proteins. 9/18/2015 proteins: organic compound –made up of c, h, o, n and some with s –proteins...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Proteins
![Page 2: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
04/21/23
Proteins:
• Organic compound
– Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S
– Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called amino acids.
![Page 3: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
04/21/23
• There are 20 different types of amino acids that make up all proteins.
10 are essential to humans
![Page 4: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
10 Essential Amino Acids:
04/21/23
![Page 5: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• The 20 amino acids combine in different orders to make up different proteins
– Similar to the letters of the alphabet
• 26 different letters combine to make 500,000+ words
04/21/23
![Page 6: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Examples of foods rich in proteins:
04/21/23
![Page 7: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Foods which are the best sources of amino acids:
04/21/23
![Page 8: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
04/21/23
S-T-E-A-K
S E T K T A S E
BloodHair protein-keratinMuscle proteinSkin protein-collagen
![Page 9: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In other words…………….
You are what you eat!!!!!!!
![Page 10: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Or this…………….
04/21/23
Your choice………………….
![Page 11: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How much protein should you eat/day?
04/21/23
Multiply your weight in pounds by 0.4 to estimate how many grams of protein you need each day.
For example, a female who weighs 120 lbs would need about 48 grams of protein (120 lbs x 0.4 = 48 grams).
Food Grams of protein
3 oz of tuna 22 grams
3 oz of hamburger 21 grams
3 oz of chicken 21 grams
1 cup yogurt 11 grams
2 Tbsp peanut butter 8 grams
1 cup of milk 8 grams
1 egg 7 grams
![Page 12: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
04/21/23
![Page 13: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Function of Proteins:
• Overall job of proteins is to:
–Build new cells
–Repair damages to our tissues and cells
–Maintain our cells
–Help digest our food
–Regulate all cellular reactions
04/21/23
![Page 14: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
04/21/23
• Proteins can be divided into two main types:
1. Structural Proteins:• They build and support our tissues
![Page 15: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Examples of proteins:
Collagen…………………skin
Keratin……………………hair
Actin and Myosin………….human muscles
04/21/23
![Page 16: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
04/21/23
• 2. Functional Proteins:
They perform specific functions within our bodies.
Example:
![Page 17: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Enzymes…speed up chemical reactions like digestion
Insulin….transports glucose into cells
Antibodies….destroy bacteria and viruses
Hemoglobin…transports oxygen to cells
04/21/23
![Page 18: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Amino acids bond together into chains with peptide bonds
• A type of chemical bond
04/21/23
lysine Amino acid
Dipeptide
Tripeptide
Polypetptide
Peptide Bond
![Page 19: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• All proteins have a very unique 3-D shape
– If 3-D shape is altered the protein will be damaged.• Extreme cold to collagen…………Frost bite• Extreme heat to collagen…………3rd degree
burn
04/21/23
![Page 20: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Frying an egg:
04/21/23
Egg White: 10% protein
Yolk:15% protein
![Page 21: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Levels of organization of a protein:
• 1st: Primary structure• Proteins are made in a linear shape
–Straight line
• A specific chain of amino acids is put together in the correct order according to DNA’s code
04/21/23
![Page 22: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
04/21/23
One single change…
Amino Acid Sequence
Normal Sickle
-Threonine – Proline – Glucine – Glucine
-Threonine– Proline – Valine - Glucine
![Page 23: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• 2nd: Secondary Structure• The chain of amino acids becomes:
– Coiled– Pleated– A spiral
– Shape held in place with weak Hydrogen bonds.
04/21/23
![Page 24: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• 3rd: Tertiary Structure– The amino acid chain gets a 3-D shape– Each type of protein has its own 3-D shape– If shape is altered the protein can not function
right.
04/21/23
![Page 25: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
04/21/23
• 4th: Quaternary Structure
– This level is achieved when two protein chains bond together to create a new protein.
![Page 26: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
04/21/23
![Page 27: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Enzymes:
04/21/23
-are catalyst-they are complex proteins that speed up all chemical reactions with our bodies.
Enzymes are responsible for:-cell respiration-photosynthesis-Protein synthesis-Digestion
Enzymes control every reaction
within our bodies.
![Page 28: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
04/21/23
• Enzymes are substrate specific.
• Substrates are substances enzymes act upon like specific
types of food.
• Enzymes are specific types proteins. Therefore enzymes have specific 3-D shapes.
• For each substrate/substance there is only one enzyme that can act upon it.
![Page 29: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Take the example of digestion:
04/21/23
Enzymes make the reaction of digestion occur 10 million times faster than it would without the enzymes.
Digest candy bar with enzymes….20 min to 2 hours
Digest same candy bar without enzymes….100 years
![Page 30: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
04/21/23
Substrate: Substance that an enzyme breaks down or acts upon. Ex: Our candy bar
Due to their specific 3-D shape an enzyme can only act upon one type of substrate.
There are different enzymes to break down the peanuts, the chocolate, the creamy filling, etc…..
![Page 31: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
04/21/23
• Enzymes in the human alimentary canal and what they digest:
Enzyme SubstrateAmylase StarchMaltase MaltoseSucrase Sucrose
Lipase Lipids/Fats
Protease / peptin Proteins
The name of enzymes end in the suffix “ASE”.
![Page 32: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
04/21/23
Enzymes follow the lock and key hypothesis:
For every type of substrate there is only one type of enzyme to break it down.
Just like there is only one specific key which fits into a specific type of lock.
![Page 33: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Enzyme animation
04/21/23
![Page 34: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Let’s take a milk break…..
04/21/23
Contains galactose and lactose sugars
Lactase
It’s a disaccharide
![Page 35: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
04/21/23
-The specific 3-D shape of an enzyme is called the active site.
-point on the enzyme that “fits” around
or into the substrate.-point where the substrate is broken.
![Page 36: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
04/21/23
![Page 37: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
04/21/23
-Enzymes are not altered or used up during a reaction.-Enzymes can be used over and over again.
Hyperlink
![Page 38: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
04/21/23
How environmental factors affect enzymes:
Denaturing of enzymes:-extreme heat or coldness, and strong acids
or bases can alter the shape of the active site making it less effective. (breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the 3D shape in place).
-this is called the denaturing of the enzyme
FrostbiteHyperlink
![Page 39: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
04/21/23
![Page 40: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
04/21/23
Coenzymes:
-Vitamins and minerals can bond to the enzyme and increase the rate of its
function.
![Page 41: Proteins. 9/18/2015 Proteins: Organic compound –Made up of C, H, O, N and some with S –Proteins are made up of long chains of the repeating units called](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649e585503460f94b51a9c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
04/21/23
-Certain drugs can bond to the enzyme and block the active site rendering it useless for doing its real job.
Example: The drug marijuanacontains the chemical THC. THC temporarily bonds to enzymes in our brain cells causing them to notfunction correctly thus causing the temporary feeling of being “high”.
Competitive Inhibitors: