protestant reformation what was it? – a religious reform movement that divided the western...
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Protestant Reformation
• What was it?– A religious reform
movement that divided the western “Church” into two groups:• Catholic• Protestant
• Why did it happen?– The changes in
intellectual thought brought about in the Renaissance.
– Knowledge of corruption in the Catholic Church led to challenges of the Pope’s authority.
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Protestant Reformation
• Christian Humanists– The classical learning of the
Ren. spread the idea of humanism into religion.
– Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves, especially in matters of faith.
• Believed…– If people read the
classics and become more intelligent, then read and understand the Bible, they would become more pious.
– In order to change society and religion, they must first change the humans who makeup society.
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Desiderius Erasmus
• A Christian Humanist• Believed his view of
religion would be the “philosophy of Christ.”
• Thought that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, rather than provide a system of beliefs that people had to practice in order to be saved.
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Desiderius Erasmus
• Thought pilgrimages and fasts were not important.
• Criticized the abuses of the Catholic Church.– Did NOT want to break
away from the Church!
• 1509: Wrote The Praise of Folly which humorously made fun of society, but pointed out what needed to be reformed.
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Corruption in the Catholic Church
• Many men were joining the clergy to gain power and wealth rather than because of faith.– Had secret spouses &
children
• 1450-1520: Series of “Ren. Popes” who failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs.– Acted more like political
leaders.– Example: Pope Julius II
(“warrior Pope”) led armies against his enemies.
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Corruption in the Catholic Church
• Many parish priests were ignorant of the scriptures and could not help ordinary citizens.
• Citizens desired salvation and began keeping relics (symbols of Christ) as a way to gain entrance into Heaven.
• The Church also sold “indulgences”: certificates that promised release from the punishment of sin.– Made lots of $$$$$
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)• A monk and professor in
Wittenberg, Germany• Concluded neither priests or
the Pope could provide salvation.
• Believed that only true faith could save you.– Romans 5:1 – “Therefore having
been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ.”
– Romans 11:6 – “But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works, otherwise grace is no longer grace.”
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Thought that each person should read and understand the Bible on their own.
• “God will save you simply because God is merciful.”
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• 1517: Nailed his “Ninety-Five Theses” to a church door.– Spoke out against selling
indulgences.– Thousands of copies
were made and spread all over Germany.
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• For his writings, the Pope excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church (1521).– Holy Roman Emperor,
Charles V, made Luther an outlaw (Edict of Worms).
– Frederick of Saxony protected Luther.
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Rise of Protestantism
• “Protestant” means you’re still a Christian, just not Catholic.
• The first Protestants were called Lutherans because they believed in the religious view of Martin Luther.
• Kept baptism & communion.• Believe clergy should marry
and be a model of Christian marriage.
• Focuses on faith alone to gain salvation.
• Changed from Catholic version of mass to worship services.– Bible readings, preaching to
understanding, and song.
Believe that the Bible is the only source of religious truth
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Ulrich Zwingli• Priest in Zürich, Switzerland.• Followed Luther and
reformed the church.– No relics or images– Scripture reading, prayer– Worship songs
• 1531: War broke out between Catholic and Protestant states in Switzerland.– Zwingli was found wounded.– Killed and cut up by his
enemies.
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Peace of Augsburg
• Charles V (HRE & King of Spain)
began a war over Christianity in order to keep his political power.
• The German states sided with Luther.
• Charles V could not win and sought peace.
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Peace of Augsburg
• 1555: Signed the Peace of Augsburg.– Formally accepted the
division of Christianity in Germany.
– German states were free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism• NOT the right of
individuals!