protein synthesis in this experiment we modeled the structure of dna and the processes involved in...
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISIn this experiment we modeled the structure of DNA and the processes involved in protein synthesis
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DNA StructureDNA is a double stranded helix molecule made of subunits called
nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a base.
There are four bases (adenosine, thymine, cytosine and guanine). Alternate sugar and phosphates form the sides with bases connected to
the sugars making “rungs” like a ladder. The chemical structure of the bases allow them each to pair up with only
one other base, thus they form complementary pairs.
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Protein SynthesisInformation about the number, type and sequence of amino acids
necessary to make a protein molecule, is found as a code in the DNA. This code is in the sequence of bases. One gene sequence codes for one polypeptide. A set of 3 bases (a codon) codes for one amino acid
of a polypeptide. A protein is made of one or a small number of polypeptides.
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Equipment• 42 tooth picks representing
the bonds between the chemicals
• 18 milk bottle lollies cut in half (36 halves) representing sugar
• 18 raspberry lollies (36 halves) representing phosphate units
• 25 jelly beans halved (5 each of 5 colours) representing bases
• 4 different jelly snakes 6cm long representing amino acids
• A4 white paper representing a cell
• Coloured paper circle, 6cm diameter, representing a
ribosome
• Clean sharp knife • Cutting board• Gloves• Scissors• Marking pen• Heinemann Biology textbook
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Transcription
A gene length of DNA unwinds in the nucleus.
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RNA polymerase enzyme moves along the exposed single DNA strand linking complementary RNA nucleotides together to form a messenger RNA strand. RNA contains the base uracil where thymine is found in DNA.
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The start codon (AUG) and a stop codon control the length of the mRNA strand.
The mRNA strand is then modified to remove non-coding regions called introns. Protein coding regions, exons, are spliced together.
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In the cytoplasm, an enzyme attaches amino acids to tRNA molecules. Each type of amino acid is
attached to its specific tRNA.
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The modified mRNA moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
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TranslationThe start codon (AUG) end of the mRNA strand binds onto a
ribosome. A tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine and anticodon (UAC) binds to the mRNA start codon within the ribosome.
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A second tRNA binds to the next codon. Its amino acid links with a polypeptide bond to the first
amino acid.
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The first tRNA is released from the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand one codon at a time. Two tRNAs at a time are temporarily bound within the ribosome and their
amino acids linked together.
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A polypeptide chain forms.
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When a stop codon is reached the polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm. The chain folds on itself and may join other polypeptides to form a protein. Its specific
shape is vital for its particular function.