provincial reciprocity attainment program medical emergencies
TRANSCRIPT
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Provincial Reciprocity Attainment ProgramProvincial Reciprocity Attainment Program
Medical Emergencies
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Diabetes
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The bodies inability to use sugar properly
Hypoglycemia Too much insulin or not enough sugar
Hyperglycemia Too much sugar or not enough insulin
Diabetes
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Signs and Symptoms
Progresses quickly Increased heart rate Pale, cool and clammy skin Dilated pupils Lethargic Slurred speech, confusion Seizures, agitated Combative, may appear intoxicated
Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock)
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Signs and Symptoms Progresses slowly Excessive thirst, hunger Frequent urination Vomiting, ABD Pain Musty odor (acetone) on breath Fast, deep respirations (Kussmal’s) Altered LOC Dehydration
Hyperglycemia (Diabetic Coma)
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Allergies and Anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis
An immediate, systemic, life-threatening allergic reaction associated with major changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and cutaneous systems Prompt recognition and appropriate drug
therapy are important to patient survival
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Antigens
A substance that induces the formation of antibodies Antigens can enter the body by injection,
ingestion, inhalation, or absorption Examples:
Drugs (penicillin, aspirin) Envenomation (wasp stings) Foods (seafood, nuts) Pollens
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Antibodies
Protective protein substances developed by the body in response to antigens Bind to the antigen that produced them Facilitate antigen neutralization and removal
from the body This normal antigen-antibody reaction
protects the body from disease by activating the immune response
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Immune Response
Immune responses are normally protective They can become oversensitive or be
directed toward harmless antigens to which we are often exposed This response is termed “allergic” The antigen or substance causing the allergic
response is called an “allergen” Common allergens include drugs, insects,
foods, and animals
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Immune Response
The healthy body responds by a defense system known as immunity that may be: Natural
present at birth Acquired
resulting from exposure to a specific antigenic agent or pathogen
Artificially induced inoculation
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Allergic Reaction
Marked by an increased physiological response to an antigen after a previous exposure (sensitization) to the same antigen Initiated when a circulating antibody (IgG or
IgM) combines with a specific foreign antigen, resulting in hypersensitivity reactions
Or to antibodies bound to mast cells or basophils (IgE)
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Hypersensitivity Reactions
Agents that may cause hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis) Drugs and biological agents Insect bites and stings Foods
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Localized Allergic Reaction
Localized allergic reactions (type IV) do not manifest multi-system involvement
Common signs and symptoms of localized allergic reaction include: Conjunctivitis Rhinitis Angioedema Urticaria Contact dermatitis
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Anaphylaxis
comes from Greek and means “against or opposite of protection”
It is the most extreme form of an allergic reaction
Rapid recognition and aggressive therapy are essential
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Anaphylaxis
Almost any substance can cause anaphylaxis
Most common: Penicillin (by ingestion or injection) Envenomation by stinging insects
Risk increases with the frequency of exposure
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Histamines
Promote vascular permeability Cause dilation of capillaries and venules Cause contraction of nonvascular smooth
muscle, especially in the GI tract and bronchial tree
Increased capillary permeability allows plasma to leak into the interstitial space The profound vasodilation that results further
decreases cardiac preload, compromising stroke volume and cardiac output
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Histamines
These physiological effects lead to: Cutaneous flushing Urticaria Angioedema Hypotension
Onset of action is very rapid Effects are short lived because they are
quickly broken down by plasma enzymes
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Other Chemical Mediators
The remaining chemical mediators (heparin…) exert varying effects that may include: Fever, Chills, Bronchospasm Pulmonary vasoconstriction
These chemical processes can rapidly lead to: Upper airway obstruction and bronchospasm Dysrhythmias and cardiac ischemia Circulatory collapse and shock
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Assessment Findings
Respiratory effects Cardiovascular effects Gastrointestinal effects Nervous system effects Cutaneous effects
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Assessment Findings
Palpitations Parasthesia Pruritis (itching) Erythema or urticaria Throbbing in the ears Coughing , wheezing and difficulty breathing Difficulty swallowing because of swelling of the
tongue and throat In a severe reaction, patient may go into shock,
become incontinent, convulse, become unconscious and die
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Initial Assessment Airway and breathing
Airway assessment is critical Evaluate the conscious patient for voice changes,
stridor, or a barking cough Complaints of tightness in the neck and dyspnea
suggest impending airway obstruction The airway of unconscious patient should be
evaluated and secured
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Initial Assessment
If airflow is impeded, endotracheal intubation should be performed
If there is severe laryngeal and epiglottic edema, surgical or needle cricothyrotomy may be indicated to provide airway access
Monitor the patient closely for signs of respiratory distress
Circulation Assess pulse quality, rate, and location
frequently
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History
May be difficult to obtain but is critical to rule out other medical emergencies that may mimic anaphylaxis Question the patient regarding the chief
complaint and the rapidity of onset of symptoms Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis usually
appear within 1 to 30 minutes of introduction of the antigen
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Significant Past Medical History
Previous exposure and response to the suspected antigen Not always reliable
Method of introduction of the antigen Chronic or current illness and medication
use Preexisting cardiac disease or bronchial
asthma Prescribed Epi-Pen
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Physical Examination
Assess and frequently reassess vital signs Inspect the patient's face and neck for
angioedema, hives, tearing, and rhinorrhea, and note the presence of erythema or urticaria on other body regions
Assess lung sounds frequently to evaluate the clinical progress of the patient and to monitor the effectiveness of interventions
Monitor ECG
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Drug Therapy
Ventilatory support Epinephrine
are the most specific interventions in the management of anaphylaxis
Fluid resuscitation in the presence of hypovolemia
Additional pharmacological therapy: Benadryl, Ventolin, Corticosteroids Antidysrhythmics Vasopressors to manage protracted hypotension
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Pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock.
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Urticaria as a result of an allergic reaction.
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Urticaria
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Toxicology
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Poisonings
Poison Any substance that produces harmful
physiological or psychological effects
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Routes of Absorption
Poisons may enter the body through: Ingestion Inhalation Injection Absorption
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Types of Toxicological Emergencies
Accidental poisoning Dosage errors Idiosyncratic reactions Childhood poisoning Environmental exposure Occupational exposure
Drug/alcohol abuse Intentional poisoning/overdose
Chemical warfare Assault/homicide Suicide attempts
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Types of Toxicological Emergencies
Statistics from the grand ole USA 80% of suicidal gestures are from OD
28,000 suicidal deaths/yr from OD
Peak age for accidental OD is 2 years old
Chance of reoccurrence post poisoning is 25% in within one year
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General Guidelines
Most poisoned patients require only supportive therapy to recover
Airway: monitor and clear if req’d Breathing: support as req’d Circulation: support as req’d Oxygen (100%), IV, Monitor and Blood glucose Consider other causes in the Unconscious or
seizing patient Obtain a thorough history and perform a focused
physical examination
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General Guidelines
If overdose is suspected, obtain an overdose history from the patient, family, or friends
Consult with OLMC/poison control center for specific treatment to prevent further absorption of the toxin (or antidote therapy)
Frequently reassess the patient; monitor vital signs and ECG
Safely obtain any substance or substance container of a suspected poison and transport it with the patient
Transport the patient for physician evaluation
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Assessment
Consider ICP Watch for seizures Watch for changes in condition (ABC’s) Expose the patient History………………………….
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General Management Principles
Vitals Evaluate skin for perfusion status
Monitor Head to Toe (rule out old trauma) Neuro
Pupils LOC (GCS, AVPU) Symmetry of motion, ataxia
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Poisoning by Ingestion
About 80% of all accidental ingestions of poisons occur in children 1 to 3 years of age Most result from household products
Poisoning in adults is usually intentional, although accidental poisoning from exposure to chemical in the workplace also occurs.
Toxic effects of ingested poisons may be immediate or delayed, depending on the substance ingested
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Poisoning by Ingestion
Early management focuses on: Removing the toxin from the stomach
or Binding the toxin to prevent absorption
before the poison enters the intestines
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Assessment and Management
The primary goal of physical assessment of poisoned patients is to identify the poison’s effects on the three vital organ systems most likely to produce immediate morbidity and mortality: Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Central nervous system
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Assessment and Management
Five signs of major toxicity Coma Cardiac dysrhythmias GI disturbances Respiratory depression Hypotension or hypertension
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History
What was ingested? When was the substance ingested? How much of the substance was ingested? Was an attempt made to induce vomiting? Has an antidote or activated charcoal been
administered? Does the patient have a psychiatric history
pertinent to suicide attempts or recent episodes of depression?
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Poisoning by Inhalation
Accidental or intentional inhalation of poisons can lead to a life—threatening emergency The type and location of injury caused by toxic
inhalation depend on the specific actions and behaviors of the chemical involved
Toxic gases can be classified in three categories: simple asphyxiants, chemical asphyxiants, and irritants/corrosives
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General Management—Inhaled Poisons Scene safety Personal protective measures Rapidly remove the patient from the poison environment Surface decontamination Adequate airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support Initial assessment and physical examination Irrigation of the eyes (as needed) IV line with a saline solution Regular monitoring of vital signs and ECG Rapid transport to an appropriate medical facility
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels Does not physically harm lung tissue
Its affinity for hemoglobin is 250 times that for oxygen Small concentrations of carbon monoxide can result in
severe physiological impairments Physical effects of carbon monoxide poisoning are
related to the level of COHb in the blood Treatment
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Poisoning by Injection
Human poisonings from injection may result from: Drug abuse Arthropod bites and stings Reptile bites Hazardous aquatic life
Injected poisons are often mixtures of many different substances, which may produce several different toxic reactions Be prepared to manage reactions in many organ systems
simultaneously
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Arthropod Bites and Stings
Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) and Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, and ticks) cause the highest incidence of need for emergency care
Reactions to venoms are classified as local, toxic, systemic, and delayed
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Poisoning by Absorption
Many poisonings by absorption result from exposure to organophosates and carbamates that are available for commercial and public use as flea collars and home and commercial insecticides Organophosphates and carbamates are among the most
toxic chemicals currently used in pesticides They are well absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and
dermal routes
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Toxidromes
A collection of clinical clues to a particular poison
5 Major: Sympathomimetic Anticholinergic Cholinergic (muscarinic) Cholinergic (nicotinic) Narcotic (and withdrawal)
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Toxidromes
For each toxidrome identify: Signs and symptoms Typical toxins Treatment
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Sympathomimetic
S/S: agitation, psychosis, seizures,
tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, ECG changes
Toxins: Epi, Norepi, amphetamines, cocaine,
ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, PCP, LSD, caffeine
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Anticholinergic“DRY” patient
S/S: Red as a beet, Dry as a bone, Mad as a
hatter, Hot as a stone, Blind as a bat, Bladder and Bowel lose their tone while the heart runs alone
Toxins: Atropine, TCA’s, antihistamines,
mushrooms
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Cholinergic – Muscarinic“WET” patient
S/S: “SLUDGE”
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, deification, GI upset, emesis
bradycardia, wheezing, bronchoconstriction, miosis, confusion, coma, convulsion, diaphoresis, seizures
Toxins: Organophosphates, insecticides, nerve gas,
carbamates
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Cholinergic - Nicotinic
S/S: Biphasic response excitation followed by depression,
tachycardia/bradycardia, hyper/hypotension, fasciculations/paralysis, coma seizures
Toxins: tabacco, nicotinic insecticides, nicotine
patches and gum
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Narcotic
S/S: CNS depression, miosis, hypothermia,
hypoventilation, hypotension, pinpoint pupils
Toxins: opiates, opiodes
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Withdrawal
S/S: Tachycardia, hypertension, N/V, DT,
seizures, hallucinations, insomnia, diarrhea, piloerection, cramps, mydriasis
Toxins: withdrawal from ETOH, barbs, benzos,
narcotics
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Common Toxins and Management
Acetaminophen mucomist Salicylate charcoal Methanol ETOH Digoxin Charcoal Lithium Dialysis Organophosphate Atropine Phenytoin Charcoal CO hyperbaric chamber
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Common Toxins and Management
Anticholinergic physostigmine Beta blockers glucagon Ca Channel blocker Calcium Cyanide Nitrate Dystonias Benadryl Opiates Naloxone
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Methods to decrease absorption
#1 RULE: DO NOT POISON YOURSELF Eyes:Remove contacts, flush for 20 min Skin: Remove clothes and wash GI: Don’t empty corrosives
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GI
Optimal time: < 10 min After 1 hour charcoal has less effect Stay away from ipecac Lavage: Best for adult Charcoal:
Large surface area, absorbs most toxins effectively
Doesn’t work with etoh, petroleum, metals
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Wrapping it Up
Know common poisons in your area Remember anything is a potential poison
Manage ABC’s as before HISTORY!!!! Identify toxidrome Remember patient may be mixing
toxidromes
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Poison Control Centers
Poison control centers exist across the Canada to help manage poisoning emergencies Most are based in major medical centers
or teaching hospitals IWK houses Nova Scotia’s
1-800-565-8161