Proverb

-Is a short traditional saying in general use ,it usually express some obvious truth or familiar experience

-Proverbs are short, but memorable sayings, based on an important fact of experience that is considered true by many people

-A proverb is a short popular saying expressing an obvious truth (Webster's New World Dictionary). Proverbs are based on collective folk wisdom and have been among us for thousands of years as guidelines for life. They're delightfully familiar reminders of childhood, and very often convenient conversational shorthand

Examples of Proverbs

African Proverbs(Across the vast continent of Africa, many African nations disseminated proverbs that were meant to educate and inspire those who used them.)

Here are a few examples of African proverbs.

“A tree is known by its fruit” (this means that success is shown by the deeds.) “I have been bitten by a tsetse fly” (of Tanzanian origin – this means that a person will continuously be a pest until you pay off a debt.) “The word of friend makes you cry – the word of an enemy makes you laugh” (of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger – this means that a friend will tell you the truth and sometimes the truth hurts, whereas an enemy will only lead you down the wrong path by giving you advice that seems good but is not.)

Asian ProverbsSome examples of Asian proverbs :

“The old horse in the stable still yearns to run” (This means that those who are older still have things they would like to accomplish.) “A spark can start a fire that burns the entire prairie” (This means that a small problem can snowball into a huge problem that can cause major damage.) “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime” (This means that teaching people is better in the long run because it gives them the skills to provide for themselves as opposed to you doing things for them.) 

American ProverbsSome examples of American based proverbs include:

"Absence makes the heart grow fonder” (This means that when you separate from someone that you love by putting distance between you that you will inevitably love them more and yearn to see them.) "All that glitters is not gold” (This means that just because something looks good, does not necessarily mean that it is good.)

"A monkey in silk is a monkey no less” (This means that just because someone dresses fancy does not necessarily mean that they are fancy or of good character.)

Idiom-Most often refers to a phrase or expression that cannot be understood by knowing what the individual words in the phrase mean

-An idiom is a group of words with a meaning that is different from the individual parts.

Some examples

"The fat's in the fire"

(The damage is already done.)

"A flash in the pan"

(Something that looks like it will be a big success, but does not work out).

"Hat trick"

(Scoring consecutively three times in a game).

"In a pickle"

(In an awkward or embarrassing situation.)

"The nick of time"

(Just before time is up.)

"Pull the wool over someone's eyes"

(Trick or deceive).

"Bite off more than you can chew"

(Take on more than one can handle.)

"Fill someone's shoes"

(Take someone else's place.)

Metaphor

-A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something in common.

-Metaphors are comparisons that show how two things that are not alike in most ways are similar in one important way.

-Definition: Metaphor is when you use two nouns and compare or contrast them to one another. Unlike simile, you don't use "like" or "as" in the comparison.

There are 3 special types of metaphors:

1-Allegory: An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject.

2-Catachresis: A mixed metaphor used by design and accident.

3-Parable: An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching a moral lesson.

Examples - "I am a rainbow"(Because it is comparing two nouns, a person, and a rainbow, but does not use like or as.)

- "My girlfriend is a jewel."

- "Her home was a prison"

Collocation

-To place together or in proper order; arrange side by side.

-A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English.

There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be adjective + adverb, noun + noun, verb + noun and so on. Below you can see seven main types of collocation in sample sentences.

1. adverb + adjective

Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.

We entered a richly decorated room. Are you fully aware of the implications of your

action?

2. adjective + noun

The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise. The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause. The ceasefire agreement came into effect at

11am. I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4. noun + verb

The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.

Snow was falling as our plane took off. The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

5. Verb + noun

The prisoner was hanged for committing murder. I always try to do my homework in the morning,

after making my bed. He has been asked to give a presentation about

his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

We had to return home because we had run out of money.

At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.

Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.

Mary whispered softly in John's ear. I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when

we left.

Examples

-I'll give you a call.

-I'll be in touch.

-I'll get back to you as soon as I can.

-I'll be back in a minute.

-I'll see what I can do.

Conjunction

-The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. -A conjunction is a joiner; a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence

We have three basic types of conjunction:

1-COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence.

The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are:

FOR - is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause

AND - joins two similar ideas together

NOR - The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor

BUT - joins two contrasting ideas together

OR - joins two alternative ideas

YET - is very similar to 'but' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together

SO - shows that the second idea is the result of the first

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR.

2-Subordinating conjunctions

-Used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence.( Subordinate conjunctions connect two unequal parts)

after since when

although so that whenever

as supposing where

because than whereas

before that wherever

but that though whether

if though which

in order that till while

lest unless who

no matter until why

how what even though

Examples

- Any voters who have registered can vote.--  After Josie studied the lab reports, she determined

that Glen.

3-Correlative conjunctionsSome conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions.

both . . . and

not only . . . but also

not . . . but

either . . . or

neither . . . nor

whether . . . or

as . . . as

Examples

• Either John or George must have done this mischief.

• Neither peter nor Andrew has passed the test.

By:Nazik Gaylan

The teacher supervisor :Mr.Mahdi

College of art /English department