provision of sustainable access to inshore fisheries
TRANSCRIPT
Provision of Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries Research Gap Analysis –Final Report
Provision of Sustainable Access to
Inshore Fisheries Research Gap Analysis
Final Report
Submitted to
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
06 January 2010
eftec
73-75 Mortimer Street
London W1W 7SQ
tel: 44(0)2075805383
Report prepared for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
by:
Economics for the Environment Consultancy (eftec)
73 – 75 Mortimer St, London, W1W 7SQ
Tel: 020 7580 5383
Fax: 020 7580 5385
www.eftec.co.uk
Main contributors:
Stephanie Hime
Zara Phang
Chelsea Thomson
Reviewer:
Rob Tinch
Acknowledgements
The research team wishes to acknowledge the guidance and help with all aspects
of the research provided by the following:
• The SAIF team for reviewing the review framework & steering group
• Respondents to questionnaires and interviews
• Workshop participants
As ever, any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors.
eftec offsets its carbon emissions through a biodiversity-friendly voluntary offset
purchased from the World Land Trust (http://www.carbonbalanced.org) and only
prints on 100% recycled paper.
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................. 4
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 7
1.1 Management of UK Inshore Fisheries ............................................ 7
1.2 Data needs .......................................................................... 8
1.3 Outline of report ................................................................... 8
2 IDENTIFYING AND OBTAINING LITERATURE .................................................... 10
2.1 Defra literature ................................................................... 10
2.2 Additional Literature sources ................................................... 10
2.2.1 Stakeholder research questionnaire ........................................ 15
2.2.2 Format and structure of interviews ........................................ 15
3 REVIEW FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 21
3.1 Framework Design ................................................................ 21
4 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA ........................................................................ 25
5 IDENTIFYING DATA GAPS ...................................................................... 27
5.1 Simple assessment ............................................................... 33
5.2 Cross-tabulations of basic data by fishing gear type ........................ 43
5.3 Cross-tabulations of basic data by location .................................. 47
5.4 Cross-tabulations of functional groups by data types ....................... 54
5.5 Further development ............................................................ 56
5.6 Examples of research containing key data ................................... 57
5.6.1 Sources covered in review ................................................... 57
5.6.2 General Overview ............................................................. 59
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5.6.3 Data gathering ................................................................. 60
5.6.4 Evaluating policy options ..................................................... 61
5.6.5 Uncertainty in fisheries management ...................................... 63
5.6.6 Detailed studies of specific resources and issues ......................... 66
5.6.7 Data collection and analysis for social aspects ........................... 68
5.6.8 Overall summary of extended reviews ..................................... 71
5.7 Ongoing studies ................................................................... 71
6 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................. 75
REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 78
ANNEX A – INITIALLY IDENTIFIED PROJECTS AND RESEARCH OF INTEREST ........................ 112
ANNEX B – RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................ 122
ANNEX C - ADDITIONAL REFERENCES IDENTIFIED BY THE CONSULTATION PROCESS ............... 124
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this project is to analyse the availability of data relating to UK inshore fisheries and their management, identifying gaps and drawing conclusions for future research needs. Necessary steps include:
• analysing Defra’s existing evidence base and providing key conclusions arising from this;
• identifying external research projects that might usefully contribute to the evidence base for inshore fisheries;
• identifying gaps in the evidence base; and,
• identifying options for priority areas for further research needed for the development of a long term strategy for a sustainable inshore fleet.
STUDY CONTEXT
Fisheries need to be managed sustainably, both to maintain a healthy marine environment and to ensure that future generations can benefit from fishery resources. The Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries (SAIF) team launched this gap analysis to determine the type and relevance of information available to support the development, implementation and evaluation of inshore fisheries policy.
Obtaining literature:
Information was obtained from several sources including online resources, specialist databases, specific industry knowledge bases, published literature and Defra. In addition, a stakeholder consultation was carried out to identify further evidence and tap into the knowledge of the inshore fisheries community.
Review of evidence:
A review framework was developed within Microsoft Excel to summarise each piece of information obtained and form the basis for the gap analysis. This framework included several fields relating to the referencing of the information, a summary or abstract field, and a number of categorical fields to mark whether specific types of economic, social or environmental information were present.
A further area within the workbook was used to assess the relevance of each piece of information reviewed. The relevance assessment related to overall relevance for the inshore fishing fleet, information contained, its robustness in terms of the methodology used to collect it, and overall general quality. Each article was evaluated under the following headings: year published; study location; fishing type; sample size; and policy context. These categories were each assigned values
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of high, medium or low, which were then evaluated together to determine the final overall relevance of the article.
Following the review, classification and initial relevance assessment of each piece of evidence, the review framework has been used to determine the gaps within the current inshore fisheries evidence base.
For greater flexibility, an extension to the project is now converting the MS Excel spreadsheet to MS Access format. This will enable those familiar with MS Access and SQL to write additional queries to supplement those standard searches provided by the database and gap analysis spreadsheet. The MS Access database will also display information and enable the standard gap analysis to be conducted in a more user friendly manner, although the MS Excel version will also remain available. The database will be identical to the spreadsheet in content and can be updated as required in future through the addition of records directly into MS Access tables. The identity between these two media for data storage will only be maintained if new additions are placed separately in both the MS Access database and the MS Excel spreadsheet.
Further evidence on data gaps and research was derived from a consultation with key stakeholders, and via a more detailed review of selected references.
CONCLUSIONS
The review of over 500 pieces of research has not revealed any ‘absolute’ gaps, in the sense of data types or policy areas for which there is no research available. There are however many relative gaps where the evidence base is thin. This is particularly the case for inshore fisheries specifically, and for particular inshore fisheries management options. Evidence on key reference points such as stock carrying capacities seems to be sparse, and in many cases social and economic data are lacking, in the sense of being considered only in a handful of studies. Going to more specific levels (individual stocks, or individual ports) would be likely to reveal deeper gaps in the evidence base. It should be noted however that the gap analysis results derive from a meta-level assessment of what is covered in research papers, not on a detailed review of the specific data and results.
The stakeholder consultation identified several areas for which participants felt data were lacking. These included information relating to the geographical location of inshore fishing activity, notably the lack of VMS data for the under 10-m vessels forming the inshore fleet. Stakeholders generally wanted more information on the impacts of fishing on the environment. Information on catch per unit effort of inshore fishers, and general information relating to socio-economic factors, were also in demand. Stakeholders wanted standard formats for data to allow them to be integrated and compared. In general, most respondents felt that the key data gaps for the inshore fisheries sector related to social and economic data.
Overall, the following areas have been identified for enhanced research effort:
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• community and social cohesion;
• changing tourism patterns and implications for angling, local food and coastal communities;
• cross-impacts with the energy sector;
• the impact climate change will have on economic and social dynamics in inshore fisheries;
• further work on methods for including the local economy, environmental and social factors into bioeconomic modelling; and
• further work on how inshore fishers respond to changing fishing opportunities, costs and policy instruments.
There is also a need for better tools for appraising management options for inshore fisheries, taking uncertainty into account, and fisher behaviour, and integrating management with ecosystem models. However work on these and other key topics is already underway, notably in studies being carried out by CEFAS, including “A Risk Analysis Framework For Fisheries Management” and other projects as detailed in section 5.7. There will of course be ongoing research needs in these areas, but these will be better defined via those specific projects than through this general overview.
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1 Introduction
It is widely accepted that fisheries need to be managed sustainably, both to sustain a healthy, diverse marine environment, and to ensure that future benefits of fish resources can be secured for later generations (see e.g. Defra, 2008). At present, however, many European fish stocks are seriously over fished, and fleet capacity significantly exceeds available quotas while industry costs are rising.
These problems all apply to the particular case of the English inshore fishing fleet. Indeed, smaller vessels are most affected, as larger vessels with greater capacities catch a disproportionate quantity of the available quota relative to their numbers. This can lead to severe social and economic problems in fishing communities. The situation is unsustainable, and policy changes are required in the short and longer term to ensure a sustainable future for the UK inshore fleet.
The UK inshore fleet is important; however, in many cases it could be more economically efficient to catch these fish using larger vessels. Fisheries 2027 argues that inshore fishing vessels should continue to have access to fisheries resources, “even if in some cases that is not the most economically efficient way
of harvesting the resource”. This is because (PMSU, 2004) the sector is recognised as an important source of employment in some coastal areas, and also as providing social cohesion, cultural heritage and tourism values, although relatively little is known about the importance of these often intangible values.
1.1 Management of UK Inshore Fisheries
Since 1st January 1999 UK fisheries have been managed through a system of fixed quota allocations (FQAs). However, the inshore fleet quota units are not associated with vessel licences but are grouped in ‘the Pool’, managed by UK fisheries departments, and based on fishing by the inshore fleet as a whole for the period 1994-1996. The uptake of quota from the Pool has been increasingly regulated, via measures such as early fishery closures or monthly limits. However there is insufficient quota for the number of vessels and it has been widely recognised that there is an imbalance between quota and fishing opportunity, leading to policies of decommissioning, licence capping and quota leasing.
In an effort to relieve pressure on the inshore fishing fleet, a package of measures was introduced in December 2008 as part of the Fisheries 2027 vision of long-term sustainability for the UK fishing industry. The short-term priority is to reduce fleet capacity, and measures put in place to achieve this include schemes for voluntary decommissioning of vessels under 10m, and the capping of licences for vessels that have not been fully active in quota fisheries in recent years.
These short-term measures secure time to develop longer-term policy options. Policy objectives are not limited to the economic efficiency of UK fishing, but also consider social and environmental impacts, and in particular the aim of maintaining
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healthy fishing and coastal communities, so all these factors must be considered in evaluating policy options.
1.2 Data needs
Historically there has been a serious lack of data on the UK inshore fleet, its activities and its impacts. Some vessels voluntarily kept logbooks, but otherwise data came only from sampling programmes. The Registration of Fish Buyers and Sellers Regulations (2005) mean we now have much better knowledge of inshore fleet landings. Indeed, the sales notes revealed a true level of fishing activity by the inshore fleet was higher than originally thought, leading to lower monthly catch limits. However beyond this basic knowledge rather little is known.
In order to inform and assess policies for inshore fisheries, good quality information is essential. This can be split broadly into three subject categories (environmental, economic and social) and three basic types (understanding, measurements and ideas).
• Understanding of important relationships between variables comes from research and analysis. Research into the UK inshore industry and sectors impacting on or affected by it is most valuable; but transfer of knowledge from elsewhere may also be useful.
• Measurements of key variables and parameters are the functions of data collection and analysis. Generally, this must be specific to the UK inshore industry, its constituent parts, and communities.
• Ideas about policy options and performance indicators, at different scales, are an important consideration, because they determine what the needs are for the above two categories.
This project, the Provision of Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries (SAIF) Research Gap Analysis, aims to assess the current evidence available from data, reports and research findings across these subject areas and knowledge types. The aim is not to review in detail the knowledge and its implications, but rather to assess at a meta-data level what is, and what is not, present in the evidence base, and to draw conclusions on data gaps and research needs.
1.3 Outline of report
The main requirements for this project are:
• To analyse Defra’s existing evidence base and key conclusions arising from it.
• To identify external research projects that might usefully contribute to the SAIF evidence base. This will include a review of relevant literature, identifying key projects, a summary of the gaps and any conclusions arising from this.
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• To identify gaps in the evidence base and recommend areas in which further research is needed for the development of a long term strategy for a sustainable inshore fleet.
Therefore the outputs of this project assess and evaluate information, in terms of its potential to contribute to the evidence base used to define a broad set of policies. The scope includes information that is currently available or under development from a number of different sources, including online databases, journals, and expert knowledge. Drawing on this assessment, the project identifies the main knowledge gaps, and provides guidance on the priority areas for future research and data collection.
The report is structured in the following sections:
• Section 2 Obtaining Literature: describes the processes used to find and obtain data of relevance to the review.
• Section 3 The Review Framework: describes the design of the information review framework, providing details of all fields used and the data they contain.
• Section 4 Relevance Assessment: describes how each piece of information was assessed in terms of its relevance.
• Section 5 Identifying the Gaps: describes how the information within the review framework is used to identify gaps in the current evidence base.
• Section 6 Conclusions: summarises findings and sets out options for research priorities on the basis of the gap analysis.
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2 Identifying and Obtaining Literature
The knowledge and data required for developing, implementing and evaluating inshore fisheries policy cover a wide range of fields, including (but not limited to):
• the economic relationships in the fishing industry: supply and demand conditions, incentives faced, behavioural responses, and the direct and indirect economic impacts of different policy options;
• the social aspects of inshore fishing and policy, including employment, social cohesion and community identity in coastal communities;
• the environmental impacts and dependencies of inshore fishing, including factors such as the habitat impacts of different "metiers", the role of inter-tidal habitats and other fish nursery areas, and impacts of water quality;
• geographically-referenced data on fishing: where, when, what effort, what catch; now, and also in the past;
• management practices, including both "official" management rules, and local customs, traditions or other institutions for controlling and allocating access to and distribution of resources; and
• the likely impacts of climate change on key relationships, most notably on fish productivity and geographical ranges, and the likely implications for the fishing industry.
To achieve the aims outlined above in Section 1 all relevant literature and datasets relating specifically to inshore fisheries and to the fishing industry had to be identified. The identification and retrieval of documents and data relied on a combination of approaches. First, Defra provided an initial list of all research projects relevant to the gap analysis (see Section 2.1). Second, further databases and published literature were searched for information and a conference attended to introduce ‘stakeholders’ to the aims of the gap analysis (see Section 2.2); finally, a stakeholder survey was conducted to gather further information relating the inshore fisheries (see Section 2.3).
2.1 Defra literature
Defra provided a list of current research projects1 along with completion dates at the outset of the project. For each of these projects, either a summary or the full report was obtained through a combination of web searches and input from Defra.
2.2 Additional Literature sources
Further research and data were identified and accessed through extensive literature reviews. Literature searches were for the most part limited to studies within the UK and Europe, as these are most relevant, but a number of studies
1 Approximately 240 projects: see Annex A for a full list.
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from North America or presenting fisheries information in a global context were also included. Several websites were searched and reports, articles, datasets and models were identified (see Table 2.2.1 for a summary of resources searched). The published literature on the economics, ecology, and sociological aspects of fishing was also searched for references relating to inshore fishing, shell fishing, recreational fishing, coastal fisheries, and small-scale fisheries. Freshwater fishing and aquaculture were excluded, as were studies relating purely to detailed aspects of fish genetics, biochemistry and diseases. Finally, individual stakeholders were approached during a conference2 on the Common Fisheries Policy, to introduce the SAIF gap analysis to the wider fisheries community.
Approximately 194 further reports were identified as a result of this searching, and were included within the information review process (see Section 3 and 4). The full reports of interest were downloaded or obtained by contacting organisations/authors directly. Annex B provides details of a number of online resources that were searched but that did not yield further information for this analysis.
Table 2.2.1 A list of websites and information resources searched for the SAIF
gap analysis
Source Link No. reports obtained
Description
Baltic Sea 2020 www.balticsea2020.com 4 Reports on the Baltic sea fishing industry
Cefas Technical Reports www.cefas.co.uk 6
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science. Technical Reports
Coast Web Library library.coastweb.info 8
A coastal and marine portal site managed by CoastNet, an international networking organisation, and partially funded through Corepoint, an EU funded project for Coastal Research and Policy Integration.
Environmental Defense Fund – Oceans ww.edf.org 2
An environmental charity aimed at tackling environmental problems.
European Commission Fisheries Publications ec.europa.eu 28
The European Commission publications on fisheries
2 Held in June 2009 in London, by the Chartered Institute of Water and Environmental Management.
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Table 2.2.1 A list of websites and information resources searched for the SAIF
gap analysis
Source Link No. reports obtained
Description
EVRI www.evri.ca 2
The EVRI database specialising in documents and research relating to economic valuation literature.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department www.fao.org 5
Publications from the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
Finding Sanctuary www.finding-
sanctuary.org 1
A partnership project which aims to secure a healthy and protective future for the coasts and seas of South West England
Fisheries Research Services
www.frs-
scotland.gov.uk 22
A Directorate of the Scottish Government, integrating core marine functions involving scientific research, compliance monitoring, policy and management of Scotland’s seas
Fisheries Science Partnership (NFFO and Cefas) www.cefas.co.uk 63
Scientific research carried out by Cefas and the National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisation
ICES Journal of Marine Science
icesjms.oxfordjournals.o
rg 16
The Journal of Marine Science from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Ifremer www.ifremer.fr 6 French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea
Institute for European Environmental Policy www.ieep.eu 6
Institute for European Environmental Policy publications
North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee www.neseafish.gov.uk 2
The North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee publications
Scottish Natural Heritage www.snh.gov.uk 1
Scottish Natural Heritage publications
Seafish www.seafish.org 3 Seafish publications
Sussex Sea Fisheries District Committee www.sussex-sfc.gov.uk 2
Sussex Sea Fisheries District Committee publications
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Table 2.2.1 A list of websites and information resources searched for the SAIF
gap analysis
Source Link No. reports obtained
Description
The Fisheries Society of the British Isles www.fsbi.org.uk 2
The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
The Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee www.nsfc.co.uk 3
The Northumberland Sea Fisheries Committee publications
Online Databases:
In addition to websites, specific databases and journal searches, a number of online databases were included within the review. While each piece of literature within these resources is not included within the SAIF gap analysis, a summary of the information available from four well known well used databases is included below.
Biological databases:
A number of online databases provide information relating to the biological data of fish species and the marine environment. Examples include Fishbase, MarLIN and the MarBEF database.
Fishbase: Fishbase contains information on 31,200 species of fish including 277,500 common names, 48,400 pictures, and 43,200 references in over 200 languages. The objective of Fishbase 2000 was to provide key biological data for all fish species known to science3, the project and was completed and published in 2000. Although the official project has been concluded, the online database is continually updated and improved by both the Fishbase Team and external collaborators. The live Fish Forum allows users to exchange information, classify unidentified fish and raise specific questions.
The Fishbase database provides extensive information on each fish species, including family, order, age/size/weight, AquaMaps, ICUN status, climate/range, distribution, biology, human uses, prices category, synonyms, classification, descriptions, environment, importance, and threat to humans. The database does not include information on fish behaviour and traditional distribution maps, and complete references for every species within the database.
3 The information was extracted from 20,000 references and follows the November 2000 version of Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes.
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MarLIN: The Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is an initiative of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK. The objective of MarLIN is to “Provide information and resources to support marine environmental management,
conservation and education”.
In the context of this project, two sections of the MarLIN website are particularly useful:
• The Biodiversity and Conservation Science (BACS) programme; and
• The Marine Data section.
BACS provides information relating to the “effective management and
conservation” of marine resources, including information on the marine biodiversity of Britain and Ireland. There are data on 129 habitats4, ecology, species distribution, and life histories for 855 marine species. In addition, BACS also provides information relating to the effects of marine activities and natural events, marine life protection, ecosystem structure and function, the Nationally Important Marine Feature (NIMF) database, and the Seabed Indicator Species database. Tools for analysing data are also available under the Biological Traits Information Catalogue (BIOTIC).
BIOTIC5 contains information contains information on over 40 biological trait categories of selected benthic species, together with additional supporting information, including the references. However, the emphasis of this database is on benthic invertebrates and plants, limiting its direct applicability to inshore fisheries management, however, it can be useful in combination with several biological databases, for example the Data Archive for Seabed Species and Habitats website (DASSH).
Marine data: provides access to the (DASSH) website <www.dassh.ac.uk> which provides digital archive facilities for marine biological data6 and information relating to fish biology via the Searchable Benthic Data (SEABED) database.
MarBEF: The Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem functioning (MarBEF) data system <www.marbef.org> is a network of 94 marine institutes. The current MarBEF
4 Habitats are listed according to the National Habitat Classification scheme. The habitats can be browsed by the 1997 and 2004 versions of the classification.
5 An initiative run by the MBA and MarLIN, in collaboration with MBA scientists (Drs Hilmar Hinz and Stuart Jenkins) and the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (Dr Paul Somerfield).
6 DASSH is built on the existing MarLIN and National Marine Biological Library (NMBL) databases and l links to external databases such as the National Biodiversity Network and the World Register of Marine Species.
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database includes information on various European Marine Biodiversity datasets and links to the European Register of Marine Species (ERMS) and the European division of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (EurOBIS).
The European Marine Biodiversity Datasets is an inventory of existing biodiversity monitoring datasets. The information includes meta-data about the location, the sampling strategy, and biological parameters of datasets, along with details of how to obtain the information.
The ERMS is a complete taxonomic list of species occurring in the European marine environment, which can be searched by taxon. The ERMS provides information on the environment, distribution and life history of different marine species.
The EurOBIS is a distributed system that provides a searchable biogeographic database on marine organisms. The three main parameters of a record are taxonomy, temporal and geographical cover. The EurOBIS database holds 6.8 million distribution records for 15,000 species.
Economic databases:
The main online database relating to economic data is the Marine Fisheries Agency (MFA) website <www.mfa.gov.uk>, which hosts comprehensive statistics on sea fisheries, in some cases dating back to the late 19th century. A number of annual reports exist providing a summary of the statistics; recent annual reports (2005 to 2007) are accompanied by spreadsheets. The most recent report and spreadsheet can be accessed directly from the ‘Statistics’ section of the website; older reports are located under the archive page of the ‘Statistics’ section.
2.2.1 Stakeholder research questionnaire
This section provides a summary of responses and findings from interviews with stakeholders within the inshore fishery community, focusing on the availability of fisheries research and data gaps. The interviews were a key task within the review and were used to establish not only what current research was most useful but also to identify future research projects of note for the inshore fisheries industry.
In Section 2.3.2 the format and administration of the interviews are described along with the background/role of, and organisations represented by, interviewees. Following this a summary of responses is provided. The full questionnaire is reproduced in Annex C.
2.2.2 Format and structure of interviews
Interviews were undertaken in August and September 2009 with a sample of stakeholders representing both the inshore and general fisheries community. A list of individuals to contact was provided by Defra covering a range of organisations (including consultancies, research institutes, non-governmental organisations and the fishing industry). Initially effort focused on interviewing individuals included
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on this list, then as the consultation progressed further contacts were established and potential interviewees contacted.
Potential respondents indicated their willingness to take part in the survey by responding to an initial email invitation. Interviews were conducted by telephone and typically lasted 20 minutes. Given the differing range of experience and roles of the individuals interviewed, a semi-structured approach with prompts for particular issues was adopted, with a view to eliciting discursive feedback from interviewees.
In total 18 interviews were undertaken with the following organisations: Deloitte Consulting; World Wildlife Fund; Seafish; Fishing for Answers; West Cornwall Luggar Industry Trust; Southern Sea Fisheries Committee; Cornish Sardine Management Association; Anglo North Irish Fish Producers Organisation; Cornish Fish Producers; Shellfish Association of Great Britain; Sussex Sea Fisheries Committee; New Under-Ten Fishermen’s Association; National Federation of Fishermen’s Organisations; University of Central London; University of Bangor; and Seafood Cornwall. A broad range of roles within the inshore fisheries sector were thereby represented, including:
• Heads of organisations;
• Fishers;
• Economists;
• Fisheries Policy Officers;
• Researchers; and
• Consultants.
In requesting additional references, contact was also made with the following organisations: Federation of Welsh Anglers, Welsh Federation of Fishermen's Associations Ltd., European Common Fisheries – Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, Scottish Fishermen's Federation, Ocean 2012, The Angling Trust, Hastings Fisherman's Protection Society, Eastern Sea Fisheries Joint Committee, North Western & North Wales Sea Fisheries Committee, South Wales Sea Fisheries Committee, Cornwall Sea Fisheries Committee, Seas at Risk, Coalition for Fair Fisheries Arrangements, The Fisheries Secretariat Stockholm, PEW Environment Group, North Sea Regional Advisory Council, The Scottish Government, NFFO, WWF Research Centre, Fish News EU, Natural England, OneFish, Shellfish, JNCC – Coastal and The Wildlife Trust.
Overall a good coverage of organisations interested in fisheries research was achieved. Cefas provided input via the SAIF Workshop held on the 29th October 2009, to discuss the gap analysis. Unfortunately due to the limited time and resources available for this consultation there were some omissions, including in particular: Cemare; University of Plymouth Marine Institute; University of Hull’s Estuarine and Coastal Studies Department,
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A. Current and previous research
The purpose of discussion under this topic was to gauge knowledge of current and recent fisheries research and to determine whether this information could be obtained for the SAIF gap analysis. The questions under this section were specifically split into subject areas to help determine whether information in certain areas was less available or less known to respondents.
Environment: Respondents identified research relating to: wave height; fish (including shellfish) tagging; surveys and mapping; sea bed habitat identification and the biomass and production evaluation of different habitats and the potential effects of climate change; Cefas’s fisheries science partnership work; the effect of climate change on water pollution; the benefits of ‘no trawl areas’ and ‘no take zones’ to the environment; and the environmental effects of fishing activities on the seabed.
Economics: Respondents identified research relating to: fish markets in fishing ports; ecosystem services of shellfish; work done by various Sea Fisheries committees; basic economic value of fisheries; cost and earnings of fishermen; and the annual Seafish reports.
Social: Respondents identified research relating to: the fishermen’s Dreadnought medical services; WWF’s Invest in Fish; and the spatial distribution and zone of influences of fisheries.
A full list of the additional research articles and datasets identified as part of the consultation process is included in Annex D. The subject area with the least information was social research, where the amount of information identified by respondents was much less than for the environmental and economic aspects of inshore fisheries.
B. Using available research
Here the focus of questions was to determine the most widely used pieces of research and their usefulness to different organisations/individuals within different roles. The questionnaire tried to elicit respondents’ experience with different types of information (reports, datasets) to help identify how different types of information helped or hindered their work within the fisheries sector. In addition, questions relating to data reliability were also asked. These specifically tackled the reliability of research, the perception of it within the stakeholder community, and which individuals or organisations were considered to be authorities and/or “trusted” on fisheries information. Respondents were also asked to identify information that would be useful within their work, and about current data/resource gaps.
Datasets, resources and expert knowledge: Table 2.3.1 shows the main sources of information currently used by respondents. Interviewees did not tend to use models provided by organisations other than their own within their work.
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However, many used data sets from either the MFA or Seafish within their own models. Sea fisheries committees tended to use data from landing statistics, or collected by fishers under their jurisdiction to aid planning management strategies.
Other organisations used data to create graphs and charts to illustrate the current status of the market and landings by fishermen. These were then used to simplify data for decision makers within the supply chain. Research and non-governmental organisations used data to support their research and to develop policy papers on management in the industry.
Table 2.3.1: Sources of information and data used in respondents’ own research
Environmental Economic Social
Local knowledge from fishers*;
Cefas reports*;
Sea shelf, tidal mixing models and wave models from the Hadley Centre;
The British Geographical Survey data maps of seabed types;
Satellite imaging data for primary production and temperature;
European data sets;
Impact assessments.
Landing statistics from the MFA and Sea Fisheries committees*;
Market information from Plymouth Trawler Agents;
Seafish data*;
Fishermen’s logbooks.
Seafish data;
South West Regional socio-economic studies;
EKOS socio-economic studies*.
* denotes sources mentioned more than once by different respondents
Overall, respondents believed the data they used to be quite reliable, especially where it concerned landings. However, concern was expressed about the paucity of certain data and the sample sizes of scientific and economic studies.
Respondents spoke about difficulties with existing data, including:
• how to use them;
• lack of information about data collection, storage and research methods;
• problems combining data from different sea fisheries committees, since data are not available within a standard format; and
• lack of repeat studies - for example, while information on shellfish was available, studies were often one-off, making it difficult to see changes over time.
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Respondents tended to name experts within a small group of organisations that they approached for information on inshore fisheries. These organisations were: Cefas, Seafish, Cemare, the Shellfish Association of Great Britain, various sea fisheries committees, and particular fishermen.
Data gaps: When asked about potentially useful information currently missing within the inshore fisheries sector, several types of data were mentioned a number of times. This included information relating to inshore fishing activity, such as geographical locations of inshore fishing activities. Respondents stated that due to the absence of Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data for the inshore fleet was a key gap. It was also noted that the low frequency of VMS reporting (currently once every 2 hours) would limit the value of extending VMS in its current form to the inshore fleet. Respondents also felt that logbooks lacked sufficient resolution, that economic data were not collected in an adequate format for the inshore fisheries fleet (<10m) and that there was little socio-economic information on inshore fisheries available.
Respondents wanted more information on the impacts of fishing on the environment and were interested in the catch per unit effort of inshore fishers, the social value of the industry, the allocation of quota, and comparisons of quota management systems employed in UK and Europe. Other specific information gaps mentioned included: levels of bycatch and discarding with different fishing gear, and its impact on the seabed; environmental information on the seabed habitat types; economic data relating to the steps between landing a fish and its being sold in a supermarket or served in a restaurant; and historic landings data relating to inshore fisheries7. Further comments were made about the lack of publicly available GIS information, data on non-quota species and issues relating to the comparability of existing studies. Finally, respondents wanted more information on how fish stocks varied naturally, to help them to identify the impact of fishing on stocks.
C. Additional contacts and overall comments
Before concluding the interviews, respondents were asked whether they could provide any additional contacts relating to research work of relevance to the inshore fisheries community and their overall opinions of the SAIF gap analysis. A number of additional contacts within the inshore fisheries community were identified by respondents and a summary of the organisations these contacts represent is shown in Table 2.3.2.
7 Respondents mentioned that these data were available in logbooks, but needed to be collated and made publically available.
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Table 2.3.2: A list of the organisations represented by additional contacts
Marine Departments at Educational Institutions
Consultancies Other Organisations
University of Bangor McAllister Elliott
Marine Stewardship Council
University of Plymouth Poseidon Marine Scotland
North Atlantic Fisheries College EKOS Marine Biological Association
University of Hull, Nautilius Medin
Scottish Agricultural College Fish producer organisations
University of Newcastle
Institute of Fisheries Management
Overall, many respondents felt that there were large gaps in socio-economic data within the inshore fisheries sector and that socio-economic data should be used more in fishing policies. Various comments were made in relation to the quota system and its problems and the need for fisheries committees to have a better definition of fishers under their jurisdiction. Respondents also mentioned the need for an ecosystems based approach rather than strategies that focused on headline species.
All respondents asked to be kept informed of the progress of the gap analysis, either via the opportunity of attending a workshop or by receiving copy of the final report.
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3 Review Framework
The purpose of this section is to detail the structure for summarising the currently available information of relevance to inshore fisheries as identified in Section 2. A review spreadsheet was designed in Microsoft Excel to categorise the information available into the subject areas of interest for the SAIF gap analysis (social, economic and environmental). The section 3.1 includes a description of each of the fields included within the review spreadsheet.
3.1 Framework Design
Data relating to each piece of information reviewed for the SAIF gap analysis were split across several tabs within the review spreadsheet. This allowed us to generate a more user friendly review framework and to cut down data repetition.
Main tab – REF_List
The first tab within the review spreadsheet contains fields detailing information references, a summary of each piece of information, and fields identifying the type of information reviewed, its subject category (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, or any combination), the location referred to, and fields relating to the fish species considered (see Table 3.1.1. for a detailed list of all fields within the REF_List tab). The RefID acts as a point of reference to the other tabs within the spreadsheet in which further information about a particular reference is stored. Where a piece of information is out of scope the ‘Scope’ field is set to ‘Yes’ and a fourth tab (SCOPE) includes the reason for this classification.
There are several types of information that are considered to be out of scope for this review. These include research relating to aquaculture, relating to biological protocols, relating to fish genetics or biochemistry, relating to the treatment of fish diseases or relating to freshwater fisheries. The full review spreadsheet will be sent following this report.
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Table 3.1: Description of each field within the REF_List table of the database
Field Name Description
RefID
This is a unique identifier for the piece of information reviewed -this number links to each of the other tabs within the review framework.
Relevance
Overall relevance of the information LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH: see Section 4 for further details.
RefTitle The title of the information reviewed.
RefAuthors
The authors of the information, where individual authors are not identified the organisation that carried out/collect the information are reported.
RefYear The year the information was produced.
RefAbs
A summary of the information reviewed (this is either the abstract or the first few paragraphs of the executive summary, etc.)
Article Type
This shows the category of the type of information being reviewed, i.e., original research, advisory note, review article.
Evidence of
Peer Review
Is there evidence of the information being peer reviewed? (Yes/No). This is assumed for journal articles and for reports completed within Defra, any other report summaries that specifically mention peer review are also set to yes.
Scope
This field indicates whether or not the article fits within the scope of the review.
Data
This field describes the types of data used within the reviewed information, categories include: Modelling measured data, one-off data collection, regular data collection, theoretical model, or N/A.
MA
Is there any information on management alternatives that have been detailed within the information reviewed? Categories include: quota, effort, community quota, community effort and N/A.
Psp
The primary species covered within the information reviewed, these are defined by the following functional group categories: Cetacean, Demersal, Lobsters & Crabs, Pelagic, Shellfish, Sandeel, Shark, or Squid
specieso
A free text field which allows further details relating to the species covered within a piece of information to be described.
Location
This describes the primary locations the information relates to, including each of the ICES areas relevant to the UK inshore fleet, plus other broader-scale categories.
o optional field
The Subject tab – SUB
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This tab describes further information relating to the relevance of each piece of information being reviewed to inshore fisheries in terms of broad policy options (quota and effort) and information relating to recreation, given the shared nature of the resource, along with a series of fields relating to specific measures within the information reviewed. Table 3.2 gives a list of each of the fields included within the subject tab.
Table 3.2. Description of each generic field within the subject tab of the review
spreadsheet
Field Name* Description
RefID
This is a unique identifier for the piece of literature reviewed - this links to the REF_List (see above), Relevance tabs (see section 4).
Measured
This field details what is being measured or described i.e. a description of the main objective of the piece of information reviewed, or main variable that is being researched.
ResMethod
This field details the methods, i.e., how information was obtained, for example, by biological survey, lab. based research, observation of fisher behaviour, and so on.
SmplSize
Describes the sample size for example, number of fish observed, number of sites visited, number of fishing vessels observed, and so on.
Loc
A free text field to allow more information on the geographical reference of data: e.g. name of country, port, and fishing area and so on.
Scale
International
International scale: is the study conducted at International scale? 1/0.
Scale Europe European scale: is the study conducted at European scale? 1/0.
Scale National National scale: is the study conducted at National scale? 1/0.
Scale Regional Regional scale: is the study conducted at regional scale? 1/0.
Scale Local Local scale: is the study conducted at local scale? 1/0.
Prot Level of protection of the study area, i.e., MPA; SAC; NONE.
MACons The marine area considered - : Inshore, Offshore or General..
PolCont
Policy context - whether the information was collected in response to a particular policy need – if yes, details are added here for example, review of common fisheries policy, review of local management of crab fishing and so on.
Angling
Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if angling is covered.
Potting
Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if potting is covered.
Netting
Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if netting is covered.
Trawling
Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if trawling is covered.
Line fishing
Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if line fishing is covered.
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Table 3.2. Description of each generic field within the subject tab of the review
spreadsheet
Field Name* Description
Eff
Policy group field 1 - effort based, could the research contribute to policies concerned with fishing effort? (Yes/No).
Quota
Policy group field 2 - quota based, could the research contribute to policies concerned with fishing quotas? (Yes/No).
Rec
Policy group field 3 - recreational fisheries, could the research contribute to policies concerned with recreational fishing? (Yes/No).
Comment Any other comments relating to this information.
StockCC stock carrying capacity: does the information address stock carrying capacity(ies)? 1/0 - this is set to one if the research actually uses data to address this or references the ICES fish stock assessments the field is set to one otherwise zero.
StockDist stock geographical distribution: does the information address a particular stock distribution? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actually uses data to address this rather than references distribution from elsewhere.
StockTV stock trends and/or variability: does the information address stock trends? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actually uses data to address this rather than references trends from elsewhere.
StockRec stock recruitment: does the information address stock recruitmentrelationships? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actually uses data to address this rather than references trends from elsewhere.
FC Fleet capacity: are there any figures for fleet capacity within the information? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
DS Days at sea: are there figures for days at sea within the information? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
IC Industry costs: are there any figures for costs within the information? 1/0 – this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
IR Industry revenues: are there figures for revenues within the information? this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
PDem Fish price/demand: does the information address fish price/demand? 1=yes; 0=no.
Emp Employment: does the information address employment in the fisheries sector? 1=yes; 0=No.
SUB Subject ECON, ENV, SOC - field indicates the relevant subject area. Some articles may be applicable to multiple areas.
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4 Assessment criteria
Following an initial summary (see Section 3), each of the piece of information was assessed in terms of its relevance, and recorded on the Relevance tab within the review spreadsheet. The relevance of information was judged according to several criteria including the age of the information, its relevance to inshore fisheries and details of the research methodology used to collect it. Table 4.1 gives a full list of the fields within the Relevance tab.
It must be noted that the assessment of relevance is based on a set of rules drawing on the summary information for each piece of research, and not on a detailed analysis of the data and results. The assessment is intended as an indication of the likely relevance to inshore fisheries policy generally. On balance, it is more likely that research identified as ‘high’ relevance will be useful, and that research identified as ‘low’ relevance will not be, than the reverse. However for any specific application it is likely that only some of the ‘high’ relevance projects will in fact be useful, and it remains possible that a ‘low’ relevance project could be important.
Relevance Assessment
All fields apart from Data Sources and Comments within the Relevance tab were categorical fields. The fields could be set to LOW, MEDIUM or HIGH, depending on how the information reviewed met the relevance criteria of each field. The following paragraphs detail the relevance criteria used for each of the fields described in Table 4.1, with the exception of the Data sources and Comments fields.
Where the information being reviewed was more than 15 years old the Year field was set to LOW, in the information was between 7-14 years old the field was set to MEDIUM, if the research was less than 7 years old Year was set to HIGH. If a date was not specified and could not be determined the field was set to N/A.
Where the information being reviewed related to countries outside of northern Europe the Location field was set to LOW, if information related to countries within northern Europe the Location field was set to MEDIUM and finally HIGH if the information related to the UK or Ireland.
If the information being reviewed related to fisheries in general the Fishing type field was set to MEDIUM while information relating to netting, potting & inshore fisheries specifically was classed as HIGH. For information in which small sizes were used the SmpleSize field was set to low with average and large sample sizes classified as MEDIUM and HIGH respectively (the precise size categories differ according to the type of information being evaluated).
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Where the information reviewed related to fishing in general the Policy Context was set to MEDIUM, however, if the focus was on inshore fisheries the field was set to HIGH. Where the information reviewed used a known method that was considered to be replicable the Methodology field was set to HIGH. If, however, the information used a new method that was replicable or a known method that is not replicable the field was set to MEDIUM. Finally, if the information reviewed used an unknown method that was not replicable the Methodology field was set to LOW.
Overall Relevance
The free text fields within the Relevance tab were used to provide additional details relating to the research reviewed for example, if the overall relevance mark had to be changed for a reason not captured within the fields considered. Each Relevance field was deemed to carry equal weight, thus if the majority of relevance fields were marked as High, High became the overall mark given for the information reviewed. If a Low classification appeared within any of the relevance fields listed, the highest mark that could be attained by a piece of information was Medium. Finally, if the number of relevance marks was tied the lower of the two marks was taken as the overall relevance mark for the piece of information reviewed (Refer to full workbook).
Table 4.1 Description of each field relating to the relevance classification of
each research report/article reviewed within the review framework database
Field Name Description
RefID
Unique identifier for the piece of literature reviewed - this links to the REF_List Tab (see Section 3)
Year Relevance classification relating to the age of the research
Location
Relevance classification relating to location a particular piece of research was carried out in.
Fishing type
Relevance classification relating to the vessels covered by the research
SmpleSize
Relevance classification relating to the sample size used in the reviewed research
Policy Context
Relevance classification relating to the research mentioning policies in relation to specific fishing groups, i.e., the fishing fleet in general or the inshore fishing fleet.
Methodology
Relevance classification relating to the methodology applied within a particular piece of research.
Data Sources
Field listing the data sources used within the report/article being reviewed; filled as original research in the case where new data is collected
Comments
Any additional comments relating to the research/article being reviewed including any reasons as to the particular overall relevance mark given (optional field)
Relevance mark
The overall relevance mark given for a report/article; classified as low, medium or high.
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5 Identifying data gaps
This section explains how the database has been used to evaluate the data gaps that currently exist in terms of the evidence needed for policy formulation relating to inshore fisheries. A summary of the fields described in Sections 3 and 4 above is presented in the final tab of the review spreadsheet called ‘GAPS’. This sheet covers only those studies that have been assessed and found relevant to inshore fishing policy: there are 362 of these8.
The fields within this tab are split into three categories of field; the first group includes the fields that can be used to filter the information. The auto-filter options within Excel can be used to find out the data gaps relating to a variety of filter categories, for example species, location, article type, data, management alternatives, scale and fishing type. It is also possible to filter for combinations of fields. The second field grouping shows the overall relevance of the piece of research reviewed and the third and final grouping summarises the coverage of key variables (see Table 5.1 for full list of fields).
8 A further 120 references were found to be out of scope, listed on the “Scope” tab.
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Table 5.1. Description of each field within the GAPS tab of the review spreadsheet
Field groupings Field Name* Description
N/A REfID
This is a unique identifier for the piece of literature reviewed - this links to the REF_List (see above), Relevance tabs (see section 4).
Filters
Article Type This shows the category of the type of information being reviewed, i.e., original research, advisory note, review article.
Data This field describes the types of data used within the reviewed information, categories include: one-off data collected, regular data collection, modelling with simulated data, modelling with original data and N/A.
Community Does the reference relate to community management, 1 = yes, 0 = no
Effort Does the reference relate to effort management, 1 = yes, 0 = no
Quota Does the reference relate to quota management, 1 = yes, 0 = no
demersal Does the reference cover demersal species 1 – yes, 0 – no
lobsters & crabs Does the reference cover lobsters and crabs species 1 – yes, 0 – no
shark Does the reference cover sharks species 1 – yes, 0 – no
sandeel Does the reference cover sandeels species 1 – yes, 0 – no
shellfish Does the reference cover shellfish species 1 – yes, 0 – no
cetacean Does the reference cover cetacean species 1 – yes, 0 – no
pelagic Does the reference cover pelagic species 1 – yes, 0 – no
squid Does the reference cover squid species 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location IVa Does the reference cover ICES area IVa 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location IVb Does the reference cover ICES area IVb 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location IVc Does the reference cover ICES area IVc 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location VIa Does the reference cover ICES area VIa 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location VIIa Does the reference cover ICES area VIIa 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location VIId Does the reference cover ICES area VIId – yes, 0 – no
Location VIIe Does the reference cover ICES area VIIe 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location VIIf Does the reference cover ICES area VIIf 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location Other ICES Does the reference cover other ICES areas 1 – yes, 0 – no
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Table 5.1. Description of each field within the GAPS tab of the review spreadsheet
Field groupings Field Name* Description
Location UK Does the reference cover a UK area 1 – yes, 0 - no
Location EU Does the reference cover a European location 1 – yes, 0 – no
Location International Does the reference cover an International location 1 – yes, 0 – no
Scale International International scale: is the study conducted at International scale? 1/0.
Scale Europe European scale: is the study conducted at European scale? 1/0.
Scale National National scale: is the study conducted at National scale? 1/0.
Scale Regional Regional scale: is the study conducted at regional scale? 1/0.
Scale Local Local scale: is the study conducted at local scale? 1/0.
Prot Level of protection of the study area, i.e., MPA; SAC; NONE.
MACons The marine area considered - up to 3 nautical miles, up to 6 nautical miles, up to 12 nautical miles, outside 12 nautical miles and not available.
Angling Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if angling is covered.
Potting Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if potting is covered.
Netting Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if netting is covered.
Trawling Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if trawling is covered.
Line fishing Gives details on the type of fishing considered in the article set to 1 if line fishing is covered.
Eff Policy group field 1 - effort based, could the research contribute to policies concerned with fishing effort? (Yes/No).
Quota Policy group field 2 - quota based, could the research contribute to policies concerned with fishing quotas? (Yes/No).
Rec Policy group field 3 - recreational fisheries, could the research contribute to policies concerned with recreational fishing?
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Table 5.1. Description of each field within the GAPS tab of the review spreadsheet
Field groupings Field Name* Description
(Yes/No).
Relevance The overall relevance mark given for a report/article; classified as low, medium or high.
Key data
fields
(results)
StockCC stock carrying capacity: does the information address stock carrying capacity(ies)? 1/0 - this is set to one if the research actually uses data to address this or references the ICES fish stock assessments the field is set to one otherwise zero.
StockDist stock geographical distribution: does the information address a particular stock distribution? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actually uses data to address this rather than references distribution from elsewhere.
StockTV stock trends and/or variability: does the information address stock trends? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actuallyuses data to address this rather than references trends from elsewhere.
StockRec stock recruitment: does the information address stock recruitment relationships? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the research actually uses data to address this rather than references trends from elsewhere.
FC Fleet capacity: are there any figures for fleet capacity within the information? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
DS Days at sea: are there figures for days at sea within the information? 1/0 - this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
IC Industry costs: are there any figures for costs within the information? 1/0 – this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
IR Industry revenues: are there figures for revenues within the information? this is only set to one if the figures are used within the article rather than references elsewhere.
Price Demand Fish price/demand: does the information address fish price/demand? 1=yes; 0=no.
Emp Employment: does the information address employment in the fisheries sector? 1=yes; 0=No.
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As shown by Table 5.1 there are a very large number of possible filters within the spreadsheet, and it is neither feasible nor desirable to attempt to present results for all possible combinations. For any specific policy application, a bespoke filter can be applied to the spreadsheet. For general reporting and the identification of general data gaps, in the context of this project, attention must be restricted to the main variables of interest.
In addition to the spreadsheet that is sent alongside this report an MS Access database will be built to allow for a more user friendly user display and searching.
Records display: All records will be displayed within forms (a mock up of a form is shown below). Records returned from searches will not be colour coded.
User Searching: The end user of the database will be able to search the information through a search form (see example below, Form 1); this will enable the user to select the categories to be searched on.
Comparison to spreadsheet: Data will be available within a database; data records will be shown in summary screens instead of tabular format. The key subjects for searches available will remain the same, i.e., functional group, ICES area, research scale and fishing gear however, searching and finding gaps within the available data will become much more user friendly.
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Search Criteria ICES Area ICES I Yes ICES Other No ICES II Yes UK No ICES III Any Europe No ICES IV No International No ICES V No FAO No ICES VI No ICES VII No Functional Group Demersal Yes Shell fish No Lobsters and crabs Yes Cetaceans No Shark No Pelagic No Sand eel No Study Scale International No Regional – UK Yes Europe No Local - UK No UK No Fishing Gear Angling Any Trawling Any Potting Any Line Any Netting Any SEARCH
Results Summary CC D TV R FC DS IC IR P
E
Relevance: High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Relevance: Medium 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 1
Relevance: Low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Records List
ID
Env P
MACons Eff Quota Rec Rel. CC D TV R FC DS IC IR P
E
1 No Offshore Yes Yes No Medium 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 No Offshore Yes Yes No Medium 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
3 No General Yes Yes Yes Medium 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Form 1: Mock up of the search form and results
The search criteria within MS Access will be set at the top of the form (see Form 1), with a set of summary results and main records displayed below.
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The graphs presented in this section of the report illustrate the numbers of studies identified in the ‘high’ and ‘medium’ relevance categories for various variables of interest (see specific details for each graph). The graphs distinguish between research that is specifically relevant to inshore fisheries, and that which is more general. The bars headed “All” report the total number of studies, while those headed “IS” report the number of inshore-specific studies.
5.1 Simple assessment
The first and simplest step in the gap analysis is to assess the basic frequencies in the database of each data type. Several such assessments are presented below.
0
50
100
150
200
250
Occurrence
Evidence
Fishing Type
Medium
High
Figure 1: Relevance of studies to Inshore Fishing
Figure 1 shows that the bulk of studies identified as relevant do not focus specifically on inshore fishing, but rather consider fishing more generally. A small number of studies focusing on offshore fisheries were nevertheless considered relevant to inshore data and management. A good proportion of the studies focusing on inshore were considered ‘high’ relevance, but it must be noted that the scoring was biased towards these studies (specifically ‘inshore’ gave high score for the fishing type category).
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Occurrence
Data type
Medium
High
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS All
IS
Figure 2: Main methods of study covered in database
Figure 2 shows the main types of study covered in the database. Mostly these are reports of one-off or regular data collection. A rather smaller number of references involved modelling based on collected data, while few theoretical models were considered. It is worth noting that the ‘relevance’ assessment for the theoretical models may sometimes be too harsh, in the sense that the theory may remain valid while data rapidly become dated, hence it may not be appropriate to mark these studies down merely for their age.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Occurrence
Article type
Medium
High
All
IS
All
IS
All ISAll
IS
Figure 3: Types of publication included in the database
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Figure 3 shows that the vast majority of references in the database relate to original research or data collection. There are relatively few advisory notes, i.e., articles giving guidance to the reader, policy reviews, i.e., articles specifically reviewing a management/policy question and review articles, i.e., articles ‘reviewing’ other pieces of work. This is not necessarily a ‘gap’ (in general a preponderance of primary data collection and analysis might be both expected and welcome) however further analysis of data topics covered within reviews/advice is presented below.
Key meta-data
0
40
80
120
160
Sto
ckCC
Stock
Dist
Stock
TV
Stock
Rec
FC DS IC IR
Price
Dem
and
Emp
Evidence
Occ
urr
en
ce
Medium
High
All
All All
All
All All
All AllAll
All
IS
ISIS IS
IS ISIS IS
IS IS
Figure 4: Numbers of studies covering key data types
The categories of data reported or used in the reference studies are covered in Figure 4. Aspects relating to the growth, distribution and trends of fish stocks are the most covered; aspects relating to fishing effort are somewhat less common, while aspects relating to the economics of fishing, and fisheries employment, are the least covered. Nonetheless, there are several studies within each of the categories considered.
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
50
100
150
200
Occurrence
Fishing gear
Medium
High
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
IS
Figure 5: Fishing methods in database
Most sources identified consider fishing in quite a general sense (Figure 5), though in many cases different fishing methods are separately identified within the reports. But there are relatively few studies focusing on specific fishing methods, with the exception of trawling.
Incidentally, Figure 5 also illustrates the care required in interpreting results from a gap analysis such as this one. Over half of the studies identified as relating to potting are not identified as relating specifically to inshore fisheries: this does not imply the existence of numerous references dealing with potting other than in inshore fisheries, but rather that potting is one among several methods discussed in several references with general applicability.
Location
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ICES IV
a IC
ES IV
b IC
ES IV
c IC
ES V
Ia
ICES V
IIa
ICES V
IIdIC
ES V
IIeIC
ES V
IIfIC
ES O
ther
UK
EU
FAO/In
tern
atio
nal
Oc
cu
rre
nc
e
Medium
High
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS
All
IS AllIS
Figure 6: Jurisdictional area covered by studies in database
Key Data type All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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There are large numbers of studies referencing each of the ICES areas contiguous with the UK coast (Figure 6), though in each case only a small proportion focus on inshore fisheries specifically. Several studies are identified as relating to UK or EU fisheries; few have been included with an international focus. This is largely a reflection of the search criteria and scope decisions that have limited the inclusion of studies with international and European focus.
0
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Functional group
Medium
High
All
IS
All
ISAll
IS
All
IS
All
IS All
IS
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IS
All
IS
Figure 7: Main fishery group covered by studies in database
Figure 7 illustrates the main fishery groups covered in the reference sources. Most studies cover either a single specific stock, or a wide range of fish stocks. There are several studies with specific focus on demersal stocks, and to a lesser extent on pelagics and shellfish.
Key Data type All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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Management alternatives
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160
Community: all Community:
inshore
Effort: all Effort: inshore Quota: all Quota: inshore
Evidence
Occ
urr
en
ce
Medium
High
Figure 8: Management approaches by references in database
Similarly, Figure 8 shows references identified as relevant to the three broad families of management approaches covered in the database. Most of these studies consider management in a rather broad sense and these are marked as relevant to all three categories (93 studies). There are rather few studies that focus specifically on single forms of management or on community participation in management (27 studies).
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0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Occurrence
Evidence
Community
Medium
High
Figure 9a: Reference specific to community management by key data types
0
6
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24
30
36
Occurrence
Evidence
Effort
Medium
High
Figure 9b: References specific to effort management by key data types
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Occurrence
Evidence
Quota
Medium
High
Figure 9c: Reference specific to quota management by key data types
0
6
12
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24
30
36
Occurrence
Evidence
Quota and Effort
Medium
High
Figure 9d; References specific to quota and effort management by key data types
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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Figures 8, 9a-d show that although there are a number of general articles relating to management strategies (Figure 8), articles that specifically address management strategies are limited, i.e., 27 articles available on community management; 35 articles available on effort based policy; 6 articles available on quota based policy; 13 articles available on both quota based and effort base policy (in addition to those listed above); and one article available on community and quota based policy. As shown by Figures 9a-d most gaps in the literature are seen across key data for inshore fisheries rather than general fisheries information. Furthermore a number of gaps exist relating to socio-economic data are seen across documents relating to quota and community management strategies.
0
35
70
105
140
Occurrence
Evidence
One-off Data Collection
Medium
High
Figure 10a: References relating to one-off data collection studies by key data type
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
35
70
105
140
Occurrence
Evidence
Modelling, Measured Data
Medium
High
Figure 10b: References relating to modelling measured data studies by key data type
0
35
70
105
140
Occurrence
Evidence
Regular Data Collection
Medium
High
Figure 10c: References relating to regular data collection studies by key data type
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
35
70
105
140
Occurrence
Evidence
Theoretical Model
Medium
High
Figure 10d: References relating to theoretical models by key data type
Figures 10a-d report the coverage in references classed high or medium of key data types cross tabulated against the different data collection types, i.e., inshore fisheries or all fisheries related and the types of research carried out. None of these figures reveals any very obvious gaps beyond the general tendencies noted above: that is, there are relatively few studies that contain information relating to socio-economic characteristics and as with the initial graphs shown in this section the number of studies relating to inshore fisheries is a relatively low in comparison to the general information available.
5.2 Cross-tabulations of basic data by fishing gear type
Figure 11 to Figure 15 show the cross-tabulations of numbers of studies covering the various key data types within each fishing method. The vertical scales run to 30 studies, except for Figure 11 (trawling) which runs to 90, trawling being by far the most discussed fishing method.
The patterns are broadly similar. Across the board, there are few studies covering stock carrying capacity, although generally several cover other aspects of stocks including distribution, trends and variability, and stock-recruitment relationships.
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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There is generally some coverage of the economic and social data types. At the level of general (i.e. not inshore specific) studies, there are no clear overall data gaps, except that few studies focus on stock carrying capacity and it is likely that for a large number of individual species in particular areas this key reference point is lacking.
However, as noted previously, there are relatively few studies with a specifically inshore focus. A higher proportion of studies noting potting or angling (and to an extent line fishing) have a specific inshore focus. Nevertheless, if we look just at studies with a specific relevance to inshore fishing, most of the data types are represented by only a handful of studies.
For angling, few studies examine stock dynamics. It is likely however that the evidence may exist in other studies looking at commercial harvesting of stocks that are also caught for recreation, so this finding may suggest not an absolute data gap, but rather that studies of angling tend not to examine relationships with stocks in detail.
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Evidence
Trawling
Medium
High
All
All
All
All
All All
All All All All
IS
IS IS ISIS IS
ISIS
IS IS
Figure 11: Cross-tabulation of basic data and trawling
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
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90
Occurence
Evidence
Netting
Medium
High
All
All All All
AllAll
AllAll All All
ISIS
IS ISIS IS
IS IS IS IS
Figure 12: Cross-tabulation of basic data and netting
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Occurence
Evidence
Line Fishing
Medium
High
All
AllAll All
AllAll
AllAll
All All
IS IS IS ISIS IS IS IS
IS IS
Figure 13: Cross-tabulation of basic data and line fishing
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
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90
Occurence
Evidence
Potting
Medium
High
All
All All All
All All
AllAll
AllAll
IS
IS ISIS
IS
IS ISIS
IS IS
Figure 14: Cross-tabulation of basic data and potting
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Occurence
Evidence
Angling
Medium
High
AllAll
All AllAll
All All All AllAll
IS IS IS IS IS ISIS
IS IS IS
Figure 15: Cross-tabulation of basic data and angling
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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5.3 Cross-tabulations of basic data by location
Figure 17 to Figure 28 report the basic data availability by location, broken down by the 8 ICES areas contiguous with the UK coast (see Figure 16), with additional categories of ‘UK’, ‘Other ICES’, ‘EU’ and ‘International’.
Figure 16: Map of ICES areas contiguous with the UK coast
(source: part of www.ices.dk/aboutus/icesareas/ICES_areas_Arc9_Weuro_300.pdf)
The basic pattern of data types covered is similar to that already described above, but at this more spatially disaggregated level there are some gaps emerging in relation to specific areas. Several areas, in particular the west coast of Scotland (Figure 20) and the Bristol Channel area (Figure 24), have very few studies relating to both stock characteristics and inshore fisheries. Across the board, there are only a handful of studies examining the economic and social aspects.
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0
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES IVa
Medium
High
All
All
AllAll
All AllAll
All AllAll
ISIS
ISIS
IS IS ISIS IS
IS
Figure 17: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES Iva
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Evidence
ICES IVb
Medium
High
All
All
All
AllAll All
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AllAll All
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
ISIS IS IS IS
Figure 18: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES IVb
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES IVc
Medium
High
All
All
All
All
All
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All
All All All
ISIS IS IS
IS IS ISIS IS
IS
Figure 19: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES IVc
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES VIa
Medium
High
All
All
All All
All
AllAll
All AllAll
ISIS
ISIS IS IS IS
IS ISIS
Figure 20: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES VIa
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES VIIa
Medium
High
All
All All
All
All All
AllAll All
All
IS
ISIS
ISIS IS IS IS IS
IS
Figure 21: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES VIIa
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES VIId
Medium
High
All
AllAll All
AllAll
All
AllAll
All
IS
IS
IS ISIS IS
IS ISIS
IS
Figure 22: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES VIId
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
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Occurence
Evidence
ICES VIIe
Medium
High
All
AllAll
All
AllAll
All
All
All
All
ISIS IS
ISIS IS IS
IS
ISIS
Figure 23: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES VIIe
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45
Occurence
Evidence
ICES VIIf
Medium
High
All
All
All
All
AllAll
All
AllAll
All
IS
IS IS ISIS IS IS
ISIS IS
Figure 24: Cross-tabulation of basic data and ICES VIIf
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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35
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45
Occurence
Evidence
UK
Medium
High
All All
All All All AllAll All
All
All
ISIS
IS
ISIS IS
IS ISIS IS
Figure 25: Cross-tabulation of basic data and UK location
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45
Occurence
Evidence
Other
Medium
High
All
All
All
All
AllAll
All All
All All
ISIS
ISIS
IS ISIS IS IS IS
Figure 26: Cross-tabulation of basic data and Other ICES location
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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EU
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45
Stock
CC
Stock
Dist
Stock
TV
Stock
Rec
FC DS IC IR
Price
Dem
and
Emp
Evidence
Oc
cu
ren
ce
Medium
High
All
All
AllAll All
All
All All
All
All
ISIS IS
ISIS
ISIS IS IS
IS
Figure 27: Cross-tabulation of basic data and EU location
International
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45
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ckCC
Stock
Dist
Sto
ckTV
Stock
Rec FCDS IC IR
Pric
e Dem
and
Em
p
Evidence
Occu
ren
ce
Medium
High
Figure 28: Cross-tabulation of basic data and International location
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment
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5.4 Cross-tabulations of functional groups by data types
Figure 29 to Figure 33 show the cross-tabulation of data types with functional groups. Again, the same basic pattern is repeated in each case, with the slight differences that might be expected – a higher proportion of studies noting lobsters/crabs or shellfish are specific to inshore fisheries; the pattern for “pelagics” resembles that for “netting” while that for “demersals” resembles that for “trawling”. Overall there is no clear evidence here of specific data gaps beyond the general observations so far made.
0
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Occurrence
Evidence
Demersals
Medium
High
All
All
All
All
All All
All All All All
ISIS
IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS
Figure 29: Cross-tabulation of basic data and demersals
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
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100
Occurrence
Evidence
Pelagic
Medium
High
All
All All AllAll
AllAll All
All All
ISIS
ISIS IS IS IS IS IS IS
Figure 30: Cross-tabulation of basic data and pelagics
0
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Occurrence
Evidence
Lobsters & Crabs
Medium
High
All
All
All
All AllAll
AllAll
AllAll
IS
IS ISIS IS IS
ISIS
ISIS
Figure 31: Cross-tabulation of basic data and lobsters/crabs
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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0
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Occurrence
Evidence
Shellfish
Medium
High
All
All All All
AllAll
All All AllAll
IS
ISIS IS
IS IS IS IS IS IS
Figure 32: Cross-tabulation of basic data and shellfish
0
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Occurrence
Evidence
Sandeels
Medium
High
All
AllAll All
All AllAll All All All
ISIS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS IS
Figure 33: Cross-tabulation of basic data and sandeels
5.5 Further development
It is possible to use the MS Excel spreadsheet to make much more specific searches (see Table 5.1 for a list of the possible filters), although great care is required with this due to the implementation in MS Excel as it is not particularly suited to this
Key Indicators StockCC - Stock carrying capacity StockDist - Stock Distribution StockTV - Stock Trends and variability StockRec - Stock Recruitment FC - Fleet capacity DS - Days at sea IC - Industry costs IR - Industry revenue PriceDemand - fish price/demand Emp - Employment All - All fisheries data IS - Inshore fisheries data
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application. Therefore the spreadsheet has been converted into MS Access format to allow for greater ease in terms of searching and displaying results. In addition,
• The SAIF team will be able to extend the database with bespoke searches in the future as the querying of the data is more flexible with the use of SQL (Structured Query Language).
• The SAIF team will not have to manually apply filters for standard searches, which can be difficult to keep track of within the current spreadsheet.
• Results for standard searches will be displayed in a more user friendly manner.
5.6 Examples of research containing key data
The steering group suggested that in addition to the analysis of meta-data for the main project a sub-group of the research work available should be reviewed in greater detail in terms of their usefulness to inshore fishing policy. We developed a shortlist of papers from the database based on the type of key information contained within each piece of research. Documents were chosen to provide a broad coverage of information over the biological indicators, i.e., stock carrying capacity, stock distribution, stock trends and variability, and stock recruitment; and socio-economic indicators, i.e., fleet capacity, days at sea, industry costs and revenues, the price and demand for fish and employment. The following sections list the research covered by this additional review, following this list the documents are divided amongst the following topic areas and reviewed:
• General overview - documents considering inshore fisheries in general;
• Data gathering - documents modelling various data;
• Evaluating policy - documents evaluating specific policy options;
• Uncertainty in fisheries management - documents covering the development of specific policy tools under uncertainty;
• Detailed studies of specific resources and issues - documents covering specific fish species, or issues with particular management options, e.g., management based on quotas, and so on; and
• Data collection and analysis for social aspects - documents focusing on the social aspects of inshore fisheries.
5.6.1 Sources covered in review
Walmsley S.A. and Pawson, M.G., (2007) The coastal fisheries of England and
Wales, Part V: a review of their status 2005–6. Sci. Ser. Tech Rep., Cefas
Lowestoft, 140: 83pp.
CEFAS (2007) Development of integrated systems for shellfish data collection,
assessment and management. Final report to Defra, project MF0229.
CEFAS (2007b) Fisheries Interactions. Final report to Defra, project MF0322.
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CEFAS on behalf of Defra “A Risk Analysis Framework for Fisheries Management” (ongoing)
Pascoe, S, Tingley, D and Mardle, S (2002) “Appraisal of Alternative Policy
Instruments to Regulate Fishing Capacity” Final report to Defra (project ER0102/6)
Hatcher, A, Pascoe, S, Banks, R and Arnason, R (2002) Future options for UK fish
quota management, CEMARE Report 58
Costello, C., Gaines, S.D. and Lynham, J. (2008) Can Catch Shares Prevent
Fisheries Collapse? Science 321, 1678
Richardson, EA, Kaiser, MJ and Edwards-Jones, G (2005) “Variation in fishers’
attitudes within an inshore fishery: implications for management” Environmental
Conservation 32 (3): 213–225
Blyth, R.E., Kaiser, M.J., Edwards-Jones, G. and Hart, P.J.B. (2002) Voluntary
management in an inshore fishery has conservation benefits Environmental
Conservation 29 (4): 493–508
Pawson, M. G., Kupschus, S., and Pickett, G. D. 2007. The status of sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax) stocks around England and Wales, derived using a separable
catch-at-age model, and implications for fisheries management. – ICES Journal of
Marine Science, 64: 346–356.
Drew Associates Ltd (2004) Research into the Economic Contribution of Sea
Angling, Report to Defra
North Sea Women’s Network (2007) Developing a Socio-Economic Dataframe.
Report to Defra.
Pollard, V (no date) Fishing Communities and Regional Development: Analytical
paper produced to support the report Net Benefits – a sustainable and profitable
future for UK fishing. PMSU
Vaze, P and Tingley, D (no date) Fishermen’s incentives and policy: Analytical
paper produced to support the report Net Benefits. PMSU.
The Sustainable Access for Inshore Fisheries (SAIF) programme suite of three projects:
• Economic aspects: “An Economic approach to long term reform of the English inshore fleet” (Vivid Economics and Poseidon)
• Social aspects: “Fishing Industry Typologies research” (Creative Research)
• Environmental aspects: “Inshore fishing’s interactions with the environment” (Cefas with Seafish)
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5.6.2 General Overview
Walmsley et al. (2007) updates the description of the inshore fisheries around England and Wales provided in Pawson et al. (2002), which in turn succeeded Gray (1995), Pawson and Rogers (1989) and Pawson and Benford (1983).
The structure for all these reviews is the same: a general overview of each fishery sector (for demersal and pelagic fish, shellfish, and migratory species) within each of the twelve Sea Fishery Committee (SFC) Districts, including a description of the fishing activity undertaken from each port or landing place. There is a brief discussion of the management framework. General trends in the fisheries are noted: in the 2007 report, this includes a general downturn compared with 1995, and instances of closures due to lack of resource (eel trawl fishery in Thames estuary) or for resource protection (phasing out of coastal net fisheries for salmon), but inshore fisheries for sea bass and shellfish have been maintained.
The report notes that inshore fisheries “are the backbone of many fishing communities, playing an important socio-economic role in coastal areas”. This is seen as particularly important:
o where remote communities have few alternative activities; o where there is high unemployment; o where local tourism make high use of fresh, locally caught fish; o where the nature of the coastline and waters favours small inshore boats,
e.g., in many bays and estuaries.
The inshore fishing fleet in England and Wales remains very diverse and dynamic, with many types of fishermen (full-time, part-time or hobby and recreational) utilising and competing for many resources, and a large number of small vessels capable of operating a wide range of fishing gears in seasonal and opportunistic fisheries close to their home ports. The authors note that the importance of part-time fishers should not be underestimated, but also stress that there are no accurate data on their numbers and behaviour. Their presence adds to versatility, and the flexibility of the inshore fishing industry is important, allowing commercial fishermen to adapt fishing behaviour to seasonal and longer-term variations and fluctuations in availability of target species, in marketing opportunities and in management controls. On the other hand, this has also led fishers to respond to rising costs and falling stocks by:
o increasing fishing effort, often by moving towards more static gear and smaller, more efficient vessels, in preference to towed gears with higher fuel costs; and
o re-directing effort towards non-quota species (e.g. bass, cuttlefish, prawns, rays and red mullet).
‘Opportunistic’ fishing can lead to intense effort on seasonal or fluctuating fisheries, and the authors note that this can reduce the length of time a fishery remains profitable. The growing importance of angling – both as a direct use of
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resources, and as a source of income for boat owners – is noted, but again quantitative data are missing.
The report notes the increasing awareness of conservation issues, and the association of the conservation needs of marine resources and of more general environmental issues as our knowledge of marine ecosystems and the interactions with man’s activities improves. As a result, fisheries are no longer viewed in isolation and we are moving towards a more integrated management in the coastal zone, in which considerations of the impact of anthropogenic activity on ecosystems play an increasingly important part. In addition, there is an increasing trend of stakeholder inclusion, where all interested parties are able to have a say in management decisions. Finally, the last 5 years has seen the development of new tools such as GIS that enable us to model the effects of natural and anthropogenic processes on the marine environment. In this way the impacts and risks of management scenarios on ecosystems can be assessed.
Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: This research contains information that is of interest for those considering any inshore fisheries management policy, the research contains important background information on the industry, with a focus on the catch and economic aspects.
5.6.3 Data gathering
CEFAS (2007) aimed to develop modelling frameworks that integrate processes of data collection, stock assessment and fishery management, in the context of scallop fishing. This included identification and quantification of uncertainties, evaluation of sampling, monitoring and assessment programmes, and their integration within a spatially structured modelling framework. A spatial model using an individual approach for vessels and a matrix approach for scallop population dynamics was applied to assess some spatial management strategies for scallop fisheries, including rotational closures, permanently closed areas and a non-restrictive TAC constraint. Results suggested that rotational harvesting management for all areas led to higher long-term yields and higher standing biomass than TAC management. When rotational and TAC management were operated together results were more complex, depending on the specific locations of the different management areas in relation to vessels’ home ports and operational ranges. Permanent closure led to substantially increased biomass in the closed area, while biomass in the open areas was reduced due to increased effort, but again the details depend on specific locations. The authors note the scope for future more complex and realistic modelling drawing on information from the research, and also the potential for adapting the framework for work on other species and fisheries, with modifications for different fleet behaviour and biological factors.
Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: This research contains information that gives an important example of the development of models for better management by integrating the process of data collection, stock
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assessment with fisheries management. This research is potentially important for designing future research and management options.
5.6.4 Evaluating policy options
The Sustainable Access for Inshore Fisheries (SAIF) programme explores how Defra can develop policy to help achieve the vision set out in its Vision 2027 document (Defra, 2007). A suite of three projects looked to assess aspects associated with economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainability.
• Economic aspects: “An Economic approach to long term reform of the English inshore fleet” (Vivid Economics and Poseidon)
• Social aspects: “Fishing Industry Typologies research” (Creative Research)
• Environmental aspects: “Inshore fishing’s interactions with the environment” (Cefas with Seafish)
“An economic approach to long term reform of access to fisheries for the inshore
fleet” had objectives to:
• Set out possible alternative criteria for definition of the inshore or small-scale fleet;
• Assess the economic and financial data available to present a current picture of the inshore fleet;
• Define key indicators of performance of the inshore fleet to enable effective policy evaluation; and
• Explore management options for the inshore fleet to meet economic, environmental and social objectives discussing the transition to reach an efficient outcome.
“Fishing Industry Typologies research” aimed to help Defra to construct a detailed understanding of the needs, motivations, attitudes and behaviours of fishermen, particularly in the inshore fleet, thereby aiding policy development and effective communication. Key objectives include:
• Develop a typology of fishermen in terms of their attitudes and behaviours;
• ‘Profile’ the typologies according to explanatory criteria such as demographic characteristics, region, type of fishing;
• Explore fishermen’s attitudes, motivations and perceptions regarding their work, their communities and the environment; and
• Identify actual and preferred communication methods and channels.
“Inshore fishing’s interactions with the environment” measures the economic and environmental impact of commercial fishing vessels targeting quota species in inshore waters. Skippers from 31 vessels participating in the pilot are free from the monthly catch limits applied to vessels fishing from the pool quota. Instead, for the duration of the pilot they submit logbooks for each trip detailing days at sea, fishing patterns, catch and discards.
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Pascoe et al (2002) note that excess capacity is one of the main challenges facing UK and other European fisheries. With too many boats chasing too few fish, the allocation of resources to fishing is inefficient, with higher costs per unit of catch, and lower profits, than could be achieved with fewer boats. The reduced profit margins lead to pressure to avoid quota controls and land over-quota fish. This study reviews various ways of managing capacity that could be used in the UK, based on three generic frameworks:
• unitisation with decommissioning;
• individual transferable catch quotas; and
• individual transferable effort quotas
Unitisation with decommissioning involves specifying a number of capacity units for each vessel, and fixing the total level in the industry, with decommissioning payments to make an initial cut to the desired level. For more specific control of effort, the authors consider a method that sets separate limits for different fleet segments, restricting transfers of units between segments. But to maintain flexibility for the traditionally multi-gear/multi-purpose inshore fleet, they propose to define the main segments with reference to larger vessels, suggesting that a separate scheme could be introduced for the inshore fleet.
Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are not directly a capacity management system, but tend to have the effect of reducing capacity where they have been applied. The authors suggest that moving to ITQs would only be relatively straightforward, requiring removal of the current unitisation system and relaxing restrictions on trading current quota allocations. A one-off decommissioning scheme could be used for initial adjustment.
Individual transferable effort quotas are similar to ITQs, but have the weakness that they do not respond automatically to changes in technology and efficiency, making periodic adjustments necessary. One-off decommissioning could be used for initial adjustment. Hatcher et al (2002) report a survey suggesting that 86% of respondents within the UK fishing industry considered ITQs to be inevitable, although 72% were against their introduction.
The authors note that any decommissioning scheme within an individual transferable catch or effort quota system should be industry funded through levies, since the industry will be the main beneficiary. An alternative approach would be to auction (some part of) the quotas. The analysis concluded that individual transferable catch quotas are the most economically efficient option, and it also has the advantage that assessing compliance with quotas does not have a large marginal cost, since the UK is required to monitor landings to satisfy the EC quota management requirements.
A separate report (Hatcher et al 2002) notes specific problems with the existing UK quota system, with some level of trading possible, but with the inshore fleet effectively excluded from this. The authors state “There is no economic reason
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why vessels of 10m and under targeting quota stocks should be excluded from the management system applied to the over 10m fleet. Problems are presented by the size of the inshore sector and the fact that vessels do not presently have any individual quota entitlements. Nevertheless, we suggest that the 10m and under fleet should be brought fully into quota management, perhaps gradually by reducing the lower length threshold over a number of years.” In this context, the FAO (2008) notes that it is difficult to make clear definitions of separate fisheries when fleets target species in overlapping areas – such as when inshore fleets target species that extend to deeper waters where they are taken by offshore fleets using different gears – and this may motivate closer coordination between policies aimed at different fleets.
Costello et al (2008) bring an empirical perspective to the debate over transferable quota management. Noting that many of the world’s fisheries have collapsed, and that many more are heading towards that fate, the authors test how the introduction of individual transferable quotas influences a fishery’s trajectory, based on a global database of fisheries institutions and catch statistics in 11,135 fisheries from 1950 to 2003. They find that implementation of ITQs halts and in some cases even reverses, the global trend toward collapse. The authors define “collapse” as a situation in which landings have fallen to below 10% of the historical maximum. By 2003, the fraction of ITQ-managed fisheries that were collapsed was about half that of non-ITQ fisheries. This result probably underestimates ITQ benefits, because most ITQ fisheries are young, and because ITQs are most likely to be introduced where a fishery is already in trouble. The authors hypothesise that, had ITQs been adopted for all fisheries in 1970, the proportion collapsed by 2003 would have been 9%, compared to the actual figure of approximately 27%.
Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: A number of the documents reviewed within this section have information that will be of relevance to the evaluation of different options for managing inshore fisheries, in particular the option of individual transferable quotas; however, these reports tend to be focused on socio-economic rather than biological indicators.
5.6.5 Uncertainty in fisheries management
Application of management ideas requires consideration of various data, including information on stock status, fishing effort, and so on. However such data may be missing or uncertain, and this creates a significant need for practical management tools that can be applied in the face of uncertainty.
Vivid Economics and Poseidon (2009) argue that achieving policy targets will require four short to medium term changes in the inshore fleet:
• reduction in catches, in some cases major;
• large reduction in fishing costs, particularly through reduced catching capacity;
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• reduction in bycatches and discards; and
• substantial reduction in damage to habitats and biodiversity.
Various policies could be applied to achieve these changes. Vivid Economics and Poseidon consider that the following will likely be necessary:
• elimination of subsidies for catching activities (including payments for decommissioning);
• the extraction of fishing rents;
• the creation of a clear regulatory contract with fishers;
• support for fishers upon leaving the sector; and
• management at a geographical scale appropriate for stocks.
They note however that there are serious data problems for management of the inshore fleet, including a lack of related financial information, and the dominance of non-quota species in landings by the inshore sector. The data within most published reports on the inshore fleet are now out-dated, particularly with recent significant changes in costs such as fuel, and earnings.
Uncertainty is a key theme in fisheries management generally. The FAO (1996) precautionary approach to fisheries management requires formal consideration of uncertainty based on target reference points, limits and control rules. However, for most stocks, including the majority of ICES stocks, there are no reliable estimates of these reference points (Cadrin and Pastoors, 2008). The World Summit on Sustainable Development (COFI, 2003) commits signatories to maintain or restore fish stocks to levels that can produce the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) by 2015, however for most stocks we do not have the basic data necessary to assess what that level is, and in many cases, including 80% of stocks managed under the CFP, we do not even know the stock status.
CEFAS (2007b) aimed to develop methods to support the scientific advice framework for the sustainable management of marine fisheries via a ‘toolbox’ allowing the evaluation of alternative strategies designed to achieve a range of management objectives. The approach is development of a bio-economic framework allowing “Management Strategy Evaluation” – essentially this means using simulation models run under various management strategies (i.e. sets of decision rules specifying the management actions to be taken under different conditions), with the outcomes assessed against various possible objectives for fisheries management. Numerous simulations are undertaken for each strategy, in order to test the implications of uncertainty, with one important aim being to find management strategies that are “robust” in the sense of giving acceptable results under a wide range of situations. Management strategies are not limited to simple rules such as fishing mortality targets, but can be complex and involve multiple objectives, for example including included recovery plans that try to balance conflicting management actions over different time scales.
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The project has collated a variety of biological datasets to allow a variety of analyses to be undertaken into factors affecting the sustainability of fish stocks, including work on species interactions, size-structure of stocks, temporal effects of fishing pressure and environmental change. This biological side of modelling is complemented by economic modelling covering fleet dynamics in terms of fishing areas and exit from the industry. This approach to building stochastic models and evaluating management strategies is important because there is substantial uncertainty about stock dynamics and about the response of fishing fleets to management measures.
The management strategy evaluation was applied to specific case studies. For North Sea plaice, for example, the results suggested that the best way to improve results is not to create increasingly complex spatial and temporal assessments, but rather to adopt management regimes that are robust to uncertainty in the spatial dynamics of the stock, and that management measures aiming for fishing mortality targets rather than biomass targets would be more robust to ecological regime shifts.
The project has provided a significant contribution to the development of the software FLR (Fisheries Library in “R”): a free, open source, multi-platform, software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The “R” environment provides a flexible and powerful platform for creating and enhancing stock assessment and for management strategy evaluation methodology. Thus FLR is a tool that can be used as (1) its separate components, for stock assessment and data analysis or (2) as a whole, for management strategy evaluation (MSE) (as noted above – for North Sea cod and flatfish). The ICES WG on Fishery Systems noted that “the development of FLR is a major step forward in developing a shared language
that can be used among scientists, initially, and then can make a significant
contribution to clarifying communications across the science boundary with and
among stakeholders. In doing so it is anticipating ….fisheries-based advice”.
“A Risk Analysis Framework for Fisheries Management” is an ongoing study (2008-2013) funded by Defra and carried out by Cefas. The project is developing the necessary knowledge and tools for developing and evaluating recovery and sustainable management plans for UK fisheries under an ecosystem based approach to fisheries. Simulation models are being developed using the FLR9 framework. The main objective is to develop better ways of incorporating risk in fisheries management decisions where knowledge and data are uncertain. The risk analysis framework includes:
• risk identification/description;
• risk assessment/measurement;
9 www.flr-project.org - a collection of programming tools for building bioeconomic simulation models.
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• risk management tools;
• risk communication methods.
The project proposes a harvest strategy framework based on a “tier rule” under which each species or stock is assigned to one of four tiers depending on the kind of information available:
• Tier 1: robust quantitative assessment based upon catch-at-age;
• Tier 2: quantitative assessment based upon catch biomass and catch per unit effort CPUE
• Tier 3: CPUE only
• Tier 4: Life history and fishery knowledge.
The proposed level of precaution in setting catch or effort limits increases with the tiers (i.e. with uncertainty about stock status) in an attempt to keep the level of risk broadly similar across the tiers.
Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: The research within this category is broader in terms of the information contained within the reports in that all key meta-data are represented. The research gives valuable information about how to respond to and incorporate various sources of uncertainty within fisheries management policy and evaluation.
5.6.6 Detailed studies of specific resources and issues
Pawson et al (2007) report a detailed investigation of sea bass (D. labrax) fisheries around the coasts of England and Wales. The commercial fishery for sea bass is relatively recent (late 1970s onwards) but by the mid-1980s involved 3000 fishers using more than 2000 boats to make landings worth £3–4 million. Values from sea-angling for bass are also high, with similar levels of landings. However there was strong evidence of growth-overfishing in many areas, leading to a package of technical measures in 1990, aimed at improving the exploitation pattern and yield per recruit.
Pawson et al provide the first quantified model of sea-bass dynamics in English and Welsh waters. The assessment model takes into account data availability, known characteristics of the fisheries, and the biology of sea bass. A separable model using gear-dependent effort data to scale fishing mortality is used, because there are large variations in effort among gears, and reliable effort data are available through the Cefas logbook scheme.
The model estimates for fishing mortality, spawning stock biomass trends and recruitment generally match understanding of sea bass stocks and fisheries from other sources. However the model assumes closed populations, whereas in fact there is also an offshore fishery, and bass migrate in and out of the inshore waters. This reduces the suitability of the model for short-term forecasts, setting TACs, or the evaluation of uncertainty; but the model remains suitable for precautionary
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management advice in relation to stock status and sustainability. The results of these assessments and those reported by Pawson et al. (2005) suggest that bass stocks in UK coastal waters are being exploited sustainably, at a moderate level of F and with an exploitation pattern that gives a near maximum yield per recruit, and that there has been an increase in exploitable biomass since the early 1990s. Continued development and application of these models will have an important role in monitoring and assessing bass stocks and fishery trends, and in evaluating the likelihood of success of implementing new management measures.
Angling is an important use of inshore fishing resources and an important contributor to coastal economies and communities. Drew Associates (2004) aimed to fill key data gaps in this area: identifying the important local centres for sea angling; quantifying its economic contribution nationally and locally; and estimating the additional value of angling to anglers. The total expenditure by anglers resident in England and Wales was estimated as £538m per year from 12.7m angler days of activity. In terms of first round impacts, the spending translates into 18,889 jobs and £71m in suppliers. Income multiplier effects were not measured.
The analysis suggests that there are 1.1m households in England and Wales with at least one member who had been sea angling in the past year. Mean consumer surplus on total annual sea angling activity varied from £381 per shore angler to £886 per own boat angler. When aggregated over sea fishing trips for the whole country, the annual aggregate net benefit based on the mean consumer surplus estimates was £594 million. The total value, including expenditures and consumer surplus, is between £600m and £1,300m per year, though this is not all a value to society since some part of expenditure is resource cost (e.g. fuel); some other part is profit to producers (e.g. charter boats, restaurants) and that is a value to society.
Choice experiments revealed benefits from improving angling, with all types of angler willing to pay more for larger fish (£0.22 per 1% increase in size) and for greater diversity in the catch (£11.38 to catch different species from those usually caught). However, only shore anglers were willing to pay for more fish (£0.81 per extra fish caught); the coefficient for boat anglers is not significant (but this may be an artefact of the levels used for the fish catch characteristic in the experiment, which were lower than actual mean catches). 71% of anglers perceived a decrease in numbers caught over the last 5 years, and 62% a decrease in fish size. To some extent anglers have adapted to changing conditions by switching locations, travelling further and using more powerful boats to extend their search.
Growth in the sector in England and Wales may be inhibited by lack of fish or poor fish quality. At a national level it is not clear to what extent activity is being constrained by available stocks.
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Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: As suggested by the topic title the reports reviewed within this section relate to specific resources, e.g., limited to detailed work on a single species, or alternatively focused on an aspect of the industry such as, recreational angling. The reports reviewed within this section are examples of sound, detailed research into quite specific aspects on inshore fisheries. Key meta-data coverage and policy use vary across these reports.
5.6.7 Data collection and analysis for social aspects
North Sea Women’s Network (2007) notes the commitment within the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) to take account of social, economic and environmental factors “in a balanced manner” when taking fisheries management decisions, but points out that the absence of a system for monitoring and analysing the social and economic circumstances of fisheries communities and sectors means this commitment has not been met. The authors present a proposed methodology for systematic and consistent assessment of social and economic factors in order to facilitate their incorporation in management decisions, via a dataframe with two main components:
• community and sectoral socio-economic profiles, based on a large-scale baseline study of fishing communities and sectors, to be updated periodically; and
• a set of seven socio-economic indicators related to industry, community and institutional arrangements, based on annual quantitative and qualitative data-gathering processes.
The indicators proposed are as follows:
• Industry indicators o Profitability: costs/earnings per sector; general local economic
performance o Fisheries-related activity: number of businesses; full-time/part-time
employment by gender, age, nationality per sector; % total local employment
o Economic value: economic value per local sector; % economic value relative to total sector; % local GDP from fisheries
• Community indicators o Population (fisheries/general): community size; community
diversity; community skills; employment/training opportunities o Social well-being (fisheries/general): job satisfaction; cost of living
(qualitative); perception of choice; community-identity fit
• Institutional indicators o Social Policy: accessibility of advice, support and funds; degree of
advice, support and funds o Fisheries Governance: understanding of fisheries management;
perception of fleet restrictions; legitimacy of fisheries management; participative opportunities in fisheries management
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Some of the necessary socio-economic fisheries data are available from official sources within the UK, some data are available piecemeal and some are not readily available at all. Data are available at a range of scales, sometimes incompatible. Collating existing data, and making new measurements, within the proposed dataframe will be a major task and will require periodic review and updating. If this can be achieved, it will be possible for governments, managers, resource users, community organisations and stakeholder to propose and make policies that are more socio-economically sensitive to fisheries and fisheries communities and sectors.
Richardson et al (2005) start from the observation that although most models of fisheries management assume that fishers will exploit their fishing opportunities in an independent, profit-maximising fashion, in fact fishers’ motivations, attitudes and behaviours are often more heterogeneous. They report research exploring attitudinal differences between participants in the Welsh commercial inshore commercial fishery, covering five main sectors. Results suggested an attitudinal continuum: mobile gear fishers tended to believe that the industry was too tightly controlled and impacted by other fishers and other human influences, while crustacean potters tended to believe that stock conservation was very important and that minimum landing sizes were not too cautious. Intermediate positions were expressed by transient fishers, whelk potters and line/net fishers. These attitudes are related to the characteristics of the sector and its resource base: in particular, target species’ mobility and past sector experiences predicted attitudes towards stock conservation measures. Differences in attitudes among individual fishers may imply varying personal discount rates and could affect how respondents respond to and comply with management tools. Attitudinal differences among sectors may mean that an effective management tool in one sector may be inappropriate or counterproductive in another.
Vaze and Tingley (nd) examine the motivations, financial pressures and incentives facing fishers, with a view to addressing two key problems in fisheries management: ensuring compliance with management measures, and preventing the build-up of excess fishing capacity. The authors suggest that the current implicit assumption that non-compliance can be addressed through better enforcement may be too simplistic: poor compliance is also the result of a lack of trust in the system and poor profitability. Building trust and profitability, alongside better enforcement, may be more successful ways to improve compliance. The authors suggest developing a deeper understanding of the incentives driving fisher behaviour, and this will require better information both on fishermen’s attitudes and on the social and industry factors that feed into their decision-making. They point out that environmental fluctuations in stocks / recruitment can cause large swings in allowed catch and hence incomes, and suggest that a more systematic approach to handling such risks is needed, including clearer use-rights alongside adaptive management techniques to enable management to adjust rapidly to risks of over-fishing.
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The authors conclude that achieving a transparent and high-compliance fishery management system will require not only reform but also careful consideration of how the reforms are decided and implemented. They suggest that management should aim to provide a clear strategic vision for fisheries policy, and work closely with the fishing industry jointly to implement a programme of reform.
Pollard (nd) notes that despite a long term decline in fishing employment, significant levels still exist. This is geographically concentrated overall, but not so much for the inshore sector which is quite dispersed, and also important, accounting for at least 45% of fishing employment in the UK. Many other benefits accrue to communities with an active fishing industry, including social and cultural values, and impacts on marketing tourism or local goods and services. These factors remain hard to quantify, however. A profitable industry is essential to the continued well-being of communities dependent on fishing. There is clear conflict here, however, since substantial reductions in capacity are needed if the industry is to be profitable and sustainable, and this makes significant losses in fish catching and related employment inevitable. The impacts of policy changes will be unevenly distributed, varying according to regional differences in the type of fishing activity. The worst-hit communities will be small, highly-dependent communities in remote areas as well as medium-dependency communities that are not well enough equipped to attract vessels in a more streamlined industry. There are about 300 fishing ports in the UK, some already in trouble. The offshore fleet is likely to become even more concentrated in large ports; details of how the inshore fleet will fare in individual ports are not known.
Various policies could be used to mitigate the impacts on fishing communities, although the author argues that any social objectives should be secondary to the pursuit of the primary objectives of a profitable industry and sustainable management of stocks. In addition, dependency itself is not a justification for action – intervention should focus on communities that are both dependent and vulnerable. Ring-fenced community quotas are proposed as one of the best ways of protecting vulnerable, fishing-dependent communities, where it can be done in a way compatible with EU law.
Specifically for the inshore sector, the author proposes a “modernised approach” with clearly-stated objectives, including social objectives, to be determined jointly with stakeholders. It is inevitable however that some fishing activities will reduce, and transitional policies and diversification will be required.
Social and policy aspects are combined in the analysis of Blyth et al (2002). The authors suggest that top-down management of fisheries via government institutions and agreed quota allocations “may have contributed to the continued decline of targeted fish stocks by forcing fishers to compete for limited resources without engendering a sense of resource stewardship”. They assess the Inshore Potting Agreement (IPA) as an example of an alternative management institution. A voluntary management system, designed and operated by inshore fishers of south Devon, the IPA aims to reduce conflict between static-gear (pot and net) and
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towed-gear (trawl and dredge) fishers. It is widely viewed as a success because it has effectively allowed fishers from both sectors to operate profitably on traditional fishing grounds. It has also had the incidental effect of protecting benthic habitat complexity. Interviews showed that towed-gear fishers were generally less satisfied with the scheme than static-gear fishers; those who felt the IPA brought no personal benefit thought that static-gear fishers should be more restricted, and that towed-gear corridors or more seasonal-use areas should be established within the existing IPA area. However, fishers from both sectors agreed that the scheme has maintained traditional fishing practices, and has conserved target finfish and scallop species. The authors suggest that several factors are key to the success of the IPA, including the voluntary nature of the agreement, the small number of organizations representing almost all the fishers, and the simplicity of the voluntary rules. Compliance is enhanced through the ability of fishers’ organizations to respond rapidly to inter-sector conflict issues.
Key data covered and applications to inshore fishery policy: The information within these reports demonstrates how the important social aspects of inshore fisheries, often under-represented in models and analysis, might better be integrated into policy development and evaluation.
5.6.8 Overall summary of extended reviews
The detailed review conducted on the literature listed in section 5.6.1 shows that there is huge variation in both the type of key meta-data coverage by different pieces of research and the level of detail of the research conducted. That said the review shows that there is a lot of information and knowledge available, and some strong methods of analysis and policy evaluation, potentially taking into account a wide range of economic, ecological and social factors and uncertainties. Almost all research is split between those considering 'biological' and those considering 'socio economic' issues. The challenge remains to ensure that the different factors are all measured and evaluated in practice, and to implement management tools that reflect the complexity of the situation: the research reviewed demonstrates that this is a realistic objective for future research and management efforts.
5.7 Ongoing studies
A number of ongoing studies were identified in the database: these are not covered in the above gap analyses, although some have been drawn on in reporting the most important pieces of research. These are identified in Table 5.7.1. The listing cannot be considered comprehensive, as it has been to a large extent dependent on responses to questionnaires/interviews. An excellent response from Sussex provided a long list of research primarily in the Sussex / South Coast area, and there are likely to be similar projects ongoing or planned elsewhere.
Table 5.7.1: Ongoing research relevant to UK inshore fisheries
Study title Data objectives
A Strategic Evaluation of Test and critically evaluate the usefulness of different
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Table 5.7.1: Ongoing research relevant to UK inshore fisheries
Study title Data objectives
Ecosystem Models in Support of Fisheries Management (CEFAS)
modelling approaches for exploring wide ecosystem considerations of fisheries in the marine environment. Will lead to better understanding of importance of trophic interactions in determining recovery of depleted stocks, and mid- to long-term predictions.
Development of Tools for Estimation of Stock Status Under Uncertainty (CEFAS)
Main aim to develop and evaluate methods for stock assessment and management, including for data poor stocks, that will provide robust stock status estimates and management advice for a wider variety of stocks, fisheries and management regimes
Ecosystem approach to fisheries (CEFAS)
Development, testing and reporting of indicators that allow managers and stakeholders to assess the status of the ecosystem and the impacts of fishing, and (ii) the development of decision tables that allow managers and stakeholders to see the effects of different management options and to choose among them. The project will focus on the development of a pilot application of the EAF in the southwest.
Improved understanding and management of recreational sea angling (CEFAS)
Research into biological/ecological and economic aspects of RSA, including interactions with commercial fishing, stock status, value of recreational fishing. Desk studies for several species, deeper focus on bass. Development of data sources and methodology to assess the status of important RSA stocks and fisheries and to quantitatively evaluate the potential effects of changes in management on resource, commercial yield and RSA activity.
Practical steps towards reducing discards and developing more environmentally responsible fisheries (CEFAS)
Important research on technological developments for reducing discards, but not directly relevant to data collection for inshore fisheries management
Impact of Climate Change in Fish Stocks and Implications for Marine Ecosystems and Sustainable Fisheries (ICES)
Develop environmental and fisheries databases support ICES/GLOBEC programme at regional / national level.
A master Seabed Classification database containing all seabed description data recorded off Sussex by SFC and partners using a common scale (EUNIS)
GIS utilising a standard classification (EUNIS) to facilitate analyse of geological morphology datasets and develop an understanding of the relationship between biological characterisation of areas and fishing activity.
(Currently in application phase) Assessment of the distribution and intensity of
To better understand the distribution and intensity of fishing activities in the vicinity of aggregate extraction sites at the four REC areas around the UK coast.
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Table 5.7.1: Ongoing research relevant to UK inshore fisheries
Study title Data objectives
fishing activities in the vicinity of aggregate extraction sites Ref: MEPF/P73
Collecting and analysing data on the spatial distribution of the fisheries off Sussex
Map the inshore fisheries off Sussex
South Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation MEPF Ref no: 08 / 02 2007
Analysis and interpretation of the data collected during the 2007 South Coast REC survey
Developing the understanding of fishing activities in REC areas by including inshore fishing activities MEPF Ref no: P116
To create datasets on the intensity and distribution of fishing activities for inshore waters; integrated with VMS data to produce the first relative fishing effort layers for the entire REC areas, as well as the entire E&W shelf area.
South Coast and Eastern English Channel Synthesis
To extend the mapped coverage of the EECMHM to include the coastal platform from Saltdean east to Dungeness and provide an integrated map dataset covering this extension area, the South Coast REC and the EECMHM.
(Currently at application phase) Local Access to Regional Character: marine science for coastal communities
Dredging focus, but relevant through innovative methods for communicating with coastal communities
(Currently at application phase) Finds Protocol for Fisheries: Project Proposal WA Ref; Version: T12796.01
a Finds Protocol to facilitate the reporting of discoveries by the fishing industry to archaeologists, and to enable archaeological feedback about identification and treatment
UK Inshore Fisheries Sustainability Project – Pilot Phase
To empower inshore managers to develop management plans that move the small-scale, and often data-deficient, fisheries under their control towards sustainability and for the fishers to access the benefits of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification programme.
Whelk Fisheries Science Partnership
To investigate the biology of whelk in the Eastern Channel in order to support potential management measures through a description of key biological/ecological characteristics
Lobster population studies To describe the lobster population off Sussex
Bycatch study To collect information on the bycatch composition associated with fisheries off the Sussex Coast
Sussex SeaSearch To engage with and empower local divers to collect information on the seabed off Sussex which can be used
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Table 5.7.1: Ongoing research relevant to UK inshore fisheries
Study title Data objectives
to understand the environment better
Species status descriptions for main target fish species caught off Sussex coast
To describe the characteristics, status and management of the main fisheries captured off the Sussex coast and to disseminate this information
O’Brien & Large (VME’s) Study project on the bottom vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME’s) in the NAFO regulatory area.
CEFAS – non-native species and climate change
Predicting the risks and impacts of non-native fishes under conditions of climate change.
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6 Conclusions
The need for better data for inshore fisheries is widely recognised – for example by Northern Ireland Inshore Fisheries Stakeholders Advisory Group (nd) for whom the first of six overarching objectives for the inshore sector is “Knowledge: Improved
data collection and information for fisheries management and planning, e.g. on
habitat, stocks and fishing effort.” Recent review work such as Vivid Economics and Poseidon (2009) has also called for better information. The gap analysis presented here shows a general picture of low specific focus on inshore fisheries, and the stakeholder consultation identified a number of key areas that members of the fisheries community believed were lacking in information.
Most studies reviewed examine fisheries generally and are not specific to the inshore fleet. Although there are few gaps identified among the general studies, when looking only at inshore-focused studies gaps start to appear; further narrowing the focus to specific ICES areas, gear types or functional groups leads to further reductions in the width of the evidence base, so that for many key data types the number of references is in low single figures.
Across the board, particular gaps appear to relate to key biological reference points such as stock carrying capacity, as well as to social/economic aspects of inshore fisheries. This was born out by the stakeholder consultation, with calls for better information on catch per unit effort of inshore fishers, for example. Stakeholders also wanted better information on the environmental impacts of fishing. Overall, there is not enough work on modelling the impacts in economic, ecological and social terms of specific management options for inshore fisheries.
The lack of GIS-referenced data on the geographical location of inshore fishing activity, due to the absence of Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data for the inshore fleet was highlighted as a key gap by consultees. It was also noted that the low frequency of VMS reporting (currently once every 2 hours) would limit the value of extending VMS in its current form to the inshore fleet – more frequent readings would be needed for inshore vessels.
It must be noted that the gap analysis is necessarily at quite a broad level – looking at functional groups of fish, for example, and at ICES areas. At more micro-scales there will inevitably be many more gaps in knowledge. This scale effect is already apparent when we focus in on specific ICES areas. Taking the analysis further, for specific stocks or ports, would be likely to reveal complete lack of information in many cases. We have not gone to this level of detail – partly because of difficulties with the MS Excel format, and partly because the number of possible searches is essentially infinite. Fuller assessments, targeted to specific policy issues, will be more practical in the forthcoming MS Access database, which will facilitate more detailed and complex searches.
Stepping back from the framework and considering the entire set of information contained in this database, there is an impression of disconnect between England’s
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inshore fisheries and the changing environmental, social and economic setting in which they operate. Inshore fisheries do not operate within a vacuum and there appears to be a need for research which connects the sector’s social, economic and environmental challenges to wider issues.
The following are identified areas for potential research:
• community and social cohesion;
• changing tourism patterns and implications for angling, local food and coastal communities;
• cross-impacts with the energy sector;
• the impact climate change will have on economic and social dynamics in inshore fisheries;
• further work on methods for including the local economy, environmental and social factors into bioeconomic modelling; and
• further work on how inshore fishers respond to changing fishing opportunities, costs and policy instruments.
Social cohesion is recognised as an important issue: inshore fisheries play an important role in many coastal communities, and there is potential for conflict and other social and environmental interactions between the “pool” of inshore fishers and the “sector” of larger vessels, and between different inshore gear types (for example potting and trawling). Consultees flagged the need for general information relating to socio-economic factors, and in particular for standard formats for data to allow them to be integrated and compared. Overall, most respondents felt that socio-economic data was the most important gap within the inshore fisheries sector. There appears to be a need for research on social cohesion within communities and the challenge of bringing together competing objectives between inshore and offshore sectors in the UK. The data gathering and structuring activities proposed in North Sea Women’s Network (2007) is one option for providing an accessible and clear set of summary indicators on social and community aspects of fishing.
The evolving energy sector and the procurement of renewable sources are likely to have an impact on inshore fisheries in the UK. There does not appear to be enough research on the effect that wind or tidal power expansion could have on inshore fisheries; this has been a key gap in efforts to appraise the possible impacts of the Severn tidal power options, for example. An important gap in this context is understanding how coastal habitats support fisheries, in particular as nursery areas and sources of food for certain species. This knowledge gap also arises in appraisal of coastal and flood defence options.
Another sector which is expected to undergo a major transformation is domestic tourism. Changing patterns of travel within the UK will influence demand for sea food in coastal areas. The role of sea angling in tourism has been researched to some extent (Drew Associates 2004) but further work here would be useful, notably in further refining estimates of the values of angling activities. Angling can
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compete with inshore fishing for resources, but can also represent an additional source of income for boat owners and coastal communities. Research into the distribution of angling benefits, and associated policy options, would be valuable. At the same time, better data and modelling are needed to improve understanding of the stock dynamics of key stocks, such as sea bass, that are targeted by commercial and recreational fishers.
The impact that climate change is expected to have on the inshore fisheries was not addressed by this framework analysis. However, a search of the database produces ten articles that are specifically related to climate change. Of these ten articles, nine focus on biological factors, and only one relates to the social and economic consequences of climate change: “Climate Change and the Scottish Fisheries” (Turrell 2006) is written for fishermen and does not provide any technical data or information sources. There appears to be a need for modelling the economic and social consequences of climate change for inshore fisheries. In particular, the possible implications of shifting geographical ranges for important stocks should be considered.
There is also a need for better tools for appraising management options for inshore fisheries, taking fisher behaviour into account, building in methods for considering uncertainty, and integrating management with ecosystem models. However work on these and other key topics is already underway, notably in studies being carried out by CEFAS, as detailed in section 5.7.
This does not mean that there are no further research needs in these areas, but in general these future research needs will be much better defined via the conclusions of those projects than through the general overview here. However we can say that it is likely that some of these studies and tools may require further data collection work to enhance applicability to inshore fisheries. For example, “A Risk Analysis Framework For Fisheries Management” proposes a harvest strategy framework based on a “tier rule” under which each species or stock is assigned to one of four tiers depending on the kind of information available, as discussed above.
• Tier 1: robust quantitative assessment based upon catch-at-age;
• Tier 2: quantitative assessment based upon catch biomass and CPUE;
• Tier 3: CPUE only; and
• Tier 4: Life history and fishery knowledge.
A large proportion of inshore stocks are likely to be under Tier 4 at present. A study to review the precise state of knowledge for a wide range of inshore stocks, collating existing knowledge, and drawing up plans for improving the knowledge for stocks on low tiers, would be a priority for any attempt to apply the harvest strategy rules to inshore fisheries.
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Infective Stage and the Development of Effective Control Strategies.
MRAG & IEEP 2007, Lot 1: Impact assessment of discard policy for specific
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Nautilus Consultants, AGC, CEVPM, IFM, Indemar, Lamans SA, LEI, PDM Group, & Tecninvest 2003, Summary Report: Study on the impact of FIFG measures on the
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Royal Holloway University of London School of Biological Sciences 2005, Spatial and temporal genetic structuring of Edible crab populations.
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School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London 2003, Population genetics of shellfish in British waters.
School of Biological Sciences University of Surrey 1999, Studies on fish diseases and shellfish hygiene (sandwich students).
School of Biological Sciences University of Surrey 2004, Provision of sandwich students: Shellfish quality problems caused by organic waste pollution of
harvesting areas.
School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia 1999, Sex pheromones and
Reproduction in flatfish broodstocks.
Schwach, V., Bailly, D., Christensen, A.s., Delaney, A.E., Degnbol, P., Reeves, S.A., & Wilson, D.C. 2007. Policy and knowledge in fisheries management: a policy brief. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64, (4) 798-803
Scottish Association for Marine Science Ardtoe 2004, Substitution of fish meal with
vegetable protein in cod diets.
Scottish Salmon Growers Association 2000, In vitro culture of the attached stages of the sea louse lepeophtheirus salmonis.
Provision of Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries Research Gap Analysis –Final Report
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Sea Anglers' Conservation Network 2006, Economics of Recreational Sea Angling, CoastWeb.
Sea Fish Industry Authority 2000, Sampling and analysis of benthos from discard
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Sea Fish Industry Authority. Development strategy for the UK shellfish cultivation industry. 1-1-2001. Ref Type: Computer Program
Sea Fish Industry Authority 2002, Monitoring of discarding and retention by trawl
fisheries in Western Waters by the use of Fisher Self Sampling.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2002, Reduction of cetacean bycatch in pelagic trawls.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2003, Further development of a dolphin
exclusion device.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2000, Interactions between grey seals and fisheries: towards a predictive model for evaluating management options.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2000, Modelling fishery impacts on North
Sea harbour porpoise populations.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2000, Small Cetacean Bycatches in UK
Fisheries.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2001, Conservation and management of
whales and whaling.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2002, Interactions between grey seals and fisheries: a forecasting model for evaluating options.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2002, Conservation of cetaceans and the management of whaling.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2003, Analysis and mitigation of cetacean
bycatch in UK fisheries.
Sea Mammal Research Unit, U. o. S. A. 2008, Monitoring, Impact and Assessment of
Marine Mammal Bycatch.
Sheehy, M. R. J. & Prior, A. E. 2005, Analysis of stock age structure and population parameters in edible crab, Cancer pagurus, using lipofuscin age-pigment: data for
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Provision of Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries Research Gap Analysis –Final Report
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Shinn, A., Kay, J., & Sommerville, C. 2003, The development of a semi-automated
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substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in cod diets.
Triveritas 2004, Preliminary International Screen for Potential Registration
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Provision of Sustainable Access to Inshore Fisheries Research Gap Analysis –Final Report
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University of Aston 2004, Studies of chemtherapeutants to treat fish diseases,
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University of East Anglia 2001, Genetic identification of fish eggs using species-specific DNA markers.
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University of East Anglia 2006, Genetic identification of eggs from 2004 North Sea
survey.
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University of Southampton 2004, Evaluation of Factors Affecting Native Oyster Stock Regeneration.
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University of Stirling 2004, Immunology of PKD in fish- identification of protective
antigens and host immunity.
University of Stirling 2005, Development of a management system for the control
of the ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
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Annex A – Initially Identified Projects and Research of
Interest
Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
AE0253 Developing a procedure to assess the effects of dredging on commercial fisheries
ER02052 Economic Evaluation of the Defra Aquaculture Research Programme
FC0446 Assessment of chemical and potential immunological control methods for Icthyopthrius Multifiliis (FC1119)
FC0745 Development and assessment of reliable specific assay procedures for detection of marine biotoxins in shellfish
FC0901 Environmental influences on the sex of cultured marine flatfish
FC0902 Quality of hatchery reared flat-fish (was FC0109)
FC0903 Sex control in halibut (was FC0112)
FC0904 Spawning of flat-fish in captivity - sex pheromones and reproduction in flat-fish brood stocks (was FC0113)
FC0906 Dietary lipids and cold tolerance in juvenile flat-fish (was FC0116)
FC0907 Coordination of the LINK Aquaculture Programme (was FC0118)
FC0908 Physiological and Biochemical Roles of Carotenoids in Atlantic Salmon (LINKSAL04) (was FC0119)
FC0909 Preserved microalgae as an alternative diet in aquaculture (LINKALG02) (was FC0121)
FC0911 Optimisation of Formulated Diets for marine fish larvae
FC0912 A new recirculation system for rearing juvenile halibut using novel technology from the tropical marine industry
FC0913 Rearing protocols for Atlantic halibut larvae during transition from endogenous to exogenous nutrition. (FIN22)
FC0915 Co-ordination of the LINK aquaculture programme
FC0916 Endocrinological & behavioural measures of the welfare of farmed fish in relation to stocking densities.
FC0917 Off- flavour problems in farmed trout (TRT13)
FC0923 Environmental Sustainability of Bivalve Cultivation
FC0924 Scoping Study for Research Into Aquaculture (fish and shellfish) Carrying Capacity of GB Coastal Waters
FC0925 Evaluation of the Risks Involved using Gene Therapy Techniques for Stock Improvement in aquaculture (replaces FC0922)
FC0926 Evaluation of factors affecting native oyster stock regeneration
FC0927 Programme Coordinator for the Committee for Aquaculture Research and Development
FC0928 Preliminary International Screen for Potential Registration Compounds for the Treatment of Aquatic Fungal Diseases in Salmonids
FC0929 Genetics of PKD resistance in rainbow trout
FC0930 Substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in cod diets
FC0931 Laboratory assessment of samples involved in Substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in cod diets
FC0932 Summary of MAFF/Defra funded R&D relevant to finfish cultivation from 1990-2004.
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
FC0934 Appraisal of the opportunity for offshore aquaculture in UK waters
FC0935 Economic evaluation of inland fisheries
FC1001 Transport of seed scallops - Pectin maximus (was FC0213)
FC1002 Nursery cultivation of King scallops (was FC0214)
FC1004 Environmental requirements for successful scallop cultivation (LINKSHL22)
FC1005 An assessment of the impact of different types of sewage treatment on the contamination of shell fisheries
FC1008 Depuration of razor clams
FC1009 Feasibility study for methods to distinguish between human and animal faecal contamination in shellfisheries
FC1011 Development strategy for the UK shellfish cultivation industry.
FC1012 Assessment of Toxicity Identification techniques for the elucidation of bivalve shellfish hatchery & nursery production
FC1013 Requirements for depuration of scallops (Pecten maximus)
FC1014 Summary of Fish & Shellfish Cultivation Research Funded by Defra, 1990-2002
FC1015 Ecology of Subtidal Mussel Seed Beds
FC1016 Native Oyster Stock Regeneration – A Review Of Biological, Technical And Economic Feasibility
FC1017 Development of best practice in relation to movement of bivalve shellfish stock
FC1103 Development of PCR-based detection systems for Renibacterium salmoninarium (was FC0426)
FC1104 Outbreak tracing and differentiation of spring viraemia of carp and pike fry rhabdovirus in fish (was FC0429)
FC1105 Research on viruses of fish and shellfish (was FC0431)
FC1106 Characterisation and pathogenesis of epizootics in wild freshwater fish (Phase II) (was FC0432)
FC1108 Identification and assessment of chemical control methods for PKD (LINKTRT04) (was FC0435)
FC1109 `Studies on molecular biological approaches to detection of VHS, IHN in fish and cell culture assays for PSP toxins`
FC1110 Studies of chemotherapeutants to treat fish diseases (was FC0437)
FC1111 Immunology of PKD in fish-identification of protective antigens and host immunity
FC1112 Immune gene expression during PKD infection
FC1114 PKD life cycle studies (was FC0441)
FC1115 In vitro culture of the attached stages of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus (LINKSAL02) (was FC0444)
FC1116 Development of vaccination methods for the control of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonids (LINKSAL10)
FC1117 An investigation into the natural disease status of wild scallops from UK coastal waters (was FC0483)
FC1118 The molecular basis for the pathgenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)
FC1120 Use of poly-lactide-co-glycolide micro particles as an oral vaccine delivery system for farmed fish (LINKSAL17)
FC1121 Ostrea/size/age, physiological stress and resistance to Bonamia ostreae
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
(LINKSHL09) (was FC0507).
FC1124 Improving the efficacy of medicines in aquaculture (FC0608)
FC1125 Factors affecting the disease susceptibility of farmed fish
FC1127 Investigations into non-specific & acquired immune responses to RTFS (LINK TRT10)
FC1133 Development of database models for effective treatment & the environmentally safe use of veterinary methods in the
FC1134 Provision of sandwich students: Shellfish quality problems caused by organic waste pollution of harvesting areas.
FC1135 Provision of sandwich students: Fish Disease studies (extension to FC1109)
FC1136 Identification & impact of emerging and notifiable virus diseases in farmed and wild fish
FC1137 Characterisation & pathogenesis of parasites and diseases in fish & shellfish stocks.
FC1138 Life cycle and transmission requirements of the PKD organism and other myxosporean pathogens of freshwater fish.
FC1139 Improving the health of fish by promoting natural disease resistance - a molecular biological approach.
FC1143 Development of vaccines & strategy for their use to control ulcer disease in coldwater ornamental fish.
FC1144 The use of prebiotics to improve fish health
FC1145 Semi-automated recognition of fish pathogens using statistical classification
FC1146 An investigation into the prevalence and interaction of BKD in wild and farmed fish in selected river systems in the UK.
FC1147 PKD Control - studies on the immune response in fish and vaccine development.
FC1148 ISA - Validation of Diagnostic methods and epidemiology of ISA.
FC1150 Improving understanding of the epidemiology of serious fish diseases.
FC1151 Risks to public health and the aquaculture industry associated with bacterial fish diseases and their treatment
FC1152 Studies on the pathogenicity, tissue tropism and transmission of VHS (extension to FC1118)
FC1153 Mathematical Modelling of Fish Diseases
FC1155 Development and Application of Neural Network Software for Identification of Gyrodactylid Parasites (supports FC1145)
FC1156 Investigations into the potential of phage therapy for the control and prevention of fish diseases of bacterial origin
FC1158 Development of a Management System for the Control of the Ciliate Protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifillis
FC1160 A Vaccine for Proliferative Kidney Disease
FC1161 Developing Control Strategies for Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome
FC1162
In vitro and in vivo screening of potentially registerable compounds for the treatment of aquatic fungal diseases in salmonids, and encouraging commercial development of a suitable product(s).
FC1163 Optimisation and standardisation of PCR assay protocols for koi herpesvirus
FC1164 Prevention and management of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
FC1165 Assessing the risk of introduction, spread and impact of important exotic fish and shellfish disease
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
FC1166 Characterisation and Pathogenesis of Fish and Shellfish Emerging Diseases
FC1167 Research into Koi Herpesvirus and other important viral pathogens of cyprinid fish species
FC1168 Population Level Effects of Disease
FC1168 Population Level Effects of Disease
FC1169 Defra Aquaculture Disinfectant Listing Scheme
FC1170 Development of Surveillance Tools for Fish and Shellfish Diseases
FC1171 The Application of Bioinformatics to Aquatic Health Research
FC1172 Studies on fish diseases and shellfish hygiene (students)
FC1173 A Study of the aetiology and control of Rainbow Trout Gastro Enteritis (RTGE)
FC1173a A study of the aetiology and control of Rainbow Trout Gastro Enteritis (RTGE) financial store file
FC1174 Development of a customised GIS tool for retrieving node information from river networks to assist the modelling of spread of exotic aquatic pathogens
FC1175 Estimating transmission parameters of Gyrodactylus: a key requirement for contingency planning.
FC1176 Prevalence, impact and life cycle of an emerging endemic disease: the rosette-like agent
FC1177 Development of a risk evaluation system for the establishment of Gyrodactylus salaris in English and Welsh river systems.
FC1178 Characterisation and Pathogenesis of Fish and Shellfish Emerging Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Fungi
FC1179 The development of an in-vitro method to assess the effects of environmental impacts on the anti-viral response in fish
FC1180 Investigating the distribution of Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) in England and Wales
FC1182 Development of a scheme for monitoring sentinel farms in the UK trout industry
FC1183 PhD Studentship - Evaluation of the susceptibility of English and Welsh salmonids to Gyrodactylus salaris
FC1184 Contingency planning
HS0103 Strategy Development & Scenario Testing for Fisheries Recovery Plans: Part A
LK0663 Humane electric stunning of farmed sea fish
ME1421 Provision of Research Programme Management Services
ME2208 Harmful Algae, Nuisance Blooms and Anthropogenic Nutrient Enrichment
ME3206
Development of population genetics markers in dab (Limanda Limanda) and European Flounder (Platichthys flesus) to assess population structure in impacted and unimpacted areas.
ME4131 Marine Recorders
MF0130 `Migrations and movements of plaice and cod in relation to stock identity, quota management and technical conservation`
MF0130 `Migrations and movements of plaice and cod in relation to stock identity, quota management and technical conservation`
MF0133 Ecology and interactions of fisheries in rocky subtidal habitats
MF0135 Operations research and statistical modelling support to UK Fisheries Department
MF0145 Data storage tags- Phase III
MF0146 Genetic identification of fish eggs by species specific DNA markers for use in
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
stock biomass assessment
MF0147 Development of biologically based spatial assessment models for plaice and cod
MF0148 Movement of rays in sub-area IV in relation to special protected areas
MF0149 Development of humane and efficient methods for attaching electronic tags to fish.
MF0150 Discard studies in support of the CFP
MF0151 Field Trial of genetic probes for the identification of gadoid eggs
MF0152 Validation and testing of biologically-based movement models for North Sea plaice and implementation in management and assessment
MF0153 A review of the potential application of population genetics in fisheries management
MF0154 Linking the behaviour, spatial dynamics and environment of cod and ray populations to evaluate fisheries scenarios
MF0155 Electronic telemetry tags: development of behaviour sensors for fish
MF0156 Genetic Identification of Eggs from 2004 North Sea Survey
MF0158 Investigating the behaviour and movements of cod in the English Channel and southern North Sea
MF0159 Genetic structure of cod (Gadus morhua) populations in the southern North Sea and English Channel
MF0160 Pilot study for fishery-independent monitoring of cod recovery in the Irish Sea by means of egg production surveys.
MF0213 Estimating abundance of Nephrops
MF0215 Use of lipofuscin age pigments for age determination of lobster
MF0220 Assessing the impact of dredging and fishing on edible crab stocks
MF0221 Changes in the behaviour and locomotory performance of Norway lobsters following infection by Hematodinium
MF0222 Development of shellfish modelling, assessment and management methods
MF0224 Assessing crab larval distribution in the North Sea
MF0225 Use of lipofuscin for determination of population age structure in crab
MF0226 Population genetics of shellfish in British waters
MF0227 Edible Crab spawning grounds in the English Channel
MF0228 Framework for evaluating the application of seasonal or rotational scallop fishery closures
MF0229 Development of Integrated Systems for shellfish data collection, assessment and management
MF0230 Spatial and temporal genetic structuring of Edible crab populations
MF0310 Evaluation of management options for fisheries systems
MF0311 Interactions between grey seals and fisheries: towards a predictive model for evaluating management options - PhaseII
MF0315 Development of biologically-based multi-species models
MF0316 Development of improved assessment models and evaluation of management procedures for multi-species systems
MF0317 Spatial and temporal distribution of predators and predator prey interactions
MF0318 Multispecies fisheries management: a management procedure for North Sea sandeels
MF0319 Grey seal diet and fish consumption in the North Sea
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
MF0320 Interactions between grey seals and fisheries- a forecasting model for evaluating management options
MF0322 Fisheries Interactions
MF0323 Multispecies Fisheries Management: A comprehensive impact assessment of the sandeel fishery along the English east coast
MF0420 Factors determining recruitment to fisheries
MF0422 Continuous Plankton Recorder
MF0423 Development of models of plaice population dynamics incorporating biological processes for use in risk assessment.
MF0424 Funding for the ICES and GLOBEC Office
MF0425 Effects of environment on recruitment and incorporation into fisheries management
MF0426 Fish egg mortality and ageing
MF0427 Population dynamics models of European cod stocks
MF0428 Large-scale evaluation of fish egg identification using genetic probes
MF0429 ICES/GLOBEC Project Office
MF0430 The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey: Fisheries Investigations
MF0431 Impacts of environmental change on the recruitment of commercial fish stocks
MF0432 PREDATE - Detecting predation of fish eggs and larvae
MF0433 Phenological changes in growth in cod as an indicator of climate change (Cod Phenology)
MF0434 Impact of Climate Change on Fish Stocks and Implications for Marine Ecosystems and Sustainable Fisheries
MF0519 Conservation and Management of Whales and Whaling Advice to IWC (Report included within that for SF0157)
MF0615 An analysis of the selectivity processes within the beam trawl fisheries for Crangon crangon and improving selectivity
MF0706 Fishing gears with mitigating ecological impacts
MF0712 Set net/ dolphin interactions
MF0713 The assessment of the effects of scallop dredging on benthic communities : an examination of long term effects
MF0716 Fishing impact on benthic communities
MF0722 Modelling fishery impacts on harbour porpoise populations
MF0723 Composition of benthic trawls
MF0724 Evaluation of ghost fishing preventers for shellfish traps
MF0726 Analysis and mitigation of cetacean bycatch
MF0727 Archiving and analysis of the MBA bottom trawl and benthic survey data: unravelling fishing effects from climate change
MF0728 Catalogue and begin analysis of old CEFAS RV data
MF0729 Assessing the abundance, distribution and vulnerability of rare and declining species impacted by fisheries
MF0730 Using historical datasets to investigate impacts of fishing and climate change on demersal fish assemblages.
MF0731 Development and testing of ecological indicators and models to monitor and predict the ecosystem effects of fishing
MF0732 Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change (MarClim). Assessing and predicting the
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
influence of climate on the marine env.
MF0733 Byctach reduction in pelagic trawl fisheries
MF0735 Further development of a Dolphin Exclusion Device
MF0736 Monitoring, impact and mitigation of marine mammal bycatch
MF0737 Reference Levels for Size-based Indicators of Fishing Impacts
MF0738 Gear technology, discard reduction, and environmentally friendly fishing studies
MF0801 Elasmobranch data inventory
MF0802 Offshore fishery for bass
MF0803 Allowing fishermen access to fisheries science and information
MF0804 Spatial and temporal persistence of aggregations of juvenile cod
MF0805 Are essential fish habitats important considerations for fisheries management?
MF0806 Monitoring of discarding and retention by trawl fisheries in Western waters by the use of fisher self sampling
MF080808 INCOFISH
MF0809 COBO
MF0810 HABIT
MF0811 CEFAS RV days for Defra Sea Fisheries Conservation R&D
MF0812 Marine Bioresources Joint Programme
MF0813 IMPASSE
MF0814 FEUFAR: THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH
MF0815 IMAGE: INDICATORS FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE
MF0816 RECLAIM: RESOLVING CLIMATIC IMPACTS ON FISH STOCKS
MF0817 COBECOS
MF0818 MODELKEY - Models for assessing and forecasting the impact of environmental key pollutants on marine and freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity
MF0819 PROTECT - Marine protected areas as a tool for ecosystem conservation and fisheries management
MF0820 UNCOVER - Understanding the mechanisms of stock recovery
MF0821 MEECE: Marine Ecosystem Evolution in a Changing Environment
MF09001 Management of marine fin-fish fisheries
MF09002 Shellfish Management
MF09003 Advice from DEFRA's Chief Fisheries Science Adviser
MF09003 Advice from DEFRA's Chief Fisheries Science Adviser
MF09004 Monitoring under the EU Data Collection Regulation (Part of MF09001 from 2006/07)
MF09005 Fisheries Science Partnership
MF10001 Fish Health Inspectorate & Laboratory Services
MF10002 Provision of Scientific Advice & Representation on Fish/Shellfish Policy
MF10003 Advice on Aquaculture & Shellfisheries
MF1001 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
MF1002 Practical steps towards reducing discards and developing more environmentally responsible fisheries
MF1003 Mitigating Cetacean Bycatch
MF1004 Bottom vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the NAFO Regulatory Area
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
MF1101
Evaluating shelf-wide spatial and temporal changes in fish larval distribution over the last half century in relation to environmental factors and adult distributions
MF1102 Macro-ecology of marine fish in UK waters (MEMFISH)
MF1103 Spatial Dynamics of Edible Crabs in the English Channel in Relation to Management
MF1104 Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Scallop Recruitment and their Implications for Management
MF1105 The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey: Fisheries Investigations (CPR VI)
MF1201 A risk analysis framework for fisheries management
MF1202 A strategic evaluation of ecosystem models in support of Fisheries Management (STEEM)
MF1203 Improved understanding and management of recreational sea angling
MF1203 Improved understanding and management of recreational sea angling
MF1204 Improved understanding and management of shellfish fisheries
MF1205 Development of tools for estimation of stock status under uncertainty
MF1207 Analysis of the effectiveness of the UK economic link in UK fisheries management
NE0105 An Economic Approach to Long Term Reform of Access to Fisheries for the Inshore Fleet
NE0106 2008 Survey of the UK Fish Processing Industry
OC9613 Potential Impact of Renibacterium salmoninarum (R.s.) on Wild Fish Populations (OCS) FC0438
OC9614 Investigations into the life cycles of myxosporean parasites, including the agent of PKD - OCS FC0439.
OC9615 Susceptibility of fish stocks to VHS, IHN and SVC viruses .FC1113
SD0304 Alternative Future Scenarios for Marine Ecosystems (AFMEC)
SD0309 State of the art review of biosecurity risk management in the aquatic environment
SD0411 MARIFISH - Coordination of European fisheries research
SD0422 Assessment of the potential threat of new and emerging systemic iridoviral diseases for fish and amphibians
SD0444 Co-Financing for the European Community Reference Laboratory (CRL) for the Monitoring of Viral and Bacteriological Contamination of Bivalve Molluscs
SD12013 Joint NFFO/Defra project on simplification
SF0106 SOWER 2000
SF0109 Scientific representation at IWC
SF0110 Conservation of cetaceans and the management of whaling
SF0111 Conservation of whales and the management of whaling
SF0157 Conservation and management of whales and whaling - advice to IWC
SF0215 Studies on sea trout and brown trout in a stream in mid Wales.
SF0218 Ecotoxicological Factors Affecting Salmonids
SF0219 Movements and distribution of emigrating salmonid smolts and adult salmon at sea
SF0220 Restoration of Degraded Salmonid Habitat
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
SF0221 Diet of Sea Trout in the Sea
SF0225 Equilibrium sediment loads in salmonid spawning gravels
SF0226 The development of applications and validation of hydroacoustic salmonid counters- Phase 3
SF0227 Sediment dynamics in river catchments- a review
SF0228 Impacts of agricultural and aquaculture contaminants on wild salmonids
SF0229 Habitat utilisation and population dynamics in wild salmonids
SF0230 Salmonid migration and climate change
SF0231 Habitat selection and the distribution of migratory salmonids in river systems
SF0232 Spring Salmon: Impact of catch and release and identification of spawning areas in the River Eden.
SF0236 The development and implementation of biological reference points for the management of the European Eel (Anguilla)
SF0237 Bioenergetics of salmon migration
SF0238 Impact of introduced fish species on aquatic ecosystems
SF0239 Sex determination in juvenile salmonids
SF0240 Pesticides in salmonid spawning gravels
SF0241 Impacts of intensive in-river aquaculture on wild salmonids
SF0242 Summary of MAFF funded R&D on salmonid and freshwater fisheries - 1990-2000
SF0243 West Greenland Salmon Fishery Sampling Programme
SF0244 Diffuse pollution and freshwater fish populations
SF0245 The influence of the freshwater environment on salmonid populations
SF0246 Factors affecting distribution and behaviour of salmonid populations
SF0246 Factors affecting distribution and behaviour of salmonid populations
SF0247 Development of a fish counting system for fish passes.
SF0247 Development of a fish counting system for fish passes.
SF0248 Predicting the risks and impacts of non-native fishes under conditions of climate change
SF0248 Predicting the risks and impacts of non-native fishes under conditions of climate change
SF0249 Investigating the influences of habitat on European eel (Anguila anguilla) production in England and Wales
SF0250 Salmon in the sea: novel evidence derived from salmon scale microchemistry
SF0251 Data collection and analysis of Atlantic salmon on the River Frome
SF0251 Data collection and analysis of Atlantic salmon on the River Frome
SF0252 West Greenland Salmon Fishery Sampling Programme
SF0252 West Greenland Salmon Fishery Sampling Programme
SF0307 Sustainable management of eel stocks in England and Wales.
SF04001 Migratory Salmonid, Eel & Freshwater Fish Stocks & Fisheries
SF04002 Whaling
VC0111 Management of mute swans to reduce damage to crops and fisheries
VC0114 The potential use of fish refuges to reduce damage to inland fisheries by fish-eating birds
VC0120 The potential use of fish refuges to reduce damage to inland fisheries by cormorants
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Table A.1: List of projects and research supplied by Defra at project start
Code Project Title
WC04002 Sample Monitoring of UK Cetacean By-catch
WM0102 The use of fish refuges to reduce damage to inland fisheries by cormorants.
WM0105 The use of fish refuges to reduce damage to inland fisheries by cormorants.
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ANNEX B – RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Provision of sustainable access to inshore fisheries research gap analysis
Background The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) are endeavouring to provide sustainable access to fisheries in England for present and future generations, as part of the Government’s vision to maintain clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas. The recent passing of the Marine and Coastal Access Bill through the House of Lords in June is just one of the steps the Government is taking to achieve this. Other steps need to be taken to ensure sustainable access to fisheries in the long-term, and Defra are currently collecting relevant information so that they are able to design and review various policy options to maintain long-term access to inshore fisheries. The objective of these questions is to gain an insight to what datasets and research are available with regards to inshore fisheries. Name: Organisation: Current position: Role: Email:
1. Can you detail any current or previous research taking place on inshore
fisheries with respect to?
a) Environment? b) Economics? c) Social aspects of inshore fishing? OR d) Any other research that you believe may be of help e) Further contacts on inshore fisheries research 2. What research do you use and how do you use it within your current role?
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a) What sources of information and data do use (e.g. for economic values, scientific
ata, data on social impacts of fisheries, etc.)
b). Do you use any specific support tools in your current work e.g. spreadsheet
models, standard datasets etc.
c) How do you use the information and toolsets that you currently access
3. What works and what doesn’t?
a) How reliable are the data that you currently use? b) Are there any experts that you approach to get further information with regard to inshore fisheries? If there are, please provide their name and organisation for us to be able to contact them for further information. c) What data do you think are currently missing and if existed would have been useful for your current role?
4. Do you have any other contacts that can help us locate inshore fisheries
research?
a) Experts, organisations, etc. consulted b) Any specific sources of information and data (e.g. for economic values, scientific data, quantifying impacts, etc.) c) Any other comments 5. Would you like to/ be able to contribute further to this research (please
circle all options you would like to consider)?
a) take part in a telephone interview b) take part in a workshop c) Obtain a copy of the report
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Annex C - Additional References Identified by the
Consultation Process
Allison, E.H., Ellis, F. 2001. The livelihoods approach and management of small-scale fisheries. Marine Policy 25, 377-388.
Allison, E.H., Horemans, B. 2006. Putting the principles of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach into fisheries development policy and practice. Marine Policy 30, 757-766.
Bannister, R.C.A. 2009. On the Management of Brown Crab Fisheries, Shellfish Association of Great Britain.
Bennett, D., Nichols, J., & Huntington, T. Certification Report for NESFC Lobster Fishery. 1-83. 2-9-2006. MOODY MARINE LTD. commissioned by North East Sea Fisheries Committee.
Cardenas, J.C., Stranlund, J., & Willis, C. 2000. Local Environmental Control and Institutional Crowding-Out. World Development 28, 1719-1733.
CEFAS, CEMARE, CLREA, CMER, IEEP, IFOK, modus vivendi, Nautilus Consultants, OLR (Opinion Leader Research), SMRU(Small Mammal Research Unit), & University of Vigo, 2007. Investing in South West Fisheries: Setting a course for sustainable fisheries in south-west England, Invest in Fish South West.
Charles, A.T. 2001. Fishery Socioeconomics: A Survey. Land Economics 64, 276-295.
Cornwall County Council 2008. Draft Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Sector Profile: Fishing Cornwall County Council & Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Economic Forum.
Crean, K., Wisher, S.J. 2000. Is there the will to manage "fisheries at a local level in the European Union? A case study from Shetland. Marine Policy 24, 471-481.
Davis, N. 2008. Evaluating collaborative fisheries management planning: A Canadian case study. Marine Policy 32, 867-876.
Davies, M. & Lancaster, J. 2007. Survey of the English intertidal Solway Cockle grounds, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Donnelley, R.R. 2009, Economic Impact of Recreational Sea Angling in Scotland, Scottish Government.
E.K.O.S. consultancy & Nautilus Consultants 2003. Socio-Economic Baseline Study of the South West Fishing Industry, PESCA and the South West Regional Development Agency.
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Eggert, H. & Ellegard, A. 2003. Fishery control and regulation compliance: a case for co-management in Swedish commercial fisheries. Marine Policy 27, 525-533.
FitzGerald, A. 2008a. Shellfish Industry Development Strategy Financial Impacts of Sporadic Pollution Events and Exceeded Discharge Agreements on Shellfish Operations, Shellfish Association of Great Britain.
FitzGerald, A. 2008b. Shellfish Industry Development Strategy Impact of Climate Change on Frequency of Pollution Events, Shellfish Association of Great Britain.
Gelcich, S., Edwards-Jones, G., & Kaiser, M.J. 2005. Importance of Attitudinal Differences among Artisanal Fishers toward Co-Management and Conservation of Marine Resources. Conservation Biology 19, 865-875.
Gezelius, S.S. 2002. Do Norms Count? State Regulation and Compliance in a Norwegian Fishing Community. Acta Sociologica 45.
Gezelius, S.S. 2003. The Morality of Compliance in Coastal Fisheries - Cases from Norway and Newfoundland. Paper Presented at the IASCP Northern Polar Regional Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska 1-18.
Gezelius, S.S. 2004. Food, Money, and Morals: Compliance among Natural Resource Harvesters. Human Ecology 32.
Hatchard, J., Holmyard, N., Delaney, A., Davies, H., Belcher, S., Napier, I., & Hepburn, C. Developing a socio-economic dataframe. Fisheries (Bethesda). 2007.
Hatchard, J. Using Socio-economic information in European marine site management: UK Shellfisheries. Management 7. 2007.
Hatcher, A., Jaffry, S., Thebaud, O., & Bennett, E. Normative and social influences affecting compliance with Fishery Regulations. Land Economics 76, 448-461.
Hauck, M. 2008. Rethinking small-scale fisheries compliance. Marine Policy 32, 635-642.
Healey, M.C., Hennessey, T. 1998. The paradox of fairness: the impact of escalating complexity on fishery management. Marine Policy 22, 109-118.
Kaplan, I.M., McCay, B.J. 2004. Cooperative research, co-management and the social dimension of fisheries science and management. Marine Policy 28, 257-258.
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLAM), North Sea Center (NSC) 1996. Analysis of Fisheries Co-Management Arrangements: A Research Framework.
International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), Institute of Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM) 1998. Analysis
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of Co-Management Arrangements in Fisheries and related Coastal Resources: A Research Framework, Coastal Resources Co-Management Research Project.
Jentoft, S. 2000a. The community: a missing link of fisheries management. Marine Policy 24, 53-59.
Jentoft, S. 2000b. Legitimacy and disappointment in "fisheries management. Marine Policy 24, 141-148.
Jentoft, S. 2005. Fisheries co-management as empowerment. Marine Policy 29, 1-7.
Karlsen, G.R. 2001. Can formalisation help? The introduction of "fisheries co-management in the inshore "fisheries of Dingle, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Marine Policy 25, 83-89.
Kearney, J., Berkes, F., Charles, A., Pinkerton, E., & Wiber, M. 2007. The Role of Participatory Governance and Community-Based Management in Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Canada. Coastal Management 35, 79-104.
Lancaster, J. 2003a. Annual survey of eleven sites chosen as being representative of the beaches and foreshores along the coastline within the CSFC's district, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. 2003b. Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. & Nicholson, A. 2003. Survey of the English Solway Cockle grounds , Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. 2004. Mussel Stock Assessment 2004, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. 2005. Survey of the English Solway Cockle grounds, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. & Davies, M. 2005. Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. 2006. Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2005, Cumbria Sea
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Lancaster, J.& Davies, M. 2006a. Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth , Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. & Davies, M. 2006b. Survey of the English Solway Cockle grounds , Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. 2007a. Shore Survey 2006. Part I, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
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Lancaster, J. 2007b. Shore survey 2006. Part 2 –The South Cumbrian coast, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Lancaster, J. & Davies, M. 2007. Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth, Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee.
Mathiesen, C. 2009, Analytical framework for studying fishers’ behaviour and adaptation strategies, Institute of Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM).
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Meredith, D. 1999, The strategic importance of the fishing sector to rural communities and Ireland: a case study of the Rossaveal Region, Co. Galway.
Mikalsen, K.H. & Jentoft, S. 2008. Participatory practices in fisheries across Europe: Making stakeholders more responsible. Marine Policy 32, 169-177.
Nichols, J., Huntington, T., Bennett, D., & Hough, A. 2006, Certification Report for NESFC Sea Bass Fishery , MOODY MARINE LTD.
Nielsen, J.R. & Mathiesen, C. 2003. Important factors influencing rule compliance in fisheries lessons from Denmark. Marine Policy 27, 409-416.
Noble, T. 2003. Co-operating in fisheries management: trials and tribulations in Scotland. Marine Policy 27, 433-439.
North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee 2003. Shellfish Permit Landing Statistics. Summary report 2000-2002, North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee.
North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee 2005. Fishing Effort within North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee District, North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee.
North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee 2006a. Recreational Sea Angling Diversification Study: Summary Report, North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee in association with Yorkshire Forward.
Northern Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee 2006b. Fishing Effort within North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee District.
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Pinkerton, E. & Leonard, J. 2008. Creating local management legitimacy. Marine Policy 32, 680-691.
Pollard, B.V. 2009, Fishing Communities and Regional Development, Prime Minister's Strategy Unit.
Pomeroy, R.S. & Berkes, F. 1997. Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management. Marine Policy 21, 465-480.
Raakj, J., Mathiesen, C. 1998, Incentives for compliance behaviour - lessons from Danish fisheries -, Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development (IFM).
Richardson, E.A., Kaiser, M.J., & Edwards-Jones, G. 2005. Variation in fishers’ attitudes within an inshore fishery: implications for management. Environmental Conservation 32, 213-225.
Salas, S., Sumaila, U.R., & Pitcher, T. 2004. Short-term decisions of small-scale fishers selecting alternative target species: a choice model. Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Science 61, 374-383.
Singleton, S. 1997. Cooperation or Capture? The Paradox of Co management and Community Participation in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policymaking. Draft article 1-12.
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Stockdale, L. 2005, Utilisation of Geographical Information System Software to Record Fishing & Enforcement Activity within the District of North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee, North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee.
Sutinen, J.G. & Kuperan, K. 1999. A socio-economic theory of regulatory compliance. International Journal of Social Economics 26, 174-193.
Symes, D. & Phillipson, J. 2009. Whatever became of social objectives in fisheries policy? Fisheries Research 95, 1-5.
Woodhatch, L. & Crean, K. 1999. The gentleman’s agreements - a fisheries management case study from SW England. Marine Policy 23, 25-35.
Woolmer, A. 2009. National Shellfish Resource Base: Cost-effective & efficient methodology to map inshore <10 m shellfish fleet, Salacia-Marine report to Shellfish Industry Development Strategy.