Slide 1

PRESENTATION ON PROVINCIAL PUNJAB

HARMINDAR SAHIB AMRITSAR

1

2Most of the Punjab is an alluvial plain, bounded by mountains to the North. Despite its dry conditions, it is a rich agricultural area due to the extensive irrigation made possible by the great river system traversing it. Punjab region temperature range from -2 to 40C (MIN/MAX), but can reach 47C (117F) in summer.

3Provincial StyleProvincial STYLE IS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT INVADERS RULERS AND VARNACULAR ARCHITECTURE.Factors conditioning the characteristics :-Degree of influence exercised by the parent art at Delhi . Characters of the indigenous arts which prevailed with in the area of the province . Punjab where the first contact with Islam was felt , has the oldest provincial style. Main centers developed were :-Multan AmritsarLahore ThattaSind

4Timeline of different dynasty in Punjab 5200,000 years: Pre-historic and Proto-historic existence of early mankind2600 - 1900 BCE: Harappa Culture1500 - 1000 BCE: Rigvedic Aryan Civilization599 BCE: Jainism567 - 487 or c. 400 BCE: Buddha550 BCE - 600 CE: Buddhism remained prevalent550 - 515 BCE: Persian Invasion to west of Indus River326 BCE: Alexander's Invasion322 - 298 BCE: Chandra Gupta Maurya Period273 - 232 BCE: Ashoka's Period125 - 160 BCE: Rise of the Sakas (Scythians, known as the ancestors of rjputs)2 BCE: Beginning of Rule of the Sakas.45 - 180 CE: Rule of the Kushanas320 - 550 CE: Gupta Empire500 CE: Hunnic Invasion510 - 650 CE: Vardhana Era647 - 1192 CE: Rajput Period713 - 1300 CE: Muslim Invaders (Arabs, then Turks) like Mohammed Ghori and Mahmud ghazni8th Century CE: Arabs capture Sind and Multan1450 - 1700 CE: Mughal Rulers1469 - 1539 CE: Guru Nanak Dev (1st Sikh Guru)1539 - 1675 CE: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh bahadur1675 - 1708 CE: Guru Gobind Singh (10th Sikh Guru)

61708 - 1715 CE: Conquests of Banda Bahadur1716 - 1759 CE: Sikh struggle against Moghul Governors1739 CE: Invasion of Nadir Shah1748 -1769 CE: Ahmed Shah Abdali's nine invasions1762 CE: 2nd Holocaust (Ghalughara) from Ahmed Shah's 6th invasion1764 - 1799 CE: Rule of the Sikh Misls1799 - 1839 CE: Rule by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.1893), Youngest son of Ranjit Singh.1849 CE: Annexation of Punjab - The British Empire annexed Punjab in c.1845-49 AD; after two AngloSikh Wars1849 - 1947 CE: British Rule1911 CE: Calcutta ceases to be capital of Indian Empire and Delhi is removed from Punjab and becomes new capital territory1947 CE: Partition of India and thus Punjab into two parts. The Eastern part became the Indian Punjab and the Western part the Pakistan Punjab1966 CE: Punjab in India divided into three parts on linguistic basis - Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjabi Suba (the present Punjab)1984 CE: Operation Blue Star and its aftermath

7

Provincial ARCHITECTURE IN PUNJAB(1150-1325AD)GOLDEN TEMPLE OR HARMINDAR SAHIB AT AMRITSAR

8The foundation stone was laid in 1589 by a Muslim saint called Hazrat Mian MirTHE ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPE OF THE GOLDEN TEMPLE CAME INTO BEING AS AN IDEA COMBINING THE DHARAMSHALA AND THE TANK ENVISAGED BY GURU ARJAN, THE SON AND SUCCESSOR OF GURU RAM DAS. IN 1875, THE DESIGN OF THE TEMPLE, AS RECONSTRUCTED BY RANJIT SINGH, WAS BORROWED FROM THE SHRINE OF SAINT MIAN MIR, NEAR LAHORE.

9INSTEAD OF BUILDING THE TEMPLE ON A HIGH PLINTH IN HINDU OR MUGHAL STYLE, GURU ARJAN HAD IT BUILT IN A DEPRESSION SO THAT WORSHIPPERS HAD TO GO DOWN THE STEPS IN ORDER TO ENTER IT. IT HAD FOUR ENTRANCES, WHICH MEAN NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE FOUR HINDU CASTES. THE MAIN STRUCTURE RISES FROM THE CENTRE OF THE SACRED POOL, 150 METRES SQUARE, APPROACHED BY A CAUSEWAY ABOUT 60 METRES LONG. AN ARCHWAY ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE POOL OPENS ON TO THE CAUSEWAY, BORDERED WITH BALUSTRADES OF FRETTED MARBLE, AND, AT CLOSE INTERVALS

10on the ground floor, is the Guru Granth Sahib, placed under a gorgeous canopy, studded with jewels. On the second storey is a pavilion known as Shish Mahal or Mirror Room, so designed as to have a square opening in the centre to view from there the ground floor,The interior of the Shish Mahal is ornamented with small pieces of mirror, of various sizes and shapes, skilfully inlaid in the ceiling, and walls richly embellished with designs, mostly floral in charactermultiplicity ofchhatriswhich ornament the parapets. the invariable use of fluted domes covered with gilded copper balconised windows thrown out on carved brackets or bay-windows with shallow elliptical cornices.enrichment of walls, arches and ceilings by various forms of mural artThere are about 300 different patterns on the walls, which, from a distance, look like hung Persian carpets11

13Sikh architecture reflects a lively blend of Mughal and Rajput styles. Onion-shaped domes, multi-foil arches, paired pilasters, in-lay work frescoes, etc. are doubtless of Mughal extraction, more specifically of Emperor-Architect Shah Jehans period, bracket-supported eaves at the string-course, chhattris, richly-ornamented friezes, etc. are reminiscent of elements of Rajput architecture such as is seen in Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, and other places in Rajasthan.Use of water as an element of design has been frequently exploited in Mughal and Hindu architecture, but nowhere in so lively a manner as in Sikh architecture as in the Golden Temple at Amritsar, or Darbar Sahib at Tarn Taran, Many Sikh temples have adeorhi,an entrance gateway,

Thenaqqashes,or painters, of these patterns had developed a terminology of their own to distinguish various designs. Among these the most prominent is known by the name ofDehin. This is also a decorative device involving knotted grapples between animals. In the Golden Temple are seen showing cobras, lions and elephants clutching one another, carrying flower vases in which fruits and fairies have been depicted.Pattais a decorative border design used around theDehinand often depicted through creepers. There are also compositions based on aquatic creatures.

17Gachwork inlaid with coloured glass was known astukriwork and is to be seen in the second storey of the Shish Mahal.Jaratkariwork involved the inlaying of coloured cut-stones in marble and is to be found on the lower portion of the exterior walls of the temple. In fact, the work ispietre dureand the inlay consists of semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli and onyx. The designs are Mughal in spirit, but the introduction of human figures, never shown in true Mughal decorations, reveals their Sikh origin.

RUKN-I-ALAM(PILLAR OF THE WORLD)

RUKN-I-ALAM(PILLAR OF THE WORLD)

PLAN RUKN-I-ALAM

FIRST FLOOR PLAN20One of most impressive building of this part of the country.It is reto Delhi and constructed his new mausoleum. The important feature in which it breaks apart from previous mausoleums is the lowest story the tomb chamber is not square but an octagon .it is about 35 m high and 29m in diameters .The slope in the structure was emphasized by the addition of tapering turrets at an angle .graded as the most conspicuous masterpiece of the early Muslim architecture.It was built in the second decade of 14 century by the than governor of Punjab Ghayasuddin Tughlaq 1320-24 , but he had to come back

21

DECORATIVE ELEMENTS ON FRONT FAADE .An octagon with 90ft in dimension buttresses emphasize harmony and beauty .The main entrance is a flat porch Decorative scheme is adopted on the exterior with perpendicular walls 41ft 4in high and 13ft 3in thick supported by buttresses at an angle with slight taper at the top .A well regulated proportion of 1:27 inches of the buttresses emphasize harmony and beauty .The main entrance is a flat porch Decorative scheme is adopted on the exterior .

THANK YOU