protists and fungifungi kingdom •eukarayotes. •use spores to reproduce. •heterotrophs feed by...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PROTISTS AND FUNGI
![Page 2: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Commonalities / Differences in
the Protist Kingdom
• All are eukaryotes (cells with nuclei).
• Live in moist surroundings.
• Unicellular or multicellular.
• Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both.
• Some can move - others cannot.
![Page 3: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 categories of Protists
•Animal-like
•Fungus-like
•Plant-like
![Page 4: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
*Unicellular *Heterotrophs
*4 groups based on movement: those
with flagella, cilia, pseudopods and
the ‘others’.
![Page 5: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Protozoans with pseudopods
• Pseudopods also called
‘false feet’
• Cell membrane pushes in
one direction & the
cytoplasm flows into the
bulge. This allows the
protozoan to move, dragging
the rest of the cell behind it.
![Page 6: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Pseudopods, cont.
EXAMPLE OF HOW
PSEUDOPODS MOVE
PUSH
FLOW
DRAG
![Page 7: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
It can form 2 pseudopods to
surround & trap food. Then form
a food vacuole to break down food
in the cytoplasm.
Pseudopods, cont.
![Page 8: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Reproduce by binary fission like bacteria.
• Contractile vacuole - it collects extra H2O & expels it from cell
• Thin cell membrane -
• no definite shape.
• Example of a pseudopod -Amoeba.
Pseudopods, cont.
![Page 9: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Protozoans with cilia• Cilia - hairlike structures - help
organisms move, get food and sense
environment.
• Multicellular with 2 nuclei.
• 1 nuclei controls everyday functions
• 1 nuclei is for reproduction.
• Reproduce by binary
fission (asexual) or conjugation (sexual).
![Page 10: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cilia, cont.
• Oral groove lined with cilia - moves H20 containing food into food vacuole at end of oral groove.
• Food vacuole breaks down food and sends through cell.
• Anal pore sends out waste.
• Example of protozoan w/ cilia: paramecium.
![Page 11: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ORAL
GROOVE
CILIA
CONTRACTILE
VACUOLE
FOOD
VACUOLE
FOOD
VACUOLE ANAL PORE
![Page 12: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Protozoans with flagella
• Organisms called zooflagellates
• Use long whiplike part called
flagella to move.
• These usually live inside other
organisms.
![Page 13: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Other Protozoans
• Called sporozoans - parasites
• Feed on cells & body fluids of hosts
Sporozoans like
Plasmodium
(causes malaria)
have more than 1
host: mosquitoes
and then humans
![Page 14: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Funguslike Protists
• Like animals - they are heterotrophs
• Like plants - they have cell walls
• Reproduce by spores (tiny cells that
can grow into a new organism)
• Not in fungi kingdom because they
can move at one point in their lives.
• An example is mildew.
![Page 15: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Plantlike Protists
• Better known as algae
• Autotrophs
• Size: unicellular to very large
• Contain different pigments so they
come in different colors.
• Euglena: special type of algae -when
there is no sunlight they become
heterotrophic.
![Page 16: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fungi Kingdom• Eukarayotes.
• Use spores to reproduce.
• Heterotrophs feed by extra-
cellular digestion, secreting
enzymes and absorbing digested
material
• Need warm, moist places to grow.
• Examples: yeast, molds and
mushrooms.
![Page 17: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Fungi -Obtaining food
• use a structure called hyphae to get
their food.
• Except for yeast which are
unicellular.
• Hyphae: threadlike tubes. Shape of
fungi depends on how hyphae used.
AND...
![Page 18: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The fungus grows
hyphae into food
then hyphae secrete
digestive chemicals
into food. After
food is broken
down,hyphae
absorb it.
![Page 19: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reproduction in Fungi
• produce thousands of spores with a
protective covering: carried by water and
air.
• spores land in a warm, moist place they
grow. AND...
![Page 20: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
When plenty of moisture, fungi
reproduce asexually by releasing the
spores.
When conditions are not good, they
reproduce sexually, making new spores
that are different from both parents.
Reproduction in Fungi, cont.
![Page 21: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Since yeast is unicellular, they
reproduce by budding (asexual). A
well fed cell grows from the body of
the mother cell and breaks off from
the original cell.
![Page 22: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Four classifications of Fungi
• Threadlike - produce spores in their threadlike hyphae (ex. Bread mold)
• Sac - produce spores in structures that look like sacs (ex. Yeast)
![Page 23: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Club - produce spores in structures that look like clubs (ex. Mushrooms)Imperfect - those that cannot reproduce sexually (ex. Penicillin)
![Page 24: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Negatives:
• spoiled food,
diseases, poisonous
mushrooms
![Page 25: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plant Diseases:
• Fungi can cause diseases such
as corn smut which destroys
corn kernels. Also can cause
wheat rust which affects
wheat fields.
![Page 26: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Human Diseases
• Athletes foot
– A fungal infection common
on feet
• Candidiasis (Thrush) – yeast
infection
![Page 27: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Animal Diseases
• Cordyceps
– A fungus that attacts
certain species of
ants and other
arthropods in the rain
forests of Costa Rica
![Page 28: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Positives:
– Saprophytes -
Decompose large
quantities of Earth’s
wastes- without
fungi there would be
large quantities of
waste sitting around.
• Break down complex
organic substances into
raw materials which
living organisms need
![Page 29: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lichens
• A mutual symbiotic
relationship between a fungus
and a photosynthetic plant
such as algae or cyanobacteria.
– In a lichen, the fungus
provides water for the plant to
photosynthesize and the plant
provides nutrients for the
fungus to survive.
![Page 30: PROTISTS AND FUNGIFungi Kingdom •Eukarayotes. •Use spores to reproduce. •Heterotrophs feed by extra-cellular digestion, secreting enzymes and absorbing digested material •Need](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042418/5f33c14341867c34330a0fd7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mycorrhizae
• A mutualistic relationship
between a fungus and roots of
plants.
– In mycorrhizae, the roots
provide nutrients for the
fungus and fungus provides
water for the roots.