PROTEINS

SECTION 1-9 P.37-40

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINS

• MADE UP OF C, H, O, AND N

• ITS MONOMERS ARE CALLED AMINO ACIDS (THERE ARE 20 OF THESE THAT CAN LINK TOGETHER TO FORM POLYMERS CALLED POLYPEPTIDES)

FUNCTIONS

1. STRUCTURE

• FOR MOVEMENTMUSCLES

• SUCH AS ACTIN AND MYOSIN

2. ANTIBODIES

• FOR DEFENSE AGAINST FOREIGN BODIES OR INVADERS SUCH AS VIRUSES AND BACTERIATHE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• PRODUCED BY CERTAIN WHITE BLOOD CELLS

FUNCTIONS3. ENZYMES

• CHEMICALS THAT ASSIST WITH METABOLISM

• MOST END IN –ASE

 

4. OUTER COVERINGS

• SKIN, NAILS, SCALES, HAIR, FEATHERS, HORNS, HOOVES

• KERATIN(SKIN, HAIR, NAILS)

• COLLAGEN(SKIN, LIGAMENTS, TENDONS, CARTILAGE, BONE)

 

5. HORMONES

• CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

• TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGEN

FUNCTIONS

6. RED BLOOD CELLS

• TO TRANSPORT OXYGEN

• HEMOGLOBIN

AMINO ACID GENERAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA

(USED FOR ALL 20 AMINO ACIDS)

R STANDS FOR VARIABLE GROUP

BUILDING A PROTEIN

DEVELOPMENT OFA FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN

1. PRIMARY STRUCTURE• THE LINEAR SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS

(MONOMERS BONDED TOGETHER WITH PEPTIDE BONDSC TO N)

• DETERMINES ITS SECONDARY AND TERTIARY STRUCTURE

 

2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE• ALPHA HELIX (WHERE THE CHAIN TWISTS) AND BETA SHEET (WHERE THE CHAIN FOLDS)

• THIS STAGE RESULTS FROM HYDROGEN BONDING

 

3.  TERTIARY STRUCTURE• GLOBULAR OR SPHERICAL 3D SHAPE

• DETERMINES A PROTEIN’S FUNCTIONSUCH AS VARIOUS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

 

4. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE• TWO OR MORE TERTIARY FORMS COMBINE

• SUCH AS COLLAGEN AND HEMOGLOBIN

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS BIOKITMISCELLANEOUS

• GET GOGGLES, GLOVES AND AN APRON BEFORE STARTING THE LAB

• USE CRAYON MARKER ON TEST TUBES TO LABEL THEM

• WIPE OFF MARKS WITH A PAPER TOWEL AT THE END OF THE LAB

• SHAKE ALL CHEMICALS WITH CAPS ON BEFORE BEGINNING LAB

• USE WATER BOTTLE ON LAB TABLE WITH SMALL PLASTIC CUP FOR MEASURING PURPOSES (5 mL)

• CLEAN UP ALL MATERIALS (INCLUDING TEST TUBES) AT CONCLUSION OF LAB

• WRITE DOWN COLOR CHANGES FOR EACH TEST TUBE AND ANSWER QUESTIONS AFTER EACH LAB

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS BIOKIT

SUGAR TEST

• SUGAR SOLUTION (2O DROPS) WITH BENEDICT’S SOLUTION

• PUT 2 TEST TUBES IN HOT WATER BATH FOR 10 MIN. AND RECORD COLOR CHANGE (USE TIMER #1)

STARCH TEST

• STARCH/POTATO STARCH SOLUTON (2O DROPS) WITH IODINE

• USE GLASS DROPPER FOR IODINE

• WAIT 30 SECONDS AND RECORD COLOR CHANGE

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS BIOKIT

LIPID TEST

• VEGETABLE OIL WITH SUDAN IV FAT STAIN

• USE PLASTIC DROPPER FOR VEGETABLE OIL

• WRAP EACH TEST TUBE WITH A PIECE OF PARAFILM, SHAKE, WAIT 3 MINUTES AND RECORD COLOR CHANGE (USE TIMER #2)

PROTEIN TEST

• ALBUMIN (EGG WHITE) (2O DROPS) WITH BIURET REAGENT

• STIR EACH TEST TUBE WITH A SEPARATE WOOD STIRRER AND RECORD COLOR CHANGE

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS LAB RESULTS

1. SUGAR TEST

TEST TUBE 1BLUE (NEGATIVE)

TEST TUBE 2ORANGE (POSITIVE)  

INDICATORBENEDICT’S SOLUTION

QUESTION ANSWERS

A. GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE

B. COMMON FOODS SUCH AS BREAD, PASTA, SWEETS, FRUITS, VEGETABLES ALSO MUSCLES, BLOOD AND PLANTS

C. C6H1206 (2:1 RATIO OF H TO O)

D. SUCROSE IS A DISACCHARIDE (MORE COMPLEX SUGAR) BENEDICT’S SOLUTION ONLY DETECTS MONOSACCHARIDES

E. YES, TEST TUBE #2 (ORANGE)

F. THE CONTROL GROUP

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS LAB RESULTS2. STARCH TEST

TEST TUBE #1YELLOW (NEGATIVE)

TEST TUBE #2DARK BROWN/BLACK (POSITIVE)

INDICATORIODINE (IODINE POTASSIUM IODIDE OR IDI)

QUESTION ANSWERS

A. WHEN SEVERAL GLUCOSE MOLECULES BOND TOGETHER

B. PLANT CELLS (CELLULOSE), ANIMAL CELLS (GLYCOGEN)

C. CORN, POTATOES, RICE, WHEAT

D. SIMPLE SUGAR (ONE MOLECULE) WHICH IS A MONOMER, COMPLEX SUGAR (SEVERAL MOLECULES) WHICH ARE POLYMERS

E. YES, TEST TUBE #2, DARK BROWN/BLACK

F. THE CONTROL GROUP

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS LAB RESULTS3. LIPID TEST

 TEST TUBE #1CLEAR/COLORLESS

OR LIGHT RED (NEGATIVE)

TEST TUBE #2 RED (POSITIVE) BUT SEPARATED

INDICATORSUDAN 4

 

QUESTION ANSWERS

A.TEST TUBE #2

B. IN THE OIL BECAUSE IT IS A LIPID (FAT)

C. FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL

D. YOU NEED FATS FOR CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND ENERGY STORAGE. WITHOUT THEM, CELLS WOULD NOT FUNCTION PROPERLY.

E. YES, TEST TUBE #2, RED

F. THE CONTROL GROUP

FOOD NUTRIENT ANALYSIS LAB RESULTS4. PROTEIN TEST

TEST TUBE #1BLUE (NEGATIVE)

TEST TUBE #2PURPLE(POSITIVE)

INDICATORBIURET REAGENT

 

QUESTION ANSWERS

A. AMINO ACIDS20 (MONOMERS)

B. C, H, O, AND N

C. HAIR, NAILS, SKIN, BONE, MUSCLES, BLOOD

D. PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF LONG STRANDS OF AMINO ACIDS (POLYPEPTIDE) AMINO ACIDS ARE THE MONOMERS AND PROTEINS (POLYPEPTIDES ARE THE POLYMERS)

E. YES, TEST TUBE #2, PURPLE

F. THE CONTROL GROUP

PROTEIN TEST FORMAT25 PTS. • 11 MULTIPLE CHOICE (WITH DIAGRAMS)

• LAB CHART (8 PTS.)POSITIVE TEST RESULTS GIVEN THE 4 INDICATORS USED IN THE FOOD NUTRIENT LAB

• 2 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 PTS. EACH)

• 3 BONUS (1 PT. EACH)

WHAT TO REVIEW/STUDY• BOOK PAGES 37-40

• FOOD NUTRIENT LAB RESULTS

• PROTEIN NOTES

• PROTEIN DIAGRAMS

• PROTEIN STUDY GUIDE

• BOZEMAN SCIENCE ON YOUTUBE (PROTEINS)

PROTEIN STUDY GUIDE

1. C

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. D

7. C

8. D

9. C

10. A