-readable information for convenient data collection, analysis and possible material marketing.


Reporting templateC1.1 C1.2 C1.3 C1.4 C1.5 C1.6 C1.7

Component1 Dimensions2 Quantity3 Location4 Year of fabrication5

Will be reused6

Reuse description7

yes / no yes / no yes / no

C2.1 C2.2 C2.3 C2.4 C2.5 C2.6

Component1 Steel manufacturer8

Component manufacturer8

Certified steel grade9

Recommended steel grade10

Recommended material testing11

C3.1 C3.2 C3.3 C3.4 C3.5

Component1 Observed damage12

Recommended repairs12

Existing coating13

Recommended surface treatment13

• General information about reusable components

• Material information

• Recommended treatment


Reporting template• Hazardous and

dangerous substances

• Inventory of waste

D1.1 D1.2 D1.3 D1.4 D1.5 Substance Present Quantity/concentration16 Location17 Recommended treatment18

15 yes / no 15 yes / no

Other:15 …………………………………..

D2.1 D2.2 D2.3 D2.3 D2.4 D2.5 D2.6 Material20 Code20 Hazardous21 Quantity22 Location23 Condition24 Recommended treatment25

yes / no yes / no yes / no


Summary

• Pre-deconstruction audit is important tool to identify possible reusable components and structural assemblies and to recommend material testing for their re-certification

• The main beneficiary of the audit is the facility owner, but the audit usually contains also the information required by the building authorities for the construction or demolition permit

• The audit needs to be performed by a (group of) qualified expert(s)


AcknowledgementsProject PROGRESS has received funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel under grant agreement No 747847,

Ruukki Construction, Ramboll Finland, Peikko Group and Jernkontoret.

Petr Hradil Margareta Wahlströ[email protected] [email protected]

provisions for greater reuse of steel structures · provisions for greater reuse of steel...

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