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Protein Synthesis Unit Cover Page(see guidelines on page 21)

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Protein Synthesis Unit Front Page

At the end of this unit, I will:q Know how to transcribe DNA to RNA and translate RNA to protein.q Be able to find the amino acids represented on a codon table.q Appreciate the fact that there can be some mutations in DNA that won’t show up in

protein, but some mutations will.q Know where in the cell the process of protein synthesis occurs.

Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes I will be able to understand when I see them in words are:q Trans-, poly-, -ase, in-, ex-

The terms I can completely define are:q RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA),

transcription, RNA polymerase, codon, intron, exon, translation

The assignments I will have completed by the end of this unit are:q Protein Synthesis Cover Page (page 311)q Organic Compounds (page 313)q DNA & RNA Molecules Coloring and Reading (pages 314-315)q Protein Synthesis Notes (pages 316-319)q Enzyme Practice (page 320)q Protein Notes (pages 321-323)q The Genetic Code Coloring and Reading (pages 325-326)q Codon BINGO (page 328)q Protein Synthesis Coloring and Reading (pages 329-330)q Transcription and Translation Mini Lab (pages 331-332)q Protein Synthesis Cartoon (pages 333-334)q Cellular Spy Activity (pages 335-336)q Common Core Warm Up (page 337)q Activity: DNA to RNA to Protein (pages 338-344)q Protein Folding Activity (pages 345-348)q Endomembrane Drawing (pages 350-351)q Protein Synthesis Unit Study Guide (pages 352-355)q Protein Synthesis Unit Concept Cards (page 357)q Protein Synthesis Concept Map (page 358)

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Organic Compounds

What elements make up Proteins? _____, _____, _____, _____ and sometimes _____

What are the types of Proteins?

1. ________________________________________

2. ________________________________________

3. ________________________________________

4. ________________________________________

5. ________________________________________

6. ________________________________________

7. ________________________________________

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Proteins

Lipids Proteins

Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

DNA & RNA Molecules Coloring

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The Molecular Basis of Life: DNA & RNA Molecules

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Protein Synthesis Notes

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Protein Synthesis Notes

RNA:

What is RNA?RNA stands for ________________________________________ acid.

How is RNA different from DNA?

It contains a _______________________________ as the sugar in its sugar-

phosphate backbone.

RNA has a ____________________________ rather than Thymine as its base:

A bonds with _________, and C bonds with _________.

What are the three types of RNA?

1. ______________________________ RNA (mRNA)

2. _______________________________ RNA (tRNA)

3. ________________________________RNA (rRNA)

Protein Synthesis:

What are the two steps to protein synthesis?

______________________________________: mRNA is made from a strand of DNA

______________________________________: Protein is made by a ribosome with

using ___________ as the set of “instructions.”

How does Protein Synthesis occur in Prokaryotic cells?(Label the image to the left)

Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes occurs in two steps:

1. Transcription: _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Translation: _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

How does Protein Synthesis occur in Eukaryotic cells?(Label the image to the left)

Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes occurs in three steps:

1. Transcription: __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. RNA Processing: Non-coding regions of mRNA, called _____________

are removed from the pre-mRNA, while the coding region (or

________________) leave the nucleus.

3. Translation: _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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Protein Synthesis Notes

What if a single base is changed?

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Protein Synthesis Notes

What are the five steps to Transcription?

1. ________________________ unzips DNA at the gene of interest

2. ______________ ________________________ matches RNA nucleotide bases to

DNA, using one side as a template.

3. The _______________ strand is created. It now compliments the

original DNA strand (G-_______ and A-________).

4. ________________________ helps the strand of DNA to close again.

5. mRNA strand moves out of nucleus to _____________________________,

DNA zips up.

What are the key players involved in translation?

rRNA = RNA that makes up a ____________________________.

tRNA = RNA that ___________________________ specific amino acids

mRNA = carries the ______________________; RNA transcribed from DNA

_____________________ = 3 nucleotides in a row on a strand of mRNA

that code for an amino acid

Anticodon = 3 nucleotides in ___________________ that base pair with

the codon

Amino acids = __________________________ of proteins (20 in humans)

What are the four steps to Translation?

1. ____________________ attach to the “start” codon of mRNA (___ ___ ___),

signaling the beginning of the protein chain

2. mRNA ____________________ are matched to corresponding tRNA

_____________________ and appropriate amino acids are strung together.

3. Dehydration synthesis occurs between the ______________________

acids, and they join, making a protein chain with ______________________

bonds in between.

4. Ribosomes detach when they come across a “________________” codon

(UAA, UAG, UGA). Protein synthesis is complete.

What if a single base is changed?

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Enzyme Practice1. Label the diagram:

2. Answer true or false to the following statements:

a. _______ Enzymes interact with specific substratesb. _______ Enzymes change shape after a reaction occursc. _______ Enzymes speed up reactions.d. _______ One enzyme can be used for many different types of chemical reactions.e. _______ Enzyme reactions can be slowed or halted using inhibitors.

3. Circle the correct effect.

a. Raising the temperature slightly will [ increase | decrease | not change ] the rate of reactionb. Boiling temperature will [ increase | decrease | not change ] the rate of reaction.c. Changing the pH toward the optimal pH will [ increase | decrease | not change ] the rate of reaction.d. Introducing a competitive inhibitor will [ increase | decrease | not change ] the rate of reaction.

4. Place a check mark next to the things that are expected to INCREASE the rate of an enzymatic reaction

a. _______ Add more enzymeb. _______ Add more substratec. _______ Adjust pH to optimal leveld._______ Freezing 

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Protein Notes

What are proteins?

Made up of C______________, H_________________, O__________________ and

N______________________ (and some Sulfur)

Proteins are responsible for many chemical reactions

Name and describe the seven types of proteins.

1. ______________________ = ________________________ that ______________

_______ the rate of a chemical _______________________

________________ up or ______________ _______________ substrate

Fit together like a “______________” and a “___________”

________________ ______________ _________ in the reaction

Work in a very specific ______________________ ____________________

Usually end with “-_______________”

2. _______________ Proteins

Provides __________________ _________________ to cells and tissues

3. ________________________ Proteins

________________________ small _____________ or ________________________

4. ______________________Proteins

Enables structures to ___________________

5. _________________________ (signaling proteins)

Carries _______________________ from cell-to-cell

e.g., ____________________

6. ___________________________

_____________________________ small molecules or ions

e.g., ____________________ is stored in the _______________ in ferritin

7. Other specialized functions

_________________________ (immune system antibodies)

___________________________ proteins (in eyes and muscles to

detect stimulus)

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Protein Notes

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H2O

Protein Notes

What are the monomers of proteins?

Proteins’ _______________ are called amino acids

_____________________ bond: a bond between 2 ________________ Acids:

A chain of amino acids are called _______________________________ “Many Peptides”

Polypeptides ____________________ and ____________________to form a specific

___________________

______________ or more polypeptides form a complete _____________________

These shapes allow proteins to function

Summarize the Endo-membrane System

How do proteins created by the “free” ribosomes differ in final destination from the proteins created by the “attached” ribosomes of the ER?

___________________ ribosomes: They make proteins that are either:

1) ____________________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________________

3) ________________ ___________________ in a membrane to function as another

organelle, such as a _______________________.

___________________ ribosomes: They make proteins that stay within the

___________________________. The cell uses these proteins itself.

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The Genetic Code:

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The Genetic Code:

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Codon Table:

Codons are three mRNA bases that code for an amino acid. Four codon combinations have been left blank on this codon table. Fill them in with your classmates following your teacher’s instructions.

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CODON BINGORules of the Game:

1. You choose where all twenty amino acids will be placed and write the amino acid names on the bingo card.

2. As the names of DNA triplets are called, you transcribe the DNA into an mRNA codon and then into its respective amino acid.

3. If the codon for an amino acid you have on their card is called, then place a marker on the appropriate spot.

4. Once you have five markers placed across, down or diagonally, you win! 5. You will read back your amino acids, which has become a polypeptide of four or five amino

acids, while the teacher and class check for accuracy.

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Protein Synthesis

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Protein Synthesis Reading:

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Transcription and Translation Mini Lab

Purpose: In groups, you will be transcribing a strand of mRNA and translating a protein using mRNA as your template. This is a protein sequence that your body actually makes.Materials:

Long strand of paper with DNA sequence Long strand of blank paper (serving as mRNA) Dry-erase marker Ribosome (large piece of construction paper) 9 tRNAs with anticodons 9 amino acids (foam rectangles) Amino Acid table (on page 46)

Procedure:

1. Lay the strand of DNA out on the table.

2. Lay the blank mRNA strand out on the table, and transcribe the mRNA sequence from the DNA template. Once the RNA sequence is complete, you may roll the DNA back up. You do not need the DNA from this point on.

3. Carefully insert the beginning of the sequence (AUG, the start codon) into the ribosome.

4. One member of the group can act as the enzyme that attaches the tRNA to the amino acid. This is a tough job!

5. As you slide the mRNA through the ribosome, match the anticodons on the tRNA up to the codons on the mRNA. You will be recruiting amino acids as well.

6. Be sure to bond each amino acid to the next. While we may be using toothpicks, the polypeptide uses peptide bonds.

7. When each tRNA has transferred its amino acid, it may leave the ribosome complex (in the cell, it would be recycled to pick up another amino acid)

8. When you are done, raise your hand to get your protein checked.

9. Carefully put all of the starting materials back in the back for the next class.

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AUG

Transcription and Translation Mini Lab

Congratulations! You just translated the protein, anti-diuretic hormone or vasopressin, which helps you to conserve water in your body by preventing you from urinating all of the time.

1. Fill in the amino acid sequence for the protein you translated below:

Met -_________-_________-_________-_________-_________-_________-_________-_________

2.

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Protein Synthesis Cartoon

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Protein Synthesis Cartoon

In groups of three or four, you will make a six-step cartoon of protein synthesis on the dry-erase board provided. All of the bold terms must be labeled on your cartoon. You may use analogies to represent the structures rather than the structure themselves. Once it is approved by the teacher, copy the cartoon into the left-side of your IntNB.

Transcription must include:1. Helicase unzipping DNA at the gene of interest 2. RNA polymerase matching RNA nucleotide bases to DNA, using one side as a template.3. The mRNA strand being created. It now compliments the original DNA strand (G-C and A-

U). Show complimentary base pairs.4. Ligase helping the strand of DNA to close again.5. mRNA strand moving out of nucleus to ribosomes, DNA zipping up.

Translation must include:1. Ribosomes attaching to the “start” codon of mRNA (AUG), signaling the beginning of the

protein chain.2. mRNA codons matching to corresponding tRNA anticodons and appropriate amino acids

being strung together.3. Dehydration synthesis occuring between the amino acids, and they join, making a protein

chain with peptide bonds in between.4. Ribosomes detach when they come across a “stop” codon (UAA, UAG, UGA). Protein

synthesis is complete.

The assignment will be graded as follows: 15 points for correctly labeling key players in protein synthesis. 5 points for neatness and overall appearance (including 4 + colors) 5 points for creativity!

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CELLULAR SPY ACTIVITY

Section One: Answer the following questions

1. When mRNA takes the genetic information copied from DNA out of the nucleus and into the

cytoplasm of the cell it is called ______________________.

2. _______________________ converts the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA into a specific sequence

of amino acids to produce a specific protein.

3. Which of these nucleotide base pairs are correct?a. Adenine-Guanineb. Thymine-Cytosinec. Thymine-Adenined. Guanine - Cytosinee. Both c and d

4. The start codon ________ codes for the amino acid ____________________.

Section Two: Decoding

So far we have seen amino acids represented with their three-letter code. Occasionally, you will see amino acids represented with a one-letter code (i.e., Alanine = Ala = A). Use one of the amino acid tables in your notes or the wheel on the next page to decode the following sentences by transcribing them into mRNA and finally translating them into their amino acid sequence.

1 . A A A T G C G T A T C A

2 . G C A T T A C G G T A A A G A C C C T C T C T C C G G T G G

3 . C T A T T G C G T T A G A G G G A C T A A A A G C T T

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CELLULAR SPY ACTIVITY

1. This amino acid table below is a little different from the one you’ve worked with before. Follow the wheel from the inside to the outside to find the codon sequence and the amino acid.

2. Use the table on the right to get the one-letter code for the amino acid.

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One-letter code Three-letter-code Name1 A Ala Alanine2 C Cys Cysteine3 D Asp Aspartic Acid4 E Glu Glutamic Acid5 F Phe Phenylalanine6 G Gly Glycine7 H His Histidine8 I Ile Isoleucine9 K Lys Lysine

10 L Leu Leucine11 M Met Methionine12 N Asn Asparagine13 P Pro Proline14 Q Gln Glutamine15 R Arg Arginine16 S Ser Serine17 T Thr Threonine18 V Val Valine19 W Trp Tryptophan20 Y Tyr Tyrosine

Common-Core Warm-up:

The above graph shows that a body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is the optimal temperature for life-sustaining biochemical reactions in your body.

1. Using your knowledge of enzymes, explain why temperatures below and above 98.6 degrees would cause a medical emergency. (Hint: Consider your knowledge of random motion of molecules as well as the conditions that help maintain the structural integrity of proteins.)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why would your body develop a “fever” to fight off bacterial or viral infections if it can potentially cause medical emergencies? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Activity: DNA RNA Protein

PART I: TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION AND MUTATIONS

The following is the base sequence on the sense strand of a DNA molecule:

DNA Sense Strand: A A T G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C

1. What is the base sequence of the complementary mRNA transcribed from the sense strand of the DNA molecule?

New mRNA strand: _________________________________________________

2. Draw a line between the codons on the above mRNA molecule that you made from the sense strand of DNA.

3. Use a codon table figure out the amino acid sequence that would be synthesized from the mRNA molecule in number one above. Record your answers below.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

4. Strings of amino acids like the one synthesized in the table above make up what kind of

molecule?_____________________________

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Activity: DNA RNA Protein

5. Below, add a guanine base (G) to the original DNA strand after the third base. What would the resulting mRNA look like?

Original DNA Strand: A A T ___ G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C

New mRNA strand: ____________________________________________________

6. Draw a line between the codons of the mRNA strand in number 5 above.

7. Use a codon table and the new mRNA strand above to fill in the table below.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

Left over base?

8. Did the addition of a G in number 5 above change the amino acid sequence? (Compare the

sequence of amino acids in the chart in number 3 with the sequence of amino acids in the

chart in number 7). ____________________

This type of mutation is called an insertion.

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Activity: DNA RNA Protein

9. Change the eighth base in the original DNA strand from G to C. What would the resulting mRNA look like?

Original DNA Strand: A A T G C C A G T G G T T C G C A C

New mRNA strand: ____________________________________________________

10. Draw a line between the codons of the new mRNA strand in question 9 above.

11. Using the chart or the wheel and the new mRNA strand in question number 9, fill in the chart below.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

12. Did changing a G to a C in number 9 above change the sequence of amino acids? (Compare

the sequence of amino acids in the chart in number 3 with the sequence of amino acids in

the chart in number 11).________

Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This type of mutation is called a substitution.

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Sickle cell anemia is a worldwide health problem affecting many races, countries, and ethnic groups. The

World Health Organization estimates that each year more than 250,000 babies are born worldwide with this

inherited blood cell disorder, which causes red blood cells to elongate and clog arteries. Chronic pain and life-

threatening infections may result from the illness. About one in 400 African-American newborns in the United

States have sickle cell anemia, but the disease is also prevalent in many Spanish-speaking regions of the world

such as South America, Cuba, Central America, and among the Hispanic community in the United States.

People in Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy also have the illness. And many people,

including one in 12 African-Americans, carry the sickle cell trait which means that they can pass the defect

onto offspring although their own health remains excellent.

Activity: DNA RNA Protein

PART II: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

After reading about sickle cell anemia, complete the task below to understand the genetic cause of this disorder.

The following sense strand of DNA is part of the gene to make hemoglobin (the red pigment in blood cells that carries oxygen to body cells).

DNA sense strand for hemoglobin: C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C

1. What is the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed from the above DNA molecule?

mRNA Strand: _______________________________________________

2. Draw a line between the codons in the mRNA molecule in question 1.

3. Using a codon table and the mRNA strand above, fill in the following table.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

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Activity: DNA RNA Protein

4. Change the 17th base in the DNA strand from T to A (is this an insertion or a substitution?)

________________________________________

What mRNA base would the new DNA base code for? (T pairs with…?) _______________

DNA sense strand for hemoglobin:

C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C

New mRNA Strand: ________________________________________________

5. Draw a line between the codons of the mRNA strand in question 4 above.

6. Using a codon table and the mRNA strand in number 4 above, fill in the chart below.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

7. What is the difference in the amino acid sequence in question number 3 and question

number 6?_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTE: The amino acid sequence in number 3 codes for normal hemoglobin. The amino acid sequence in number 6 codes for sickle cell hemoglobin. This single amino acid substitution has some devastating consequences. The normally smooth, doughnut-shaped red blood cells take on a sickle or curved shape. The sickle cells become stiff and sticky and clog small blood vessels.

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The most common genetic disease in the United States is cystic fibrosis, which strikes 1 in every 2500

Caucasians but is much rarer in other races. Cystic fibrosis causes excessive secretions of mucus from the

pancreas, lungs and cirrhosis of the liver, pneumonia and other infections. Untreated, most children with

cystic fibrosis die by the time they are four or five years old. Currently, however, treatment has prolonged

their life expectancy into their 40's.

Activity: DNA RNA Protein

PART III: CYSTIC FIBROSIS

The following is the base sequence on the sense strand of the DNA molecule that codes for part of the gene that directs the cell to produce normal amounts of mucus secretions.

DNA sense strand for normal mucus: T A G T A G A A A C C A C A A A G G A T A

1. Give the base sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed from the above DNA molecule.

mRNA Strand:_________________________________________________

2. Draw a line between the codons in the mRNA molecule in question 1.

3. Using a codon table and the mRNA strand in number 1 above, fill in the following table.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

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Activity: DNA RNA Protein

4. If we delete the 7th, 8th, and 9th base in the DNA sense strand, what mRNA molecule would the new DNA code for?

DNA sense strand for normal mucus: T A G T A G A A A C C A C A A A G G A T A

New strand: T A G T A G C C A C A A A G G A T A

New mRNA Strand: _________________________________________________

5. Draw a line between the codons of the mRNA strand in question 4 above.

6. Using a codon table and the new mRNA strand above, fill in the table below.

mRNA Codon Amino Acid

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7. What is the difference in the amino acid sequence in number 3 and number 6 above?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTE: The amino acid sequence in number 3 codes for normal mucus secretions. The amino acid sequence in number 6 codes for the excessive mucus secretions typical of cystic fibrosis.

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Protein Folding ActivityAmino Acid Properties

Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Alanine, Ala, A Isoleucine, Ile, I Leucine, Leu, L Valine, Val, V

Phenylalanine, Phe, F Tryptophan, Trp, W Tyrosine, Tyr, YNeutral Amino Acids

Asparagine, Asn, N Cysteine, Cys, C Glutamine, Gln, Q

Methionine, Met, M Serine, Ser, S Threonine, Thr, TPositively Charged Amino Acids

Aspartic acid, Asp, D Glutamic acid, Glu, ENegatively Charged Amino Acids

Arginine, Arg, R Histidine, His, H Lysine, Lys, K

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ACC-AAG–CGG–TAG–GAC-CAG–ATA–CTA–GTT–CTG–CTG–GTC–GTC–CTA-TCC-GTG-TTC-TTT-GTA-TCT-TCC-GTC–CGG–TAG–GAC-CAG–ATA- ACC-AAG– GTC -CTA–GTT–CTG–CTG-TTT-GTA-TCT-TCC

Protein Folding Activity

Below is the code for a DNA sense strand. Transcribe the DNA sense strand to mRNA.

Once your mRNA has been transcribed, decode the mRNA using any one of your amino acid tables, then come up with your amino acid sequence below the circles. Then, using the amino acid properties given to you on the left-page, mark the circles with the properties: HP for hydrophobic, Nothing for neutral, + for positively charged, and – for negatively charged.

In your class, you will take on one of the identities of the above amino acids, and simulate protein folding, per teacher’s instruction.

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Trp

HP

Protein Folding Activity

Draw the configuration of your protein in the space below, based on the amino acid properties.

If there was a mutation at amino acid number 25, where the DNA strand changed from GAC to GTC, how would that change the property of amino acid 25?

Draw the new configuration of your protein in the space below, based on the amino acid properties.

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Protein Folding Activity

Discussion Questions

1. Based upon the information in this activity, explain why it is necessary for the mRNA transcript of the DNA sense strand to be perfect (no mistakes).

2. Between the three types of mutations: insertion, substitution, and deletion, which type of

mutation do you think would have the biggest impact on the organism? Explain your

answer.

3. Based on what you learned about protein denaturation, explain why certain enzymes

cannot function at high temperatures.

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Endomembrane System Drawing

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Endomembrane System Drawing

For this assignment, you will be asked to create a drawing that shows the relationship between different parts of the endomembrane system.

On the previous page, you will need to show the following:

Protein folding inside the RER Protein being modified by the Golgi Vesicles moving from RER to Golgi Vesicles leaving the Golgi and fusing to the cell membrane, releasing protein contents Vesicles leaving the Golgi and becoming a lysosome

A blown-up view of the cell membrane (with phospholipids and proteins) must also be included.

Be sure to label in your drawing:

Nucleus Vesicles Nuclear Pore Protein Nucleolus Lysosome Free Ribosome Cell Membrane Attached Ribosome Phospholipid Rough ER

Your drawing should be neat, colored (in four or more colors), and in final draft form.

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Nucleolus making ribosomes

Proteins being made by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Protein being made by attached ribosomes of Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Ribosomes being shipped out of nucleus, through the nuclear pore

to become either attached or free

Protein Synthesis Unit Study Guide

1. What do the letters RNA stand for? ______________________________________________________

2. What is the RNA molecule used to produce? __________________

3. _________________ _________________ is the use of DNA to make proteins. It occurs in 2 stages:

_________________________________________ & _________________________________________

4. What happens during transcription?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What happens during translation?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Transcription and translation can bring about the production of a protein like insulin.

What does insulin do?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Why must the genetic information on DNA be copied or transferred to RNA?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What are the working copies of genes that can leave the nucleus made of?

_________________________________________

9. RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that:

a) its sugars are __________________________________________.

b) the base thymine is replaced by _______________.

10. How many different forms of RNA are there? ___________

11. What does RNA polymerase do as it moves along a strand of DNA nucleotides?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Adenine on the DNA strand pairs with ______________ on the RNA strand.

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Protein Synthesis Unit Study Guide

13. Circle the word or phrase in parentheses that best completes each sentence.

a) A ( single / double ) strand of RNA is transcribed from a ( single / double )

strand of a DNA double helix.

b) ( RNA polymerase / DNA polymerase ) pairs nucleotide bases along a strand of

DNA with their complementary RNA bases to build messenger RNA.

c) DNA ( stays in / leaves ) the nucleus, while mRNA ( stays in / leaves ) the

nucleus.

14. What is a codon?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. On which type of RNA are the codons found? ________________________

16. What is determined by the order of amino acids in a protein chain?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Explain what the genetic code is.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. Since there are __________ possible codons and only _____________ amino acids, more than

one codon may specify a particular ______________ _______________.

Why is the genetic code said to be universal?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Where does the messenger RNA go after transcription? _______________________________

20. How many types of RNA are involved during the process of translation? ________

21. What organelles are the location or site of translation? __________________

22. What does rRNA stand for and what does it do?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

What does tRNA stand for and what does it do?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Protein Synthesis Unit Study Guide

23. What is an anticodon?

________________________________________________________________________________________

24. The anticodon is found on ( DNA / mRNA / tRNA / rRNA ).

25. How is an anticodon like the address on an envelope?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. What is responsible for ending the translation or production of a protein?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Place the following statements in the correct sequence.

____ a. tRNA carries amino acids to the small ribosomal subunit, matching the tRNA

anticodon with an mRNA codon.

____ b. A “stop” codon on mRNA is encountered. The ribosomal unit falls apart and

the protein is released.

1 c. mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm.

____ d. The small ribosomal subunit attaches to the large subunit.

____ e. Amino acids are added to a growing string as the code is read.

____ f. A “start” codon on an mRNA strand binds to a complementary rRNA on

small ribosomal subunit.

28. The internal transport system of a cell consists of a system of membranes called the

29. Draw a flowchart below that shows the path that proteins take as they are being made,

modified, and packaged.

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Protein Synthesis Unit Study Guide

30. What happens to proteins that are made by the ribosomes on the rough ER?

31. What organelle makes the ribosomes that attaches to the rough ER?

32. Label the following:

33. Convert the following DNA strand into mRNA.

T A C C C C G A T G C T A A T C A G G A C T C C

34. Using an amino acid table, write out the sequence of amino acids for the mRNA strand

you created above.

35. What are the possible anticodons on a tRNA molecule carrying Lysine?

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Protein Synthesis Unit Concept Cards

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Protein Synthesis Unit Student Concept Map

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Parent/Significant Adult Review Page

Student PortionUnit Summary (write a summary of the past unit using 5-7 sentences):

Explain your favorite assignment in this unit:

Adult PortionDear Parent/ Significant Adult:This Interactive Notebook represents your student’s learning to date and should contain the work your student has completed. Please take some time to look at the unit your student just completed, read his/ her reflection and respond to the following

Please write down 3 facts that your student has shared with you that they learned during this unit:

What assignment was the most effective at helping your student learn the content of this unit:

Parent/ Significant Adult Signature:

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Protein Synthesis Unit Back Page

The California State Standards I have come to use and understand are:(Please check all that you do feel you used and understood this unit)

q The general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.

q Know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.

q The central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

q How to apply the genetic coding rules to predict the sequence of amino acids from a sequence of codons in an encoded protein.

q How proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids.

q Why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have different shapes and chemical properties.

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