protons for breakfast do we need nuclear power week 6
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Protons for Breakfast Do we need Nuclear Power Week 6. November 2013. In the event of rain and flooding…. In the event of…. Nadia Smith Nori Safi Paul Carroll Paul Green Peter Nisbet-Jones Peter Quested Peter Woolliams Rainer Winkler Ralf Mouthaan Robert Goddard Ruth Pearce - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
No Slide Title
Electricity Usage in UK 2004Several easy wins
LightingUniversal use of CF light bulbs will eliminate the need for 1 large power stationRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Sourcehttp://www.aepuk.com/need_info.php#4Lighting is 16% of all domestic electricity usage
http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/dukes2005/05main.pdfThe answer?Collect interstellar hydrogen and turn it into helium
Build a fusion reactor bigger than the Earth!
Position the reactor about 93 million miles away
Call it the Super Universal Neutrino machinewww.nrpb.orgNational Radiological Protection Boardhttp://ie.lbl.gov/toi.htmlAmerican Institute of Physics History Sitehttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/gp_nuclear/nuclear_waste.cfmGreenpeaces view on nuclear wastehttp://www.nirex.co.uk/Nirexs boring web sitehttp://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/mce/mce-intro.htmNice discussion of nuclear waste http://www.hubbertpeak.com/Oil crisis analysishttp://www.peakoil.net/uhdsg/WORLD_SUMMARY_html.htmOil reserve datahttp://www.electricity.org.uk/Electricity generation datahttp://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/CO2 data sourcehttp://www.npl.co.uk/npl/publications/ionising_radiation/NPL radioactivity informationhttp://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/03-04/wind/content/storage%20available.htmlWind Power and energy storage einformation
The EndThanks for coming to the course.If you enjoyed it, please tell your friends and colleagues
Electricity generation in the UKHow is electricity generated?How much electricity does the UK need ?Where does it come from?Nuclear Power Stations are due for closureHow to replace the lost generating capacity? Nuclear PowerRadioactivity & Nuclear FissionPros and Cons
Does Britian need nuclear power?How is electricity generated? (1)
Only solar power is renewable & sustainableNuclearCoil turning in a magnetic fieldTurbine driven by hot steamNuclear FissionU + n ???StellarType of stationElectricity made byWhat makes coil turn?Energy SourceUltimate SourceCoalCoil turning in a magnetic fieldTurbine driven by hot steamChemicalC + O2 CO2SolarGasCoil turning in a magnetic fieldTurbines driven by hot gas and steamChemicalCH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20Solar
Wind/WaveCoil turning in a magnetic fieldTurbine driven by air or waterNuclear Fusion 4H HeSolar0.01 % of solar energy would meet all energy demandsShow the action of the Mamod power stationGas is actually CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine)
Mamod
MamodCoil turning in a magnetic fieldPistons driven by steamChemicalC + O2 CO2?Show the action of the Mamod power stationGas is actually CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine)
While the station powers upPlease take 10 minutes to fill out the forms.
Ticking the boxes is important, but your comments are especially valuable. 40 million =How much electricity do we need?
Average ~1 kilowatt (kW)~24 kWh per dayPeak~5 kilowatt (kW)A family homeNationallyAverage ~40 gigawatt (GW)~1 TWh per dayPeak~60 gigawatt (GW)
Electricity Generation in UK Daily variations in 2001/2002
gigawatt (GW) billion watts =109 W= 1000000000 W=10 Million Light bulbs
How to cope with this pattern?
Electricity Demand 2001-2009
Average Demand is about 40 GW!Mmmm. Looks near to 60 GW peak demand!How do we meet this demand?Energy Consumption Right Now!Daily Variation in Supply Source
Typical Winter DemandThursday 6th December 2001
504030206:000NuclearGas (Combined Cycle)Coal12:0018:0024:0010Imports0:00OtherPower(GW) Time of Dayhttp://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/dukes2005/05main.pdfEvolution of Supply Sources
NuclearGas (Combined Cycle)CoalRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%
UK Nuclear CapacityHistory and FutureEnergy Gap?
AGR Advanced Gas Cooled ReactorMagnoxSGHWR Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor PFR Prototype Fast ReactorPWR Pressurised Water ReactorPhysics World Articlehttp://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/6/2 : Yes No debatehttp://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/nuclear/technology/history.shtml
Hinckley point started in 1976 AGRGraphite degradation is inevitable
90 out of 500 faulty boiler tubes at Hunterston50 out of 500 faulty boiler tubes at Hunterston Could be switched back on in December/JanuaryFULL inspection every 4 years or soPin graphite core damageHunterston B Now closed.Boiler tubes inside safety containment
What will happen in the future?No shortage of coal and gas See BP Energy ReviewCost? Security of supply?
Renewables will increasebut by how much?
Nuclear will decline
Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Simplified pictureRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Electricity Generation in UK: 3 Options: Total Capacity kept constant = 330 TWhRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Concerned of Tedddington
I hate Nuclear Power! Couldnt weReduce DemandUse More WindStore some energyInstall Solar PV PanelsExploit Tidal PowerMake Nuclear Fusion work?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Could we reduce demand?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Reduce ElectricityDemandMy familys electricity usage for the last four yearsCan we force people and businesses to use less? PriceRationing
2000 kWh20% reduction260 a year2000 units per year x 13 p = 1000 x 26p = 260Yes, we could reduce demand.Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Could we use more wind energy?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%UK Wind18 GW target
ProjectsTurbinesPower (GW)201131434255.8201236241585.1 onshore2.7 offshore=7.8201340945095.8 onshore2.7 offshore=8.5Divide numbers by 3 to get average powerSome of the best sites in EuropeFrom
www.bwea.comBritish wind energy association18 GW!!!!6 GWBack Up10,000 of the largest turbinesWind has problems ofavailabilityvariabilitySometimes No Power at all!Sometimes 18 GW !Average power ~6 GW18 GW headline 6 GW average~10 15% of UK SupplyRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Could we store some power?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%
The National GridElectricity needs to be generated at exactly the time it is needed.Storage is possible, but difficult:Variability limits likely maximum wind contribution to about10%? Yes20%? Arguably 30%? Unlikely
Photo Credit Spencer Jarvis Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%
Pumped Storage
0 to 1.3 GW in 12 seconds
DINOWIG POWER STATION LLANBERIS DINORWIG POWER STATIONWhen it was fully commissioned in 1984, Dinorwig Power Station was regarded as one of the world's most imaginative engineering and environmental project. Today, Dinorwig's operational characteristics and dynamic response capability are still acknowledged the world over. Dinorwig is the largest scheme of its kind in Europe. Dinorwig is comprised of 16km of underground tunnels, deep below Elidir mountain. Its construction required 1 million tonnes of concrete, 200,000 tonnes of cement and 4,500 tonnes of steel. The station's six powerful generating units stand in Europe's largest man-made cavern. Adjacent to this lies the main inlet valve chamber housing the plant that regulates the flow of water through the turbines. Dinorwig's reversible pump/turbines are capable of reaching maximum generation in less than 16 seconds. Using off-peak electricity the six units are reversed as pumps to transport water from the lower reservoir, back to Marchlyn Mawr.DINORWIG FACTS & FIGURES Surge Pond Data:Dimensions of surge pond80x40x14 metres deepDiameter of surge shaft30 metresDepth of surge shaft65 metresGenerator/Motors:TypeVertical shaft, salient pole, air cooledGenerator rating330 MVAMotor rating312 MVATerminal voltage18kVExcitationThyristor rectifierStarting equipmentStatic variable frequencyGenerator-Motor Transformer:Number SixApproximate rating 340 MVAVoltage ratio18 kV/420 kVUnderground Caverns:Distance of power station inside mountain 750 metresDepth of turbine hall below top level of Llyn Peris71 metresMachine Hall:Length 180 metresWidth 23 metresHeight51 metres maxTransformer Hall:Length 160 metresWidth 23 metresHeight 17 metresDiversion tunnel Length 2,208 metresWidth6.5 metresHeight5.5 metresMaximum flow 60 cubic m/sNormal flow 1-8 cubic m/sFall1:1500Pump/Turbines:TypeReversible FrancisNumber6Plant orientationVertical spindleAverage pump power input275 MWPumping period (full volume)7 hoursSynchronous speed 500 rpmAverage full unit over all heads (declared capacity)288 MW Generation potential at full load Output5 hoursStation power requirements when generating12 MWStandby operational mode Synchronised and spinning-in-air Emergency load pick-up rate from standby0 to 1,320 MW in 12 secondsTransmission Switchgear:TypeSF6 metal cladBreaking capacity35,000 MVACurrent rating4,000 AVoltage420 kVExcavations:Main underground excavation1 million cubic metres (approx. 3 million tonnes)Total scheme excavations12 million tonnesWhat about Solar Power?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Solar Photo Voltaic
9 m2 Twickenham
From
www.bwea.comBritish wind energy associationSolar Photo Voltaic
Average: 3.5 kWh/day (1277.5 kWh/year)Saving:3.5 x 13 pence per kWh = 46 p/day (166 / year)Cost in: 2005: 9000Return on investment: 1.8 %
PLUS GOVERNMENT CASHBACK!0.43 for every unit fed back to the grid!Return on Investment8.1% TAX FREEPLUS GOVERNMENT CASHBACK!0.21 for every unit fed back to the grid!From60,000 per installed kilowatt of generating capacitySolar power can help
More expensive than conventional electricityInvestment can be incrementalRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%What about Tidal Power?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%
Severn Tidal BarrageCould generate 10% of UK demand
5 GW
15B
Nuclear Fusion?Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%How are atoms made?protonInteract by the short range strong force not electricalElectrical RepulsionProtons created about 1 second after the big bang
How are atoms made?Protons created about 1 second after the big bang
Nuclear Fusion What is it?protonneutrondeuteriumnucleus10,000 C1,000,000 C100,000,000 CReaction between Deuterium and Tritium Nuclei requires a temperature of 150 million C at the achievable densities.
FusionJEThttp://www.jet.efda.org/
ITERhttp://www.iter.org/
Probability of Success by 2025????25%????
Probability of Engineering Feasibility by 2100???? 5%????
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER Nuclear Fusion could change things
but I dont think it can be made to workRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%11 GW of Carbon Free Generating Capacity will retire in the next 15 yearsNuclear PowerThe UK ContextThe UK is committed to 34% reduction in CO2 emission by 2020
Renewables versus NuclearEnergy costs likely to rise in long termThe UK is committed to 80% reduction in CO2 emission by 2050Sustainable and diverse supplies are more secureRenewables AND NuclearThe commitment to CO2 reduction is a fact: No progress made as yet, but still timeWind is not subject to capture by a foreign countryWe need renewables AND nuclear: our energy challenge is massive. Electricity is essential to our civilisation.Cost increases are good: they make renewable technologies more advantageous.Concerned of Tedddington
Mmmm
So all these things can help, but there is still a problem
O.K. Tell me about Nuclear Power!Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%To understand nuclear power and how it workswe first need to understand about RadioactivitySome radioactive thingsDetectorsCloud ChamberSupermarket Radioactivity
Nuclear refersto the nucleusof atoms Electromagnetic waves
ElectricityHeat
Remember thisAtomsAnd a pictorial summary for those who appreciate things that way.What is Radioactivity?Normally nuclei act as heavy point-like centres for atoms
More than 99.9% of the mass of every atom is made of nuclear matter
More than 99.9% of the mass of your breakfast is made of nuclear matterNucleus
Protons & neutronsThe number of protons (+) in the nucleus determines the number of electrons(-) required to make the atom neutral
Determines the chemical and physical properties of the atom
But the number of neutrons in a nucleus can vary.
Radioactive0.01%
Example 39K, 40K and 41KPotassium is 2.4% of the Earths crustNatural potassium (symbol K) has three isotopes39K19 protons20 neutrons20 + 19 = 39Same number of protonsDifferent numbers of neutrons40K19 protons21 neutrons21 + 19 = 4041K19 protons22 neutrons22 + 19 = 4193.3%6.7%Decays by electron captureThree types of radioactivity Named with the Greek a, b, c a alpha, b beta, g gammaNuclei with a balanced number of protons and neutrons are stableIsotopes with too many protonsIsotopes withtoo many neutronsAlpha decayBeta decayEmission of fast moving helium nucleusEmission of fast moving electronAnd gamma radiationAnd gamma radiationactually a couple more types of radioactivity but dont worry about them for now
Charge oscillations in nucleusAlpha (a) DecayAlpha particlegamma rayNucleus with too many protonsThis is the source of all helium on EarthCharge oscillations in nucleusBeta (b) Decaygamma rayNucleus with too many neutronsBeta particleRadioactivity
How do we measure it?Units of Radioactivity
Measured in becquerel (Bq)
1 Bq = 1nuclear decay per second
Measures the amount of radioactivityMeasured in seivert (Sv)
Dose Rate measured inmicrosieverts per hour
Measures the effect of radioactivity on humansHow much radioactivity is there?What effect will it have on me?1 Bq is an absolutely tiny amount of radiation1 Sv is a very large dose of radiationUK dosesAverage UK dose per yearAverage 0.0026 SievertsAverage 2.6 milliSieverts
Average UK dose rateAbout 7 microSieverts /dayAbout 0.3 microSieverts /hourBanana0.01 to 0.1 microSievertsDental X-ray scanAbout 5 microSievertChest CT scanAbout 7 milliSieverts http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/pdf/sfty_xray.pdf
SourceDose (mSv)NaturalCosmic0.26Gamma rays0.35Internal0.3Radon1.3ArtificialMedical0.37Occupational0.007Fallout0.005Products0.0004Discharges0.0002Total2.6
What is Nuclear Power?
Nuclear Power
How does it work?UraniumUranium has two common isotopes 238U and 235UUranium has 92 protonsThe 238 or 235 is the total number of protons and neutrons
238U235UFissile?NoYesnatural uranium.99.3%0.7%neutrons238 92 = 146235 92 = 143Enrichment is the process of increasing the fraction of U235 to 238Fission means splittingSome heavy nuclei can be induced to fission i.e. split in two - by the addition of a single neutron
Nuclear fragments move very fast. As they interact with nearby atoms they cause tremendous heating
One more wafer thin neutron, Sir?
Uranium Fission235U + n >>> 236U + n
After a short while
236U >>> fragments + 3 n
Sustained chain reaction235U + n >>> 236U >>> Fragments + 3n
Uncontrolled chain reaction235U + n >>> 236U >>> Fragments + 3n
Nuclear Power Stations
Hinkley C
Operational in 20232 x 1.6 GWe 16 billion to be paid for by France and China (!)We promise to buy all electricity at 9.25 p per kWh.2.3 billion per year. Current wholesale price 5.5 p per kWh.Offshore wind 15.5 p per kWh.Onshore wind10 p per kWh.Large Solar 12.5 p per kWh.Mmmmm
Nuclear PositivesPicture Credit http://www.peakoilblues.org/Nuclear Positives1 kg natural uranium has a volume of 50 cm3Produces 40 thousand kWhEquivalent to 16 tons of coal
Nuclear energy is cleaner than coalLower radioactive emissionsMuch less radioactive waste
Conventional Power StationsCheaper than nuclear because they dont pay to clean up their waste (CO2)
Safety & ReliabilityOne fifth of UK electricity supply for last 30 yearsMany fewer deaths attributable to Nuclear Power than to Coalhttp://www.ne.doe.gov/uranium/facts.htmlOne ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 million kilowatt-hours of electricity. This is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil
World uranium production in 1996 was 35,199 metric tons or 78.8 million pounds. The price of uranium was approximately $8.75 per pound at end of 1998
http://www.fas.org/rlg/mwmt-p233.pdfproduced by coal. The quantity of radioactive material liberated by the burningof coal is considerable, since on average it contains a few parts per millionof uranium and thorium. Modern coal-fired electric plants are designed andoperated to reduce the emission of particulates from the stack, and also todecrease the emission of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide. Older plants, such asthe majority of those in China, are far from meeting these standards for fly ashand gaseous emissions. When coal is burned, all the uranium daughters accumulatedby disintegrationradium, radon, poloniumare also released. TheUnited Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation evaluatesthe radiation exposure to the population from this source.2 Per gigawattyear(GWe-yr) of electrical energy produced by coal, using the current mix oftechnology throughout the world, the population exposure is estimated to beabout 0.8 lethal cancers per plant-year distributed over the affected population.Table 7.2 summarizes these data. With 400 GWe of coal-fired power plants inthe world, this amounts to some 320 deaths per year; in the world at large, someplants have better filters and cause less harm, while others have little stack-gascleanup and cause far more.In addition, there is a major exposure to the radioactivity of coal that arisesfrom the use of ash to make concrete. With about 5% of power-plant ash beingincorporated into housing, the population dose for the 400 GWe of coal plantleads to an estimated 2000 cancer deaths per year. But if most of the ash wentinto concrete for dwellings, the annual death toll from radiation from thissource would rise to about 40,000.Some see in accidents a reason to abandon nuclear power in favor of alternatewaysso-called soft-energy pathsthat they propose to help arrive at aharmonious development of industrial societies. There is much merit in boththe more efficient use of energy and in its supply from renewable sources. Theworld used 375 quads of energy in 1996; the United States used 75. We havenoted in Table 8.4 that solar electric power conceivably could amount to about1500 quads per year worldwide; fuel from biomass, 600 quads; and 270 quads fromexploiting the temperature difference between the warm surface water of theoceans and the colder water at depth. Biomass, in particular, may developbeyond the 3% of U.S. energy needs that it now meets, as the revolution inbiotechnology enables the production of alcohol from cellulose rather thanfrom sugars. It is highly desirable to have small-scale energy sources if they canbe achieved at affordable cost and with acceptable environmental impact. Itwill be necessary, however, to carefully compare these alternativesincludingtheir harmful side effectsto the more traditional ways of producing energye.g., fossil-fueled plants burning coal, gas, or oil; hydropower; and nuclearpower stations.233
Nuclear Negatives
Chernobyl26 April 198631 dead ImmediatelyMany cancers causedUltimate death toll100?15,000?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/778477.stm30 killed immediately15,000 relief workers killed50,000 relief workers invalid5 million exposed to radiation52,000 fled the area around Chernobyl
http://timworstall.typepad.com/timworstall/2004/04/chernobyl_death.html
Pro nuclear linkshttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/chernobyl.htmlhttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_accident
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee460/eee460.html
http://www.uic.com.au/nip22.htm
http://www.nea.fr/html/rp/chernobyl/allchernobyl.htmlNuclear Energy Authority Chernobul Report
Chernobyl Effect on UK
Total radiation dose was 20 times less than the dose from the atmospheric bomb tests from 1945 to 1963.
ChernobylFall out from atmospheric atomic weapons testing Annual dose(micro Sieverts)19511988YearFukushima
11 March 20110 dead ImmediatelyUltimate death toll0?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/778477.stm30 killed immediately15,000 relief workers killed50,000 relief workers invalid5 million exposed to radiation52,000 fled the area around Chernobyl
http://timworstall.typepad.com/timworstall/2004/04/chernobyl_death.html
Pro nuclear linkshttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/chernobyl.htmlhttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_accident
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee460/eee460.html
http://www.uic.com.au/nip22.htm
http://www.nea.fr/html/rp/chernobyl/allchernobyl.htmlNuclear Energy Authority Chernobul Report
What happened?http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/778477.stm30 killed immediately15,000 relief workers killed50,000 relief workers invalid5 million exposed to radiation52,000 fled the area around Chernobyl
http://timworstall.typepad.com/timworstall/2004/04/chernobyl_death.html
Pro nuclear linkshttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/chernobyl.htmlhttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_accident
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee460/eee460.html
http://www.uic.com.au/nip22.htm
http://www.nea.fr/html/rp/chernobyl/allchernobyl.htmlNuclear Energy Authority Chernobul Report
Fukushima1500 MW heating ~ 500 CEarthquake Warning!>2000 CH2BANG!100 MW heating and coolinghttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/778477.stm30 killed immediately15,000 relief workers killed50,000 relief workers invalid5 million exposed to radiation52,000 fled the area around Chernobyl
http://timworstall.typepad.com/timworstall/2004/04/chernobyl_death.html
Pro nuclear linkshttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/chernobyl.htmlhttp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_accident
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee460/eee460.html
http://www.uic.com.au/nip22.htm
http://www.nea.fr/html/rp/chernobyl/allchernobyl.htmlNuclear Energy Authority Chernobul Report
Risks from radioactivity
SourceRadioactive deposits resulting in external or internal radiation. Measured in becquerelEffect: Damage to the DNA resulting in cancer. Related to the energy deposited in tissue.Measured in Sv (dose) or Sv/h (dose rate).
Cs-137 in soil (2011) http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/11/1112058108.full.pdf
Typical soil concentrationsNear UK Nuclear Power Station10 becquerel per kilogram
Near the exclusion zone 100,000 becquerel per kilogram
In Townshigh levels in drains, nothing indoors.
Typical dose ratesIn UK0.1 0.2 Sv/h Sv/h =microseiverts per hour
In Fukushima town: 0.2 Sv/h
In Yokohama town, 250 km away: 0.1 Sv/h
By a village in 20 km outside the exclusion zone6.2 Sv/h,Nuclear Waste
Origin of Nuclear Waste235U + n >>> 236U >>> Fragments + 3n
These fragments are intensely radioactiveNeutrons make other materials radioactive too Radioactive wasteUK: No permanent solution for high level wasteFinland: Problem SolvedData from NDA: http://www.nda.gov.uk/ukinventory/
UK DataType of WasteYear2010Low 4,400,000Intermediate290,000High1,000Amounts in cubic metresLow level Waste4,400,000 m^3Intermediate level Waste 290,000 m^3High level Waste 1,000 m^3Total 4,700,000 m^3http://www.nda.gov.uk/ukinventory/
Opposing viewshttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/gp_nuclear/nuclear_waste.cfmhttp://www.nirex.co.uk/
Nice discussionhttp://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/mce/mce-intro.htm
Low Level Waste (LLW)These contain only sufficient radioactivity to preclude their disposal as ordinary non-radioactive refuse. Levels of radioactivity are not supposed to exceed 4 GBg.t-1 (Giga Bequerels per tonne) for alpha activity or 12 GBg.t-1 for beta/gamma activity. Typically these wastes are low in radioactivity and high in bulk. They range from general rubbish (gloves, clothing, packaging, paper towels, over shoes, laboratory glass ware, etc.) to some very low level plutonium contaminated materials (PCM). Much material classified as LLW, may in fact not be radioactive at all, rather it is the fact that it is potentially radioactive through being in an active/contaminated area, that puts it in the LLW category. As a result of the low levels of radioactivity present and the short-lived nature of the contaminants, these wastes are relatively harmless if handled properly. However, any site used for LLW disposal will need to be subject to land use restrictions for around 300 years after the site is closed and there is alway a risk of environmental problems if water leaching through the waste site finds its way into surface and ground waters. Low Level Waste Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)These wastes can be extremely radioactive but do not require that the heat generated by radioactive decay is taken into account as this is small compared to HLW. Due to the large amount of radioactivity present, ILW requires heavy shielding. The radioactive contaminants present in ILW may have very long half-lives and so require isolation for many thousands of years. There are several ILW streams including: fuel element claddings removed prior to reprocessing (e.g. MAGNOX swarf); various sludges and ion exchange resins from fuel storage pond water treatment; concentrates of liquid waste streams; heavily contaminated scrap equipment; plutonium contaminated materials (PCM); and graphite sleeves and steel components from AGR fuel assemblies. In addition, large volumes of ILW from decommissioning operations are expected as more nuclear power plants go off-line and are dismantled. As a result of the broad spectrum of ILW streams many different forms of conditioning and packaging are required prior to disposal. Intermediate Level Waste High Level Waste (HLW)These wastes are the most concentrated and radioactive of the three categories and require very heavy shielding. As a result of intense radioactive decay processes a large amount of heat is generated which needs to be taken into account in their storage and ultimate disposal. Materials included in the HLW category include spent fuel and highly radioactive liquids generated during reprocessing operations. The latter is all stored at Sellafield in high-integrity stainless steel tanks fitted with cooling coils to remove the heat generated by the decay of fission products. Management and disposal of these wastes is extremely difficult due to the high levels of radioactivity, the extremely long half-lives of some of the radionuclides present and the heat generation as a result of decay processes. Current practice is to store these wastes, encapsulate them in glass, store them in air cooled steel containers for 50 years to allow the heat generated to reduce to manageable levels, and dispose of them in a deep mined geological facility. High Level Waste
Carbon versus NuclearRadioactive WasteCarbon Waste(CO2)Cost Large, but calculableIncalculableWorldwide Physical Mass30 billion tonnes per yearManageableProbablyProbably notOpposing viewshttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/gp_nuclear/nuclear_waste.cfmhttp://www.nirex.co.uk/
Nice discussionhttp://www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/mce/mce-intro.htm
Low Level Waste (LLW)These contain only sufficient radioactivity to preclude their disposal as ordinary non-radioactive refuse. Levels of radioactivity are not supposed to exceed 4 GBg.t-1 (Giga Bequerels per tonne) for alpha activity or 12 GBg.t-1 for beta/gamma activity. Typically these wastes are low in radioactivity and high in bulk. They range from general rubbish (gloves, clothing, packaging, paper towels, over shoes, laboratory glass ware, etc.) to some very low level plutonium contaminated materials (PCM). Much material classified as LLW, may in fact not be radioactive at all, rather it is the fact that it is potentially radioactive through being in an active/contaminated area, that puts it in the LLW category. As a result of the low levels of radioactivity present and the short-lived nature of the contaminants, these wastes are relatively harmless if handled properly. However, any site used for LLW disposal will need to be subject to land use restrictions for around 300 years after the site is closed and there is alway a risk of environmental problems if water leaching through the waste site finds its way into surface and ground waters. Low Level Waste Intermediate Level Waste (ILW)These wastes can be extremely radioactive but do not require that the heat generated by radioactive decay is taken into account as this is small compared to HLW. Due to the large amount of radioactivity present, ILW requires heavy shielding. The radioactive contaminants present in ILW may have very long half-lives and so require isolation for many thousands of years. There are several ILW streams including: fuel element claddings removed prior to reprocessing (e.g. MAGNOX swarf); various sludges and ion exchange resins from fuel storage pond water treatment; concentrates of liquid waste streams; heavily contaminated scrap equipment; plutonium contaminated materials (PCM); and graphite sleeves and steel components from AGR fuel assemblies. In addition, large volumes of ILW from decommissioning operations are expected as more nuclear power plants go off-line and are dismantled. As a result of the broad spectrum of ILW streams many different forms of conditioning and packaging are required prior to disposal. Intermediate Level Waste High Level Waste (HLW)These wastes are the most concentrated and radioactive of the three categories and require very heavy shielding. As a result of intense radioactive decay processes a large amount of heat is generated which needs to be taken into account in their storage and ultimate disposal. Materials included in the HLW category include spent fuel and highly radioactive liquids generated during reprocessing operations. The latter is all stored at Sellafield in high-integrity stainless steel tanks fitted with cooling coils to remove the heat generated by the decay of fission products. Management and disposal of these wastes is extremely difficult due to the high levels of radioactivity, the extremely long half-lives of some of the radionuclides present and the heat generation as a result of decay processes. Current practice is to store these wastes, encapsulate them in glass, store them in air cooled steel containers for 50 years to allow the heat generated to reduce to manageable levels, and dispose of them in a deep mined geological facility. High Level Waste
Do we need nuclear power?
We face a possible Energy Gap in the years to come.
We need to reduce Carbon emissions!
Difficult to see how we will sustain current levels of consumption without building new nuclear power.
But we still have a choicePhysics World Articlehttp://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/6/2What do other countries do?
France, Germany and the UKThree different solutions to a similar problemData from IEA 200960 GW40 GW55 GWRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Do we need nuclear power?
Does Britian need nuclear power? Please find an answer!Physics World Articlehttp://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/6/2The Answer!
The AbercornThe Pub
The Abercorn ArmsChurch Road, TeddingtonSustainable Development Commission
Sustainable Development CommissionThe governments independent watchdog on sustainable developmentReport March 2006The two overriding concerns for Government are the need to:reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as part of efforts to tackle climate change, andincrease confidence in the security of energy supply.
Nuclear power is not the answer to tackling climate change or security of supply
Source The Cost of GeneratingElectricity by the Royal Academy of EngineeringCost
Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%Pros and ConsCoalGasNuclear WindCostCheapAvailabilityPlentifulConstrained?IntermittentCarbon 10.50.010.01Kg/kWhDownsideDirtyStill emits carbonUnpopularUnpopularInvestmentRenewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%An eco dolls house
Renewables 3%Nuclear 23%Projected for 2030Gas essentially unchangedCoal = 1%Clean Coal = 8%Wind 24%Other renewables 12%Nuclear 20%EnergysecuritySocialequityEnvironmental impact.What to do?Our Energy TrilemmaAccess to electricity is essential to modern life. High prices cause social exclusionEmitting carbon dioxide to generate power commits us to future uncertainty and perilAccess to electricity is strategically essential. We should avoid reliance on a single source of energyThe commitment to CO2 reduction is a fact: No progress made as yet, but still timeWind is not subject to capture by a foreign countryWe need renewables AND nuclear: our energy challenge is massive. Electricity is essential to our civilisation.Cost increases are good: they make renewable technologies more advantageous.SourcesInternal and External
From foodAbout 15 million potassium 40 atoms and 7000 natural uranium atoms disintegrate inside us each hour
From soil and building materialsOver 200 million gamma rays pass through the average individual each hour
From the airAbout 30,000 atoms disintegrate each hour in our lungs and give of alpha, beta, and gamma radiationFrom the skyAbout 100,000 cosmic ray neutrons and 400,000 secondary cosmic rays penetrate the average individual every hourThe Nuclear Age
Nuclear phenomena have always been associated with great hopes and great fears.
Chicago3:25 P.M. December 2, 1942Nuclear Age beganGain = 1.0006
http://ie.lbl.gov/toi.html
Audio files of famous physicists At 3:25 P.M. on December 2, 1942, the Atomic Age began inside an enormous tent on a squash court under the stands of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field. There, scientists headed by Enrico Fermi engineered the first controlled nuclear fission chain reactionThe Nuclear Age
I shook hands with Fermi and I said that I thought this day would go down as a black day in the history of mankind. I remember best of all the face of Crawford Greenewalt. His eyes were shining. He had seen a miracle, and a miracle it was indeed. The dawn of a new age. Arthur Compton Leo Szillardhttp://ie.lbl.gov/toi.html
Audio files of famous physicists At 3:25 P.M. on December 2, 1942, the Atomic Age began inside an enormous tent on a squash court under the stands of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field. There, scientists headed by Enrico Fermi engineered the first controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
Arthur Compton One of the things that I shall not forget is the expressions on the faces of some of the men. There was Fermi's faceone saw in him no sign of elation. The experiment had worked just as he had expected and that was that. But I remember best of all the face of Crawford Greenewalt. His eyes were shining. He had seen a miracle, and a miracle it was indeed. The dawn of a new age. As we walked back across the campus, he talked of his vision: endless supplies of power to turn the wheels of industry, new research techniques that would enrich the life of man, vast new possibilities yet hidden.
Leo Szillard There was a crowd there and when it dispersed, Fermi and I stayed there alone. Enrico Fermi and I remained. I shook hands with Fermi and I said that I thought this day would go down as a black day in the history of mankind. I was quite aware of the dangers. Not because I am so wise but because I have read a book written by H. G. Wells called The World Set Free. He wrote this before the First World War and described in it the development of atomic bombs, and the war fought by atomic bombs. So I was aware of these things. But I was also aware of the fact that something had to be done if the Germans get the bomb before we have it. They had knowledge. They had the people to do it and would have forced us to surrender if we didn't have bombs also. We had no choice, or we thought we had no choice.
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TotalMagnoxAGRSGHWRPFRPWRYearInstalled Nuclear Capacity (GWe)
Sheet1MW(e)Calder Hall 1501-Aug-5631-Mar-03Calder Hall 2501-Feb-5731-Mar-03Calder Hall 3501-Mar-5831-Mar-03Chapelcross 1501-Feb-5930-Jun-04Calder Hall 4501-Apr-5931-Mar-03Chapelcross 2501-Jul-5930-Jun-04Chapelcross 3501-Nov-5930-Jun-04Chapelcross 4501-Jan-6030-Jun-04Berkeley 11381-Jun-6231-Mar-89Berkeley 21381-Jun-6231-Oct-89Bradwell 11231-Jul-6231-Mar-02Bradwell 21231-Jul-6231-Mar-02Dounreay 1141-Oct-6231-Mar-77Windscale AGR321-Feb-6330-Apr-81Hunterston A11501-Feb-6431-Mar-90Hunsterston A21501-Jun-6431-Dec-89Trawsfynydd 11951-Jan-6528-Feb-91Hinkley Point A12351-Feb-6531-May-00Trawsfynydd 21951-Feb-6528-Feb-91Hinkley Point A22351-Mar-6531-May-00Dungeness A12251-Sep-6531-Dec-05Dungeness A22251-Nov-6531-Dec-05Sizewell A12101-Jan-6631-Dec-05Sizewell A22101-Apr-6631-Dec-05Oldbury 12171-Nov-6731-Dec-08Winfrith SGHWR921-Dec-6730-Sep-90Oldbury 22171-Apr-6831-Dec-08Wylfa 14901-Jan-7131-Dec-10Wylfa 24901-Jul-7131-Dec-10Dounreay 22341-Jan-7531-Mar-94Hinkley Point B26101-Feb-7631-Dec-16Hunterston B15951-Feb-7631-Dec-16Hinkley Point B16101-Oct-7631-Dec-16Hunterston B25951-Mar-7731-Dec-16Dungeness B25551-Apr-8331-Dec-161826.25Heysham A15751-Jul-8331-Dec-23Hartlepool 16051-Aug-8331-Dec-23Hartlepool 26051-Oct-8431-Dec-23Heysham A25751-Oct-8431-Dec-23Dungeness B15551-Dec-8531-Dec-16Torness 16251-May-8831-Dec-28Heysham B16251-Jul-8831-Dec-28Heysham B26251-Nov-8831-Dec-28Torness 26251-Feb-8931-Dec-28GWSizewell B11881-Feb-9531-Dec-35TotalMagnoxAGRSGHWRPFRPWRMagnoxAGRSGHWRPFRPWRTotalMagnoxAGRSGHWRPFRPWR1956.001-Jan-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.081-Feb-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.171-Mar-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.251-Apr-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.331-May-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.421-Jun-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.501-Jul-560000000.00.00.00.00.00.00000001956.581-Aug-565050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001956.671-Sep-565050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001956.751-Oct-565050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001956.831-Nov-565050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001956.921-Dec-565050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001957.001-Jan-575050500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.050.0500001957.081-Feb-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.171-Mar-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.251-Apr-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.331-May-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.421-Jun-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.501-Jul-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.581-Aug-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.671-Sep-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.751-Oct-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.831-Nov-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001957.921-Dec-5750501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001958.001-Jan-5850501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001958.081-Feb-5850501001000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.10.100001958.171-Mar-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.251-Apr-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.331-May-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.421-Jun-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.501-Jul-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.581-Aug-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.671-Sep-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.751-Oct-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.831-Nov-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001958.921-Dec-585050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001959.001-Jan-595050501501500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.150.1500001959.081-Feb-59505050502002000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.20.200001959.171-Mar-59505050502002000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.20.200001959.251-Apr-5950505050502502500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.250.2500001959.331-May-5950505050502502500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.250.2500001959.421-Jun-5950505050502502500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.250.2500001959.501-Jul-595050505050503003000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.30.300001959.581-Aug-595050505050503003000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.30.300001959.671-Sep-595050505050503003000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.30.300001959.751-Oct-595050505050503003000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.30.300001959.831-Nov-59505050505050503503500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.350.3500001959.921-Dec-59505050505050503503500000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.350.3500001960.001-Jan-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.081-Feb-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.171-Mar-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.251-Apr-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.331-May-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.421-Jun-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.501-Jul-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.581-Aug-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.671-Sep-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.751-Oct-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.831-Nov-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001960.921-Dec-6050505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.001-Jan-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.081-Feb-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.171-Mar-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.251-Apr-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.331-May-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.421-Jun-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.501-Jul-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.581-Aug-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.671-Sep-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.751-Oct-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.831-Nov-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001961.921-Dec-6150505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001962.001-Jan-6250505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001962.081-Feb-6250505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001962.171-Mar-6250505050505050504004000000100.00.00.00.00.0100.00.40.400001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