protein concentrates pages 220-229. classes of protein concentrates plant –byproducts of oilseed...
TRANSCRIPT
Protein Concentrates
Pages 220-229
Classes of Protein Concentrates
• Plant– Byproducts of oilseed or grain processing
• Animal– Byproducts of meat, dead animal, fish or
dairy processing
• Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)
General Characteristics of Protein ConcentratesSource
Plant Animal NPN
Crude protein concentration
High High High
Protein digestibility High Variable NA
Protein quality Low to Mod. Mod. to High NA
Ruminal protein degradability
Variable Variable High
Net energy concentration High High Low
Fiber concentration Variable Low Low
Calcium concentration Low High Low
Phosphorus concentration
High High High, if present
Phosphorus availability Low High High, if present
Vitamin A Low Low Low
B vitamins Low to Mod. Mod. to High Low
Processing of Oilseed MealsExpeller process Solvent extraction
OilseedDrying Drying
Extrude throughdies
Hull removal Hulls
Cooking
Crushing
Flaking
Hexaneextraction
MealMeal Heat,
if needed
Oil Hexane & Oil
Distillation
Oil
Hexane
Soybean Meal (SBM)• Nutritional characteristics
Solvent extracted Expeller process
Protein concentration 44 – 50% CP 41% CP
Protein digestibility High, dependent on heating
Amino acids,
Good source of Lysine, Tryptophan
Limiting Methionine
Ruminal protein degradability, %
75 50
TDN, % 84 85
NDF, % 7-15% 7-15%
Palatability Good
• Antiquality factors
• Trypsin inhibitor (Destroyed by heating)
• Urease (Destroyed by heating)
• P34 protein (May cause allergic reaction in young animals)
• Use of SBM in ration balancing– Commonly used in diets of all nonruminant and ruminant
species– Expeller processed SBM may be useful in the diets of
ruminants with high protein requirements• High producing dairy cows• Calves less than 600 lbs
– Limit SBM in the early diets of young animals (To avoid allergic reactions)• Milk replacers
– Use purified soy protein concentrate
• Nursery pigs (First diet)– Use purified soy protein concentrate– Limit SBM to 12 to 15% of first diet
• Whole (Full-fat) soybeans– Nutrition characteristics
• Crude protein 38%• Fat 18% (Highly unsaturated)• TDN 99.8%
– Processing• Must heat at 100oC for 3 minutes• Destroys trypsin inhibitor and urease
– Uses in diets• Depends on the economics of soybean oil• Nonruminants
– Can replace all of the soybean meal in growing-finishing pigs
– Will increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the pork
• Ruminants– Limit to 8 lb/day in dairy cow diets to prevent milk fat
depression– Liltte use in beef cattle
Cottonseed Meal (CSM)
• Nutritional characteristics– Crude protein concentration, % 36-41– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine, Tryptophan– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 78– NDF, % 28– Palatability
• Cattle High• Swine and poultry Moderate
• Antiquality factors– Gossypol
• Toxic to young nonruminants (Pneumonia-like symptoms)• Turns egg yolks green• Can be avoided with degossypolized CSM or adding Ferrous Sulfate
(1:1 Fe:Gossypol) to diet– Sterculic acid
• Turns egg whites pink
• Uses in diets– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein• Commonly fed as supplement to grazing cattle in south
– Nonruminants and poultry• Limit to 25 to 30% of the protein supplement
• Whole cottonseed– Can be fed as both an energy and protein supplement
• Also high in fiber
– Used with lactating dairy cows– Limit to 8 lb/day
Sunflower Meal (SNFM)
• Nutritional characteristics– Crude protein concentration, % 40-45– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 65-74– NDF, % 40– Palatability
• Cattle High• Swine and poultry Low
• Antiquality factors– Fiber
• Uses in diets– Ruminants
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Swine• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for pigs greater
than 75 lb
– Poultry• Limit to 30 to 50% of the protein supplement for broiler or layer
diets
Linseed Meal (LSM)
• A byproduct of flax seed processing• Nutritional characteristics
– Crude protein concentration, % 34-38– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Tryptophan– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 81– NDF, % 25– Palatability High
• Antiquality factors– None
• Additional beneficial characteristic– Expeller processed LSM contains some linseed oil and mucin
• Increases the glossiness of the coat of horses and show cattle
• Uses in diets– Ruminant and mature horses
• Can supply all of the supplemental protein
– Nonruminants (including young horses) and poultry• Limit to 25 to 33% of the protein supplement
Rapeseed (Canola) Meal
• Nutritional characteristics– Crude protein concentration, % 35-40– Protein digestibility High– Limiting amino acids Lysine– Ruminal protein degradability 75– TDN, % 69– NDF, % 17– Palatability Low
• Antiquality factors– Goitrogens (Reduced by heating or use GM rapeseed)
• Erucic acid• Myrosinase
• Uses– Ruminants
• Limit to 10% of the diet– Nonruminants and poultry
• Young swine and poultry– Limit to 5% of diet
• Mature swine and poultry– Lmit to 12% of diet
Peanut Meal
• Nutritional characteristics– Crude protein concentration, % 40-48– Protein digestibility Low– Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine– Ruminal protein degradability 77– TDN, % 75– NDF, % 14– Palatability Moderate
• Antiquality factors– Trypsin inhibitor– Mold (Aspergillus flavus)
• Uses– Ruminants
• Can comprise of all of the supplemental protein– Nonruminants and poultry
• Limit to 30% of the supplement• Supplement with lysine and methionine
Why is the CP requirement of a 150 lb growing-finishing pig 15% CP?
1. To meet the N requirement for pigs fed any diet.
2. To meet the total Amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet.
3. To meet the lysine requirements of pigs a corn-soybean meal diet.
4. To meet the essential amino acid requirements of pigs fed any diet.
Synthetic Amino Acids
• Manufactured by fermentation of corn• Economically viable
– L-lysine– L-methionine– L-threonine– L-tryptophan
• Use– Nonruminants and poultry
• Supply essential amino acids to young animals• Reduce the amount of total crude protein required in diets
– Ruminants• Protected forms fed to high producing dairy cows
Animal Protein Concentrates
• Byproducts of meat, dead animal rendering, poultry, fish, or dairy processing
• Expensive relative to plant protein concentrates• Used in small quantities• Uses
– Supply limiting amino acids, particularly to young animals– Replace more expensive protein sources in milk replacers– Impart additional nonnutritional benefits to young animals
• Enhanced immune system• Increased maturity of digestive tract
– Supply ruminally undegraded protein to ruminants with high protein requirements
Meat Processing ByproductsProduct
Meat meal Meat tankage
Source Meat processing Meat processing and dead animal rendering
Composition Meat scraps All tissue except hair, hide, and horns
Processsing Cooked in steam-jacketed kettle
Cooked in stream-jacketed kettle or
under direct steam
Blood added No Yes
P level If > 4.4%, the product is called meat and
bone meal
If > 4.4%, the product is cattle meat and
bone tankage
• Nutritional characteristics
Product
Meat meal Meat tankage
Protein concentration, % 50 60
Protein quality Good Moderate
Amino acids
Good source of Lysine
Limiting amino acids Tryptophan, Methionine
Ruminal protein degradability, %
50
TDN, % 72
• Uses in diets– Nonruminants and poultry
• Feed at 5 to 10% of diet to balance lysine
– Ruminants• Can be fed to supply ruminal undegradable protein
– Ruminants can only be fed meat meal or meat and bone meal from nonruminant species» Prevention of prion transfer that causes Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)
• Blood products– Blood meal
• Dried coagulated blood• 80% Crude protein• Low protein digestiblity• High lysine content, but low availability (20%)• Low isoleucine and methionine• Low ruminal degradability (25%)• Uses
– Ruminant diets» Source of ruminally undegraded protein
– Nonruminant diets» Only use in small quantities in diets of young
pigs
– Spray-dried blood plasma• 78% crude protein• High lysine content• Contains immunoglobulins
– Stimulates immune function• Contains peptide growth factors
– Stimulates maturation of intestinal epithelium• Uses
– Nursery pigs» Fed at 4 to 7% of the diet
– Milk replacers» Can replace all of the milk protein in replacers
Fish Processing Byproducts• Fish meal
– Produced from residues of fish processing industry or from fish caught for purpose of making fish meal
– Nutritional characteristics• Crude protein concentration, % 35-70• Protein digestibility High• Amino acid composition All essential AA• Calcium, % 2.2• Phosphorus, % 1.7• B vitamins High
– Uses• Young swine and poultry
– Used in small quantities to supply deficient amino acids• Little use in ruminants
– Concerns• Expense• Unsaturated fatty acids may become rancid• Imparts a fishy flavor to pork
Poultry Processing Byproducts
• Poultry byproduct meal– Composed of heads, legs, intestine, and eggs
• No feathers
– Wet or dry rendered– Nutritional characteristics
• 55-65% crude protein• Similar to meat and bone meal
– Uses• Nonruminants
– Small quantities to balance lysine
• Ruminants – Little use
• Feather meal– Feathers are cleaned and pressure-treated– Nutritional characteristics
• Crude protein, % 85• Protein digestibility, % 75• Limiting amino acids Lysine, Methionine,
Tryptophan, Histidine
– Uses• Nonruminants
– No more than 3% of diet
• Ruminants – Can be used as a source of rumen undegraded protein
Dairy Processing Byproducts• Nutritional characteristics
Product
Dried skimmilk Dried buttermilk
Dried whey
CP, % DM 33 33 13
Protein quality Excellent
Fat, % 1 5 1
Lactose 35 35 61
• Uses
• Ruminant and nonruminants
• Milk replacers or starter diets
• Poultry
• Little use
• Concern
• Expense
NPN supplements• Used in ruminant diets for supply degradable N to
the rumen bacteria
• Can not be used to meet the protein requirements of nonruminants and poultry
• NPN sources% N % CP Other
Urea 42 – 45 262-281 Most common
Biuret 35 218.75 Slow release N
Monoammonium phosphate
9 56 Supplies P
Diammonium phosphate
17 106 Supplies P
Ammonium sulfate
21 131 Supplies S
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein NPN
Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein
NH3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted
PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS
True protein NPN
Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein
NH3
Liver
Urea Kidney Excreted
TDN
• Major concern with feeding NPN sources– Ammonia toxicity– Occurs when
• Excessive NPN is fed• NPN is not properly mixed into diet• Inadequate energy is fed with NPN
• Thumbrules for NPN use– Use NPN only in diets of ruminants with low to
moderate protein requirements• Use in diets of: Feedlot steers > 600 lb Beef cows fed low protein roughages Dry dairy cows• Do not use in diets of: Lactating dairy cows Young cattle < 600 lb
– NPN should not be > 1% of the diet DM– NPN should not be > 33% of the total N of the diet– NPN should not be > 10 to 15% of the protein
supplement– NPN should not be > 5% of the protein
supplement fed with a low quality roughage– Supply adequate energy in the diet if NPN is
added.• Grain • Molasses
– Liquid supplements or protein tubs